PSY100 Chapter 14 Inquizitive

Antisocial personality disorder occurs in _____ of the population. In terms of prognosis, it will improve _____ for people without psychopathic traits.

- 1 to 4 percent - on its own by age 40

Which of the following are cognitive patterns associated with anxiety?

- Ambiguous stimuli are interpreted as threatening. - Threatening events are recalled more easily than nonthreatening events, and excessive attention is focused on perceived threats.

Which of the following are factors associated with the development of anxiety disorders?

- Anxiety has a biological basis. - Anxiety can be contagious. - Children who demonstrate an inhibited temperament are more likely to develop anxiety disorders later in life.

Which of the following are some environmental factors in the development of schizophrenia?

- Contracting a virus may play a role in the development of schizophrenia. - Heavy marijuana consumption during adolescence increases the risk of schizophrenia for those with genetic vulnerability. - People whose mothers may have had the flu during their second trimester of pregnancy could be at a higher risk for schizophrenia.

Which of the following examples reflect the diathesis-stress model's explanation of the onset of psychopathology?

- Either biological or situational factors can make someone vulnerable to developing a disorder. - Individuals may have an underlying predisposition to psychological disorder, but this alone is not enough to cause the disorder. - Undergoing stressful circumstances may cause someone to develop a disorder if he is already vulnerable.

Which of the following might we expect from an adult who was diagnosed with ADHD as a child?

- He may struggle academically. - He may reach a lower-than-expected socioeconomic status.

Which of the following demonstrate how a depressed person might think?

- My pizzas never come out perfectly, so I shouldn't waste time making them. - Nothing I do makes a difference. - The first date went well because of luck. - I missed my plane because I am poor at planning.

Many researchers are skeptical about the existence of dissociative identity disorder (DID). Which of the following findings contribute to their skepticism?

- People can believe they have DID because a therapist suggested it. - A diagnosis of DID often occurs after someone has been accused of committing a crime.

Which of the following factors may contribute to the etiology of antisocial personality disorder?

- People with APD do not experience punishment as unpleasant. - APD is associated with slower alpha wave activity in the brain. - APD has been associated with childhood malnutrition.

Which of the following are some biological factors in the development of schizophrenia?

- People with schizophrenia have three to four times the number of DNA mutations as people without schizophrenia do. - An increase in dopamine is associated with an increase in schizophrenia symptoms. - A child whose parents both have schizophrenia has a 40 to 50 percent chance of developing the disorder. - People with schizophrenia have larger brain ventricles and less brain tissue in the frontal and temporal lobes.

Which of the following are characteristics of psychopathy?

- Psychopaths are often seen as charming and intelligent. - Many of the characteristics of psychopathy are similar to APD, but more extreme. - Psychopaths display characteristics like grandiosity, shallow affect, cunning or manipulativeness, and glibness.

Which of the following statements accurately describe how psychological disorders vary by culture?

- Some psychological disorders only exist among people of a certain culture. - Cultural factors can determine how a disorder is expressed and how an individual will respond to treatment. - People of different cultures may use different words to describe their distress and have different explanations for the cause of a disorder.

Which of the following criteria do psychologists consider to determine whether a behavior is psychopathological?

- The behavior is maladaptive. - The behavior is self-destructive, threatening to others, or causes personal distress. - The behavior causes discomfort and concern to others. - The behavior deviates from cultural norms.

Identify the statements about neuropsychological tests as either true or false.

- The tests assess the client's coordination, memory, and ability to plan. - The tests may include copying a picture, drawing something from memory, categorizing cards based on their features, placing blocks into slots while blindfolded, and tapping fingers rapidly. - The tests can assess problems with a particular brain region based on areas where the client performs poorly. - The tests are followed up with an MRI or PET to identify potential regions of brain damage.

Which of the following factors play a role in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

- Those with PTSD often have chronic tension, anxiety, and health problems. - People with certain genetic markers linked to serotonin may be more likely to develop PTSD. - The memory of a traumatic event for people with PTSD is "overconsolidated" so the person is always on the alert to experience a similar situation.

Which of the following are biological bases for autism spectrum disorder?

- abnormal brain growth patterns - inheriting genes for autism - abnormal antibodies in the womb - faulty wiring in brain areas associated with social interaction

Which of the following methods of diagnosing a psychological disorder are examples of evidence-based assessment?

- assessing clients for comorbid conditions that have been identified by research - conducting a structured interview using standardized questions that are derived from DSM criteria

Which of the following are some biological factors in the development of obsessive-compulsive disorder?

- childhood streptococcal infection - family history of OCD - genes that control glutamate, a neurotransmitter that causes increased neural firing in the brain

After Dylan's house was robbed while he was at home, he developed anxiety whenever he was in his house. His anxiety was a learned response due to _____. He decided to check all the doors and window locks, and the relief that occurred after checking caused a reduction in his anxiety. His compulsive behaviors were reinforced through _____, resulting in an increased probability that the checking behavior would be repeated in the future.

- classical conditioning - operant conditioning

Which of the following factors often contribute to depression?

- deficiency of neurotransmitters that regulate emotion - genetics

Schizophrenia, which literally means "splitting of the mind," is characterized by a split between thought and _____. To be diagnosed with this disorder, which occurs _____ often in men as in women, a patient must display at least two of the _____ major symptoms listed in the DSM-5, and one of the symptoms must be delusions, _____, or disorganized _____.

- emotion - about as - five - hallucinations - speech

Which of the following factors may put a person at risk for developing borderline personality disorder?

- experiencing abuse or observing extreme violence - being raised by caregivers who encouraged dependence - being raised by unavailable or unreliable caretakers

Which of the following are characteristics of agoraphobia?

- fear of crowded shopping malls or subways - avoiding open or crowded spaces - fear of panic attacks in public

Which of the following factors are linked to the development of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?

- poor parenting and social disadvantage - impaired connection between the frontal lobes and limbic system - dysfunction in the basal ganglia

Which of the following major factors are identified in the diathesis-stress model for a high probability of onset of a psychological disorder?

- presence of stressful events - genetic predisposition - childhood trauma

According to Thomas Joiner, the motive for suicide is the frustration of two basic needs: the need to belong and the need _____. But even someone for whom both needs are frustrated, Joiner says, will not commit suicide unless he or she has the _____, which, though it sounds paradoxical, is acquired through _____.

- to perceive oneself as competent - psychological ability - practice

The strong genetic component of bipolar disorder has been established through _____, and also through studies of _____, whose good recordkeeping and low rates of _____ made them an ideal study population. Additionally, research suggests that in families with a genetic predisposition toward bipolar disorder, the condition becomes _____ severe in later generations.

- twin studies - the Amish - substance abuse - more

Which of the following are characteristics of borderline personality disorder?

-A patient may exhibit impulsive behaviors like promiscuity, fighting, binge eating, self-mutilation, and attempted suicide. - People with borderline personality disorder may be manipulative in relationships. - Episodes of depression, anxiety, anger, or irritability can last from a few hours to a few days.

Distinguish between borderline personality disorder and antisocial personality disorder.

Borderline personality disorder: - much more common in women than in men - characterized by disturbances in identity, moods, and impulse control - involves a desperate need to be in an exclusive and dependent relationship Antisocial personality disorder: - much more common in men than in women - involves a willingness to take advantage of people for the sake of immediate gratification - characterized by disregard for and violation of the rights of others

Identify each item as representing either a positive or negative symptom of schizophrenia. Remember that here "positive" does not mean "good," and "negative" does not mean bad.

Positive symptom: - Calvin, a chemist, rambles incoherently about having superhuman strength and wanting to become a veterinarian. - May sees everyone around her as walking corpses, with black hollows where eyes should be. - Daisy is convinced that her colleagues are conspiring against her, even though she has zero evidence. Negative symptom: - Lincoln's car is about to crash into a tree, but he can barely rouse himself to avoid the collision. - Leo is slow to answer when spoken to, often gives only fragmentary replies, and does not make eye contact

Identify the statements about the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM) as either true or false.

True: - The DSM describes disorders in terms of observable symptoms. - A patient must meet specific criteria to be diagnosed. False: - The DSM uses the dimensional approach to diagnose disorders along a continuum. - The DSM lists comorbid conditions as unique disorders, distinct from each condition separately.

Identify the statements about cultural and gender differences in depression as either true or false.

True: - Twice as many women as men suffer from depression. - Playing multiple roles, at home and at work, is more likely to lead to depression for women than it is for men. False: - Developing countries have fewer stigmas surrounding depression than developed countries do. - India and China have taken the lead in providing treatment services to those suffering from depression-related disorders.

Match the disorders with their corresponding scenarios.

antisocial personality disorder: - Carmen has no qualms about lying to clients or coworkers. She does not care about the consequences for others, and sometimes she lies on impulse without thinking through the consequences for herself either. borderline personality disorder: - Ricardo is extremely insecure at work and in social settings. He expresses this insecurity by demanding attention and affirmation from others. He is also prone to wild mood swings and violent outbursts. psychopathic personality: - Kirk pursues a carefully planned strategy of lies and manipulation to advance his professional agenda. When confronted, he convincingly claims innocence and feels no remorse whatsoever. He would, in fact, have no problem killing someone.

Match the person's circumstances with the disorder he or she may be at high risk for developing.

bipolar I: - When Rufus was young, his father would periodically exhibit extremely elevated moods and take Joseph on long, wild road trips. After returning home from these binges, his father was exhausted for extended periods of time. depression: - Within a few years, Joan's oldest son, her father, and her husband all died. social anxiety: - As a child, Doona, who displayed an inhibited personality, overreacted to new situations by crying. obsessive-compulsive disorder: - Xun experienced a streptococcal infection as a child. phobia: - Megan stepped on a beehive and got stung all over.

Match the ways of classifying psychological disorders with their descriptions.

dimensional approach: • recognizes that psychological disorders are extreme versions of normal feelings • places people on a continuum based on the severity of their symptoms DSM: • uses a categorical approach to diagnose people based on symptoms • does not take into account that disorders can vary in severity and that some conditions are comorbid Research Domain Criteria (RDoC): • rather than looking at symptoms, examines the underlying biological and psychosocial causes that may cause deficits in specific domains of functioning • relies less on understanding personal experience and more on neuroscience

Identify each disorder as being more common in either women or men.

More common in women: - internalizing disorders - panic disorder - anorexia - major depression - posttraumatic stress disorder More common in men: - antisocial personality disorder - externalizing disorders - conduct disorders - alcohol dependence

Identify each scenario as an example of either an obsession or a compulsion.

Obsession: - Howard refuses to get a haircut, due to fear of injury from the barber's clippers. - Cameron has overwhelming anxiety about catching an illness from contact with objects other's have touched. Compulsion: - Nikola walks through every doorway three times (forward, back, forward) and on meeting new people shakes their hand three times. - Katy, determined to prevent tooth decay, brushes her teeth either exactly six or exactly twelve times in any a given day. - Every time Leonardo sees a chewing gum spot on a sidewalk, he feels driven to step on it with his right foot.

Identify the statements about dissociative identity disorder as either true or false.

True: - Different parts of the brain light up for different personalities. - Diagnosis often occurs when someone has difficulty accounting for his time. False: - Though separate identities have different personalities, they tend to all be the same gender and have the same body type as the person with the disorder. - Though separate identities have different personalities, they tend to speak the same language. - The multiple identities must be aware of each other.