PSY101 midterm

Which statement about B. F. Skinner is correct?

He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated.

A ______ Is conducted in order to determine whether there are meaningful differences between 2 groups in a study.

Statistical analysis

according to William James, what was the true purpose of psychology?

Studying the function of behavior in the world

Which theory of dreams suggested that they do not, in fact, have any meaning at all but rather are simply the brain's attempt to make sense of random neural firing that occurs while we sleep?

The activation-synthesis model

Which psychodynamic theorist proposed the idea of a collective unconscious that is shared by all members of the human species?

Carl Jung

this student of Wihelm Wundt developed Wundts idea into an area called structuralism, a field that focused on understanding the contents rather than the function of mental processes

Edward Titchener

why are the five trait dimensions in the five factor model used to account for personality variation?

Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism and openness. they are used to measure an individuals differences in personality

who was the first African American to receive a PhD in psychology in the United states

Francis ceicil Sumner

The expression "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts" would be most applicable to a person who studies _______ psychology, an older model that continues to influence areas like sensation and perception

Gestalt

Which school of thinking in psychology includes the following concepts: Figure-ground relationship, law of continuity, and principle of closure

Gestalt

Which of these is NOT one of the structures that comprises the outer ear.

basilar membrane

Changes in behavior and cognitive processes over time are studied by ________.

evolutionary psychologists

which kind of psychologist would be consulted in jury selection and witness preparation?

forensic

Felicia smacks her thumb with a hammer while building a dog house. The sense of_______ provides her brain with information about the pain she feels.

nociception

Illnesses such as diabetes and cancer kill more than twice the number of Americans than murder or car accidents. However, Zale sees car accidents as more dangerous because he often hears about car accident fatalities on the nightly news, and he doesn't know anyone with diabetes or cancer. Therefore, Zale takes more precautions against car accidents. This exemplifies ________.

the availability heuristic

the cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologist to focus their attention on better understanding ______.

the mind and mental process that underlie behavior

Penelope studies how the structure and function of the nervous system is related to behavior. She is a ________.

biopsychologist

________ concepts are ones that we know by a specific set of characteristics.

Artificial

_______ Is an anthropologist who contributed to our understanding of chimpanzee behavior in the wild using naturalistic observation.

Jane Goodall

The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an example of

illusory correlation

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning?

knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student

In Freud's model of dreams, the hidden meaning of a dream is called the ________ content.

latent

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.

latent

Sleepwalking, night terrors, and restless leg syndrome are all examples of________.

parasomnias

Provide an example of sensory adaptation

An example of sight sensory adaptation is when you're coming out from the daylight and entering the dark room your pupils will adjust.

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?

Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

Briefly describe the purpose of an IACUC

The IACUC is the institutional animal care and use committee and the purpose is to make sure animal testing is as humane as possible

What is a debriefing?

a verbal description of the true nature and purpose of a study. uses a form of deception

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________.

after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

What term describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus

afterimage

________ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory.

cognition

Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ________.

consciousness

Which of the following is not a part sympathetic activation during the fight or flight response?

digestion functions become more active

The effects of neurotransmitters tend to be ________, whereas the effects of hormones tend to be ________.

faster; longer lasting

The type of intelligence that involves seeing complex relationships and solving problems is ________ intelligence.

fluid

A group of researchers investigated the effects of 2 vocabulary learning strategies on word retention 2 weeks later. In this example learning strategy is the _____ Variable and word retention is the____ variable.

independent; dependant

Knowing what a dinosaur is because you looked through a book with pictures of dinosaurs and watched the film Jurassic Park is an example of a natural concept that was developed through ________ experience.

indirect

In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence.

interpersonal; intrapersonal

Randolf is walking down the street of his hometown, after being away for several years, when he smells the scent of freshly baked pie coming from a local baker. He suddenly has vivid memories of walking down this street as a child, holding both of his parents' hands, and swinging between them, feeling relaxed and happy. This is because the sense of smell projects directly to the ________, which is responsible for emotional memories.

limbic system

Within the visible spectrum, Our experience of red is associated with----- waves of light

longer wavelengths

Wesley is in a movie theater with no windows- The only light is low elimination from the emergency lights on the floor. Which photoreceptors will be most useful to Wesley as he attempts to leave the theater.

rods

Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words?

semantics

You are a big fan of your grandmother's chocolate chip cookies. Just the smell of them causes you to feel hungry. One night she is making chocolate chip oatmeal almond cookies, a variation of her usual recipe. You smell the baking cookies and even though it is different than her usual cookie scent, you still suddenly feel hungry for a treat. This demonstrates the classical conditioning principle of ________.

stimulus generalization

Tayla smokes marijuana. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same effect. This is an example of ________.

tolerance

Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of

transduction

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

variable ratio

In an experiment, The variable that is controlled or manipulated by the researcher is called the

Independent variable.

_____ Refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; _________ Refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor.

Perception; Sensation

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep.

REM

What are 2 ways to assign participants to groups

Random assignments and stratified sampling

According to psychologist ________ classical conditioning is effective because of the ability of a person or animal to predict the relationship between the UCS and the CS.

Rescorla

You are charged with insuring that the experiments proposed by your colleagues are consistent with the best practices of ethics with regard to conducting research in psychology. Discuss some considerations you take into account for both the human participants and non human subjects involved in these studies.

The principles of Justice and respect for persons when working with human participants. When working with non human subjects it is important to do treatment as humane as possible

Explain why the sickle-cell gene does not benefit anyone in the United States, but it may be very advantageous to someone living in rural Zambia, Africa.

The sickle-cell doesn't benefit anyone in the U.S because the deadly disease malaria is not common in the United States. Whereas in Zambia (where malaria is more common), having the sickle-cell gene gives someone the advantage to be immune from malaria.

What are the two branches of the somatic nervous system?

The two branches of the somatic nervous system are sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. It has sensory and motor nerves.

List two different functions of glial cells.

The two main functions for glial cells are to give support and protect the neurons and maintain homeostasis.

Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that _______.

There is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer.

When considering the wavelength of a radio wave- Like the kind you hear when listening to music as you drive along- You would be correct to think that the size is this wave is about as long as

a building

Stanley was diagnosed with lymphoma and had to undergo several months of chemotherapy. During this time he would become very nauseated as a side effect, and unintentionally came to associate that nausea with his favorite grilled cheese sandwich. Now, years later, even thinking about a grilled cheese sandwich makes him sick. In this example, Stanley's nauseous reaction to a grilled cheese sandwich is the ________.

conditioned response

Melatonin release from the pineal gland is stimulated by ________ and inhibited by ________.

darkness; light

Alcohol is considered a ________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity.

depressant

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for ________.

depression

Rudy is amazing in all of his school classes, except math. He struggles to understand basic arithmetic concepts, confuses mathematical symbols like "+" and "=", and gets very frustrated and upset at the thought of doing math homework. Rudy has a normal level of cognitive functioning in other areas, and reads and writes with ease. Rudy's parents may want to have him evaluated to see if he suffers from ________.

dyscalculia

Although her reading skills are just fine, Beatriz has difficulty with her writing. Her teachers have noticed that no matter how hard she tries and how much they work with her the handwriting on her papers is almost illegible. Further, although she has great thoughts and understands concepts at a high level, she is unable to put them into a cohesive written paper. Beatriz may suffer from ________.

dysgraphia

Elaina has been diagnosed with a small brain tumor. She first went to see her doctor after experiencing symptoms such as feeling very cold, almost fainting, a reduced appetite, and reduced sexual desire. Which of the following structures is her tumor most likely affecting?

hypothalamus

Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and a joey (baby kangaroo) moving to its mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________.

instincts

Emily is an adult with a 4th-grade skill level in reading, writing, and math. Her doctor suggests she would be capable of holding a job and living independently. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Emily?

mild

A state of ________, as shown by EEG recordings of new practitioners, is not an altered state of consciousness; however, patterns of brain waves exhibited by expert practitioners may represent a unique state of consciousness.

meditation

the developmental psychology, there is an increasing interest in researching cognitive changes that occur later in life. why?

populations of developed nations are living longer

behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by

studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes

Jeremy has Parkinson's disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects motor skills. In addition to motor symptoms, Jeremy has noticed changes in his mood. It is likely that Jeremy's ________ is producing less ________ than it needs to.

substantia nigra; dopamine