PSYC 102 Test 3

Which of the following is an example of actor-observer bias? a. Akbar believes gambling is bad, but he continues to gamble anyway. b. Akbar believes he is unable to stop gambling because he has an addictive personality, yet Tim is unable to stop gambling because he is addicted to gambling. c. Akbar believes he is unable to stop gambling because his friends all gamble and are a bad influence, yet Tim is unable to stop gambling because he is addicted to gambling. d. Akbar avoids gambling, but he observes Barnaby gambling and tries to stop him.

Akbar believes he is unable to stop gambling because his friends all gamble and are a bad influence, yet Tim in unable to stop gambling because he is addicted to gambling

Henry is juror number four in a murder trial. He believes the accused is guilty, but when the jurors vote it becomes clear he is the only one that thinks this way. Henry votes not guilty along with the other jurors despite what he sees as evidence clearly indicating guilt. This is an example of the ________ effect.

Asch

Which term refers to the vocabulary of a language? a. Phoneme b. Lexicon c. Grammar d. Morpheme

Lexicon

Which of the following strategies would effectively prevent groupthink from occurring? a. Having the group leader make his position known before discussion begins b. Avoiding the development of any contingency plans c. Seeking outside opinions on group decisions d. Voting publicly in front of group members

Seeking outside opinions on group decisions

What is the Flynn effect?

The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation.

What is the just-world hypothesis?

an ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve

Tasks that require you to compare, contrast, or evaluate are using the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.

analytical

The analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to ____.

analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast

Quincy is struck on the back of the head and finds, while she can remember her life up to the time she was struck on the head, she can no longer make new memories. Quincy has ________ amnesia.

anterograde

Which of the following is the best example of peripheral route of persuasion? a. Supporting your sister who has decided to go cold turkey in order to quit smoking b. Anti-smoking advertisements that rely on celebrity spokespeople advocating for reduction in cigarette use c. Encouraging your parents to quit smoking by switching to chewing tobacco, then convincing them to chew less tobacco each week d. Anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year

anti-smoking advertisements that rely on celebrity spokespeople advocating for reduction in cigarette use

Kai cuts her foot while hiking. She forgot to pack bandages, but she has a tube of superglue and uses that to seal the wound. Kai's ability to invent a solution uses the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.

creative

Suppose you are walking down a street. A woman has fallen down, but because there are so many people around it does not occur to you that you should help. You just assume someone else is about to help her and keep walking. This is an example of ____.

diffusion of responsibility

Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place.

encoding failure

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory?

explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

For many in the baby-boom generation, the Kennedy assassination represents a ____, an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event.

flashbulb memory

Navigating your way home through an unfamiliar route due to road construction would draw upon your ________ intelligence.

fluid

What is confirmation bias?

focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs

Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for? a. Hindsight bias b. Functional fixedness c. Anchoring bias d. Representative bias

functional fixedness

Which type of persuasion involves an indirect route that relies on association of peripheral cues to associate positivity with a message?

peripheral route

When it comes to social psychology, a script is a ____.

person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting

An anchoring bias occurs when you focus on ________.

one piece of information versus all of the information

Fantasia believes that people with blue eyes are somehow more creative than other people. Whenever Fantasia encounters a person that has blue eyes and is creative, she places greater importance on this evidence supporting her already existing belief. At the same time, Fantasia ignores any evidence that people without blue eyes might display exceptional creativity. This is called a ________.

confirmation bias

A(an) ________ is the best example, or representation, of a concept.

prototype

Heather and Mike share the household chores as equally as possible. They take turns with the cooking and driving their son to daycare. Both of them work outside the home, and each of them takes responsibility for child care one night a week to give the other one a break. We can say that their relationship has ________.

reciprocity

When it comes to relationships, we expect to share thoughts, feelings, and ideas in a mutual exchange called ____.

reciprocity

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer.

recognition

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________.

retrieval

Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets to know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has ________ amnesia.

retrograde

When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information.

retrograde; anterograde

Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her ____ schema suggests that nurses behave this way.

role

In California, undocumented migrants are often blamed for high unemployment in the state, although statistics show that high unemployment is not related to the number of illegal migrants. In this example, illegal migrants are victims of ____: the act of blaming an out-group when the in-group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal.

scapegoating

A(an) ________ is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts.

schema

Following an outcome, ________ are those attributions that enable us to see ourselves in favorable light.

self-serving bias

Penny gets an acting job on Friday that she attributes to her good acting. She doesn't get the next acting job; therefore, she blames the casting director for not wanting to hire a woman. This is an example of ________.

self-serving bias

What are the two components of declarative memory?

semantic and episodic

Anna thinks that Bill is rude to her because she had to seat him in a noisy, crowded area of the restaurant. Anna takes a ________ view of Bill.

situationist

David attempts to minimize the costs of his relationship with Daniel while maximizing benefits. He enjoys Daniel's company, but he tries to avoid helping him move. This is an example of the ________ theory.

social exchange

Travis is part of a group playing tug-of-war. He knows that his team is stronger, so he doesn't try as hard as he could. Travis is engaged in ________.

social loafing

Who was Stanley Milgram?

social psychology professor at Yale who wanted to test the defense of "I was just following orders" typically used by accused Nazis

What is the main point of the Stanford prison experiment?

social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior

What is a social role?

socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group

Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells "the man with the blue shirt did it." Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in flowered dress. This is an example of ________: the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories.

suggestibility

Which concept describes the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories?

suggestibility

Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct? a. Eyewitness testimony is reliable for events that do not involve crime. b. Eyewitness testimony is always reliable. c. Eyewitness testimony is never reliable d. Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion

Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion

Which of the following best exemplifies prosocial behavior? a. Tyler visits his aunt once a week to bring her groceries b. Mateo's mother provides child support to Mateo's father because of a court order c. Jason is blackmailed by Brianna d. Avery forgets to call his grandmother on Mother's Day

Tyler visits his aunt once a week to bring her groceries

Tom believes he is unable to stop gambling because his friends all gamble and are a bad influence; however, he believes that Barnaby is unable to stop gambling because Barnaby is addicted to gambling. This is an example of ________.

actor-observer bias

Billie is a(n) ________ because he believes people over age 65 should have their driver's license suspended, the elderly use up important social resources, and they occupy jobs that should belong to younger, more capable people.

ageist

If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using?

amygdala

Natural concepts are mental groupings created naturally through our ____.

experiences

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall?

explicit memories

I am trying to learn the names of all 50 states. While I am actively remembering and recalling this information, it is considered ________.

explicit memory

Remembering ________ is a good example of procedural memory.

how to use the phone

Gonzalo is attempting to open his car door using the auto lock button on his keychain. He pushes the button twice, but his car door does not open. He continues to push the button even though it is likely that the auto lock feature has stopped working, and he will need to open the door manually with his key. This illustrates a ________.

mental set

Schemas are a(an) ____.

method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently.

What is groupthink?

modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus

A ____ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning.

morpheme

Suppose you hate reality shows, but you pretend to like them in order to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by your friends, who all love reality television. This is an example of ________ social influence.

normative

Which of the following is an example of an abstract, complex concept? a. Patriotism b. Categories of psychology c. Types of cars d. Dog breeds

patriotism

A(an) ________ is a basic sound unit of a given language.

phoneme

Anwar dresses for a cold fall day and steps outside to find it sunny and hot. He goes back inside to change out of his sweater and jeans into a shirt and shorts. Anwar is demonstrating the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.

practical

Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory.

your first day of school

The ________ is demonstrated by the attack on Kitty Genovese.

bystander effect

Storing memories involves three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and ____ memory.

long-term

Carmela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ________ bias.

confirmation

Which of the following is the best example of central route persuasion? a. Supporting your sister who has decided to go cold turkey in order to quit smoking b. Anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year c. Anti-smoking advertisements that rely on celebrity spokespeople advocating for reduction in cigarette use d. Encouraging your parents to quit smoking by switching to chewing tobacco, then convincing them to chew less tobacco each week

anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die form smoking-related causes each year

Which theory/hypothesis suggests that strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories, and weak emotional experiences form weak memories?

arousal theory

____ concepts are ones that we know by a specific set of characteristics that are always exhibited, such as what defines different basic shapes.

artificial

Illnesses such as diabetes and stomach cancer kill more than twice the number of Americans than murder or car accidents. However, Zale sees car accidents as more dangerous because he often hears about car accident fatalities on the nightly news, and he doesn't know anyone with diabetes or stomach cancer. Therefore, Zale takes more precautions against car accidents. This exemplifies ___

availability heuristic

Behavior is a product of both the situation and the person. Which of the following is an example of a situation that might influence behavior? a. Being raised Jewish b. Hitting someone in the dark c. Being in a crowd of bystanders when you witness someone fainting d. Being raised to think that stealing is morally wrong

being in a crowd of bystanders when you witness someone fainting

Which type of persuasion involves logic-driven arguments using data and facts to convince people of an argument's worthiness?

central route

Which part of the brain is most involved in creating procedural memories?

cerebellum

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________.

chunking

____ encompasses the processes associated with perception knowledge, problem solving, judgement, language, and memory.

cognition

Don knows that drinking too much liquor is a costly habit that is bad for his health, but he continues to drink large amounts of liquor. He also thinks he is a smart person that makes good choices. Don feels some psychological discomfort from this contradiction, which is also called ________.

cognitive dissonance

____ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences.

concepts

A(n) ____ involves approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past, but it is clearly no longer working.

mental set

The ____ hypothesis is the ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve.

just-world

What is semantic memory?

knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

Which of the following is the best example of the foot-in-the-door technique of persuasion? a. Supporting your sister who has decided to go cold turkey in order to quit smoking. b. Getting your parents to agree to cut their smoking down by a few cigarettes, then asking them to quit altogether. c. Anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year.. d. Anti-smoking advertisements that rely on celebrity spokespeople advocating for reduction in cigarette use.

getting your parents to agree to cut their smoking down by a few cigarettes, then asking them to quit altogether

The fact that English dictates that most verbs end in-ed to indicate past tense is an example of the ____ component of language.

grammar

Which statement about groupthink is correct? a. Group members will use brainstorming to discover the solution that most group members agree on. b. Group members will never agree if there is a minority influence present. c. Group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus. d. Group members modify their opinion to go against what they believe is the group consensus.

group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus

Which type of social influence involves conformity to a group norm prompted by the belief that the group is competent and has the correct information?

group polarization

Social psychology is a field that studies both interpersonal and intrapersonal behavior. Which of the following is an example of interpersonal behavior? a. Emotions b. Group processes c. Attitudes d. Social cognition

group processes

Based on the discussion in your text, which of the following strategies would effectively reduce prejudice between groups? a. Keeping intergroup contact to a minimum b. Having groups meet under equal terms and cooperate on a task c. Having highly educated members of one group teach the children of the other group d. Assigning one group to supervise the other group in completing an assigned task

having groups meet under equal terms and cooperate on a task

A public opinion pole was administered to 50 people before the election of President Barack Obama. Polls taken before election night showed 50% of the people polled Barack Obama would be elected president. After the election results, the same people were asked if they believed Barack Obama would be elected president, and this time 75% of the people said yes. This may be an example of ____ bias.

hindsight

Niaz's car breaks down, and he is convinced that it was a predictable event even though there was no way of knowing it would happen. This exemplifies ________.

hindsight bias

____ refers to prejudice and discrimination against individuals based solely on their same-sex orientation.

homophobia

Jasmin belongs to the chess club on her campus. She prefers to associate with other members of the chess club while avoiding people that do not belong to this group. Jasmin has a(n) ________ bias.

in-group

What is episodic memory?

information about events we have personally experienced

People view the Environmental Protection Agency as competent and believe they know correct information regarding what individuals should do to protect the environment, so they possess ________ social influence when it comes to enforcing a group norm of recycling.

informational

In Howard Garner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, ____ intelligence and ____ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence.

interpersonal; intrapersonal

Which of the following is an example of the self-fulfilling prophecy? a. Telling someone with dyslexia she cannot learn to read, leading her to become illiterate even though she could learn to read with a bit of extra effort. b. Telling people you hate boy bands, then taking your child to a boy band fan club meeting. c. Telling your spouse you hate his cooking, than taking over the cooking yourself to avoid food poisoning. d. Telling blue-eyed people they are unattractive, then feeling bad and complimenting people with blue eyes to avoid feeling guilty.

telling someone with dyslexia she cannot learn to read, leading her to become illiterate even though she could learn to read with a bit of extra effort

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________.

thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

What is procedural memory?

type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

Remembering ________ is a good example of semantic memory.

what the word chocolate means