PSYC 107 - Chapter 9

Soon after birth, a nurse almost drops Osei. He spreads his arms, pulls them back in, and then cries. This is an example of ________

Moro reflex

Which of the following illustrates conservation?

Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices

Who called the stages of development psychosexual stages?

Sigmund Freud

A "teratogen" is something that can disrupt normal fetal development.

True

A zygote is a newly fertilized egg.

True

Because it is still developing outside the womb, the human brain is more responsive to the environment than the brains of other animals.

True

By conservation, developmental researchers refer to recognition that even though some properties of an object change, other properties remain constant.

True

In the teen years, peers begin to replace parents as a source of identification.

True

Infants will stare longer at things that interest them.

True

Jean Piaget specified 4 stages of human cognitive development: sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational and formal operational.

True

Synaptic pruning reaches its final stage during the formal operational stage.

True

The brain is the first major organ to develop, after conception.

True

The fetal stage is a part of prenatal development.

True

The formal operational stage begins about the age of 12.

True

The measles virus is an example of a teratogen.

True

The sensorimotor stage lasts from birth until about 2 years old.

True

Typically, a fertilized egg (ovum) travels down the fallopian tube and into the uterus.

True

Typically, girls begin puberty about the age of 11 and boys about the age of 13.

True

What does the normative approach ask regarding the lifespan?

What is normal development?

Children who are developing disorganized attachment to their caregivers most likely have been ________

abused

18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies ________

accommodation

Which concept refers to the persistent difference in grades, test scores, and graduation rates that exist among students of different ethnicities, races, and sexes?

achievement gap

Children whose parents have an authoritarian parenting style can be _______

anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy

Late maturing boys are ________.

at a higher risk of depression

Early maturing girls are ________

at a higher risk of depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders

Which parenting style is most encouraged in modern America?

authoritative

As toddlers (ages 1-3 years) begin to explore their world, they learn that they can control their actions and act on the environment to get results. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

autonomy vs. shame/doubt

Marcy is 15 months old, and her father is insensitive and inattentive her needs. Marcy reacts to him the same way she reacts to a stranger—she doesn't care if he leaves the room and when he returns she is slow to notice or react. What kind of attachment is this?

avoidant

Who developed the psychosocial theory of development?

Erik Erikson

By 7 months of age, most babies can drive a car.

False

The concrete operational stage is characterized by the performance of both male and female infants building stone sculptures.

False

The combining of an egg and the womb is called "fertilization."

False (egg + sperm)

Vision is the best developed sense of a fetus.

False (least developed)

In the context of human development, pruning is the systematic process of generating extra neural connections in the brain.

False (removing old neural connections)

Which of the following statements about parenting styles is true?

In some ethnic groups, authoritarian parenting is as beneficial as authoritative parenting

In a(an) ________, developmental psychologists collect a great deal of information from one individual in order to better understand physical and psychological changes over the lifespan

case study

Which of the following does not occur during the concrete operational stage?

children begin to use language

________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity

cognitive

Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the concrete operational stage?

conservation

The continuous development approach views development as a ________

cumulative process

Sigmund Freud believed that personality develops ________

during early childhood

Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Carshis mother does to. What does this exemplify?

egocentrism

What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

environment and culture

Grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of ________ motor skills

fine

Dorothy knows songs and rhymes by memory. She can name most colors and numbers, she can even write the letters of her name. Assuming she reached these cognitive and language development milestones at the average age, about how old is Dorothy?

four

When people reach their 40s, they enter the time known as middle adulthood, which extends to the mid-60s. This involves finding their life's work and contributing to the development of others through activities such as volunteering, mentoring, and raising children. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

generativity vs. stagnation

What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

genes and biology

Balancing, running, and jumping are all examples of ________ motor skills

gross

During the elementary school stage (ages 6-12), children begin to compare themselves to their peers to see how they measure up. They either develop a sense of accomplishment or they feel inadequate when they don't measure up. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

industry vs. inferiority

Once children reach the preschool stage (ages 3-6 years), they are capable of originating activities and asserting control over their world through social interactions and play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

initiative vs. guilt

People in early adulthood (20s through early 40s) are ready to establish emotional closeness and maintain relationships with others. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

intimacy vs. isolation

Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the formal operational stage?

moral reasoning

A developmental psychologist might use ________ to observe how children behave on a playground, at a daycare center, or in the child's own home

naturalistic observation

Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?

object permanence

Which of the following is not a developmental issue children face during the preoperational stage?

object permanence

When children develop theory-of-mind (TOM), they can recognize that ________

others have false beliefs

Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this?

permissive

________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness

physical

In ________ thinking, decisions are made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotion as adults develop principles that depend on contexts

postformal

Elroy decided not to cheat on the exam because he would fail the class if he was caught. What stage of moral development does this exemplify?

pre-conventional

According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use language?

preoperational

In the ________ stage, children use words and images to represent things, but they lack logical reasoning

preoperational

_______ development involves emotions, personality, and social relationships

psychosocial

Rochelle has a glass of Kool-Aid. She pours her Kool-Aid into a toy teacup, and then she pours the Kool-Aid from the teacup into a beer stein. She then pours it from the beer stein back into the original glass. She knows the amount of Kool-Aid has not substantially changed. What does this exemplify?

reversibility

Ego identity is our _______

sense of self

During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through senses and actions

sensorimotor

Francis takes his six-month-old daughter to daycare. A substitute provider is there, and his daughter begins crying. She clings to her father and hides her face. What does this exemplify?

stranger anxiety

Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the sensorimotor stage?

stranger anxiety

Emily is a doctoral student in psychology. She plans to use ________ to complete her doctoral paper, asking individuals to self-report important information about how their thoughts, experiences, and beliefs differ over a 10-year period

surveys

Heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, cigarettes, and alcohol are all examples of _______

teratogens

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Children with FASD may have a large head size and abnormal facial features, poor judgment, poor impulse control, higher rates of ADHD, learning issues, and lower IQ scores.

the word "large" should be changed to the phrase "below average"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The zygote is a structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord

the word "zygote" should be changed to the word "placenta"

Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

trust vs. mistrust

During the early childhood years, the number of words a child uses increases at a rapid pace. This is sometimes referred to as the ________

vocabulary spurt

A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge

zygote

According to attachment theory, which of the following is not needed for healthy attachment?

Caregiver must be responsive to a child's religious preference

Crawling, walking, writing, dressing, naming colors, speaking in sentences, and starting puberty are all examples of ________

developmental milestones

Specific normative events are also called ________

developmental milestones

Theorists who view development as ________ believe that development takes place in unique stages

discontinuous

Jules is participating in the Strange Situation experiment. When his mother returns, he freezes, and then behaves erratically. In fact, he runs away from his mother. What kind of attachment is this?

disorganized