PSYC 101 Modules 1-6: Introducing Psychology

Cognitive psychology truly emerged as its own discipline, emphasizing the study of information processing, thinking, reasoning, and problem solving in the late: A)1950s B)1990s C)1970s D)1920s

A)1950s

The psychologist who took the position that organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes and tend not to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative outcomes was: A)Sigmund Freud B)Carl Rogers C)Abraham Maslow D)B. F. Skinner

D) B. F. Skinner

Placebo Effect

change in symptoms due to a participant's expectation that a treatment will do something

Theory

comprehensive explanation of observable events

Case Study

in-depth analysis of the behavior of one person or a small number of people

Placebo

inactive substance or treatment that is distinguishable from a real, active substance or treatment

Correlational Coefficient

statistical index that indicates how strongly a pair of variables are associated

Random Assignment

use of chance to place subjects in experimental and control groups

In a discussion with your professor, she tells you that she believes that the focus of psychological study should be to break the conscious experience into its basic elements. Which of the following historical schools of thought is your professor's idea most consistent with? A)Structuralism B)Psychoanalysis C)Behaviorism

A) Structuralism

A hypothesis would be best described as: A)An educated guess about a given research outcome B)The application of research to practical problems C)A system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations D)An objective description of behavior

A)An educated guess about a given research outcome

Which of the following techniques is most likely to prove useful in determining why one particular child is afraid to go to school? A)Case study B)Experiment C)Descriptive study D)Naturalistic observation

A)Case Study

A researcher wants to see if a protein-enriched diet will enhance the maze-running performance of rats. One group of rats is fed the high-protein diet for the duration of the study; the other group continues to receive ordinary rat chow. In this experiment, the rats' maze-running performance is the: A)Dependent variable B)Independent variable C)Control variable D)Correlated variable

A)Dependent Variable

The experimental procedure in which both the experimenter and subject are unaware of who is in the experimental and who is in the control group is referred to as the: A)Double-blind procedure B)Stereotaxic procedure C)Single-blind procedure D)Placebo control procedure

A)Double-blind Procedure

You are sitting on a park bench in a major metropolitan area from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m., and you note the number of people who walk by, whether or not they litter, and their gender. You are engaging in: A)Naturalistic observation B)Casual observation C)Case study research D)Experimental research

A)Naturalistic Observation

Dr. Macator predicts that people will act more aggressively during the heat waves of summer than they will during the cold spells of winter. This suggests that Dr. Macator believes that temperature and level of aggression are: A)Positively correlated B)Negatively correlated C)Independent variables D)Uncorrelated

A)Positively Correlated

If a researcher varies the loudness of music in a factory to observe its effect on the rate of productivity of the employees, the dependent variable is the: A)Rate of productivity B)Loudness of music being used C)Style of music being used D)Factory setting

A)Rate of Productivity

You are interviewing a new member of the psychology department for the university newspaper. The faculty member states, "Many times, people are unaware of the unconscious motivations that drive their overt actions." This faculty member's views are most similar to the views held by: A)Sigmund Freud B)Carl Rogers C)Wilhelm Wundt D)B. F. Skinner

A)Sigmund Freud

Which of the following statements is least likely to be made by a humanist? A)The behavior of humans tends to be dictated by environmental circumstances. B)Humans are unique. C)Humans have a basic need to fulfill their potentials. D)Research on animals has little relevance to understanding human behavior.

A)The behavior of humans tends to be dictated by enviromental circumstances.

Michael is having problems relating to other people because he is exhibiting delusions (false beliefs) and hallucinations. Michael would most likely seek help from: A)An experimental psychologist B)A clinical psychologist C)A developmental psychologist D)A physiological psychologist

B)A clinical psychologist

The school of psychology that suggests psychologists should study only what can be objectively observed is: A)Functionalism B)Behaviorism C)Humanism D)Structuralism

B)Behaviorism

Kurt has finished his howler monkey study and now plans on studying a specific subject from the original study, code-named "Harley." He plans on studying certain aberrant behaviors Harley demonstrated over an extended duration of 2 years. Kurt is planning a ______. A)Evolutionary Psychology B)Experiment C)Survey D)Case Study

D)Case Study

The functionalists , under the direction of William James, admired the work of ________, who is well-known for his evolutionary theory of natural selection. A)Heinz Kohut B)Sigmund Freud C)Max Wertheimer D)Charles Darwin

D)Charles Darwin

During a recent food shortage, Granger found within herself the ability to persevere by applying select behaviors and through adapting specific mental processes. That similar behaviors as those Granger applied should recur in future generations and influence their survival is an example of ______ . A)Case Study B)Survey C)Cognitive Psychology D)Evolutionary Psychology

D)Evolutionary Psychology

Pyschoanalysis

Freudian approach to therapy that emphasizes the exploration of unconscious conflicts

Evolutionary psychology

approach that emphasizes inherited, adaptive aspects of behavior and mental processes

Survey

descriptive research method in which participants are asked the same questions

Experimental Group

faction that receives the treatment the study is designed to test

Correlational research

non-experimental study that quantifies the degree to which events, measures, or variables are associated

Introspection

personal observation of your own thoughts, feelings, and behavior

Double-blind Study

research in which neither the observer nor the subjects know which subjects received which treatment

Naturalistic Observation

research method based on careful recording of behavior in normal settings

Functionalism

school of psychology that considers behaviors in terms of active adaptations

Behavorism

school of thought in psychology emphasizing study of observable actions over study of the mind

Social Norms

set of rules that defines acceptable and expected behavior for members of a group

Cognitive psychology

study of information processing, thinking, reasoning, and problem solving

Humanistic psychology

study of people as inherently good and motivated to learn and improve

Structuralism

study of sensations and personal experience analyzed as basic elements

Gestalt Psychology

study of thinking, learning, and perception in whole units, not by analysis into parts

Experiment

study whereby investigators manipulate at least one variable while measuring at least one other variable

Self-actualization

the process by which people achieve their full potential

Psychology

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes