Psyc 110 Ch 6 (super)

aversive conditioning

As the subject of an experiment for treating cigarette addiction, John is being given a chemical agent that makes him feel nauseated every time he smokes a cigarette. This experiment is most likely a(n) _____ experiment.

involuntary responses.

Classical conditioning explains how neutral stimuli become associated with

embedded marketing.

Kyle wants to buy a new watch. While making the decision to buy the watch, he purchases the brand of watch that his favorite actor wore in a movie. In this scenario, in the context of classical conditioning, the movie that Kyle watched promoted the brand of watch using

is the type of reinforcement in which organisms learn rapidly.

Continuous reinforcement in operant conditioning

secondary reinforcer.

Dale works for a publishing company. Every time he writes a good article, he gets lots of fan mail expressing support to him. In the context of operant conditioning, the mails that Dale receives are called a

classical conditioning.

Jack always takes his dog out for a walk in the morning. Whenever Jack puts the leash on his dog, the dog gets very excited about going for a walk. In this scenario, the dog has learned to associate the leash with going for a walk through

Thorndike's law of effect.

Jenny received a lot of praise in class when she was the only one who did her homework on time. As a result, Jenny has never had to be reminded to do her homework; she always submits it on time. In this scenario, Jenny's behavior illustrates

conditioned response.

Jessica loves to go to the park. However, after three separate incidences of violence over the course of two years in a park, she begins to fear going to parks. In this scenario, in the context of classical conditioning, Jessica's fear of parks is a(n)

vicarious reinforcement.

Jill decides to study harder in class after seeing her teacher praise her classmate, Ricky, for doing well on a test. In the context of observational learning, this scenario best exemplifies learning through

generalization in classical conditioning.

Joseph, a three-year-old boy, is afraid of the doctor who gave him a shot and made him cry. Consequently, whenever Joseph sees a person in a white laboratory coat, he starts crying. In this scenario, Joseph's behavior best exemplifies

fixed-ratio

Josh has romantic feelings for the girl who works at the comic book store down the street. He likes to go into the store and talk to her. However, he does not know which days of the week she works, so he visits the store every Sunday, when he is sure she will be there. In this scenario, Josh is operating on a _____ schedule in operant conditioning.

contingency

Just as it does in classical conditioning, _____ plays a key role in operant conditioning.

motor reproduction

Andrea, an avid golfer, imitates a professional golfer's swing after watching him play golf on television. Andrea's act of imitation represents the _____ element of observational learning.

associative learning.

Classical conditioning is a form of

Operant conditioning is a form of associative learning.

Identify the accurate statement about operant conditioning.

spontaneous recovery.

In classical conditioning, the process by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning is known as

generalization

In operant conditioning, _____ means performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation.

extinction

In operant conditioning, _____ occurs when a behavior is no longer reinforced and decreases in frequency.

a behavior is no longer reinforced and decreases in frequency.

In operant conditioning, extinction occurs when

an organism performs a reinforced behavior in a different situation.

In operant conditioning, generalization occurs when

the association between a behavior and a consequence.

In operant conditioning, organisms learn

shaping

In the context of operant conditioning, _____ refers to rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior.

A man salivates while watching a chef fry sausages.

Which of the following best exemplifies a reflex?

judging whether to repeat a behavior depending on the consequences of the behavior

Which of the following describes the reinforcement element in observational learning?

It is a form of respondent behavior.

Which of the following is true about classical conditioning?

It occurs without awareness or effort, based on the presentation of two stimuli together.

Which of the following is true of classical conditioning?

Negative punishment

____ in operant conditioning refers to the removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior.

primary reinforcer.

Four-month-old Simon quickly learns that he will be fed milk every time he cries. From a behaviorist perspective, the milk that Simon receives when he cries is a

negative reinforcement

Liam is studying in his room for an exam but is disturbed by the loud music from his neighbor's house. He closes the window so that he can no longer hear the loud music. In this scenario, Liam's behavior demonstrates _____ in operant conditioning.

insight learning.

Liza's teacher has given her class a math problem to solve. She says that there is a trick to it but if they really think about it, the answer is quite simple. The class is silent for a few moments before Liza suddenly raises her hand and provides the correct solution to the problem. In this scenario, Liza's sudden understanding of the problem exemplifies

spontaneous recovery

Marcia and John were married for eleven years before John passed away. Following his death, Marcia left her home and city because everything reminded her of John. Many years later, Marcia happened to meet a man, her new colleague, who smelled of the cologne that John always wore. Even after so many years, Marcia was drawn to this man because he reminded her of John. In this scenario, Marcia's reawakened feelings are an example of _____ in classical conditioning.

has nothing to do with "good" and "bad" behavior.

Negative reinforcement in operant conditioning

through the process of watching and imitating another's behavior.

Observational learning occurs

Rat A will be more likely to experience lowered stress.

On Monday, Rat A receives 25 mild electric shocks per hour and Rat B receives 5 mild shocks per hour. On Tuesday, both rats receive 10 shocks per hour. In the context of stress and improvement, which of the following is the most likely result of this experiment?

focuses on the association between behaviors and the stimuli that follow them.

Operant conditioning is a form of learning that

they are involuntary

Which of the following statements is true of unconditioned responses?

US and the CS must be presented very close together in time.

In classical conditioning, in order for the pairing between the unconditioned stimulus (US) and the conditioned stimulus (CS) to work, the

law of effect

The _____ in psychology states that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and that behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened.

the consequences of a behavior influence the likelihood of that behavior's recurrence.

The law of effect is profoundly important because it presents the basic idea that

reflex.

Tina's eyes water every time she chops onions. Her response is an example of a

discrimination

Yolanda dislikes going to the doctor for her illness because every time she does, she is prescribed medicines, which ruin her appetite and make her feel nauseated. She associates doctors with feelings of nausea. However, she is not afraid of visiting dentists. In this scenario, Yolanda's behavior best exemplifies _____ in classical conditioning.

Alex's ears popping when he enters a building with an elevator

Alex and his family moved into an apartment on the 98th floor of a building. The first few times that Alex used the elevator, his ears popped and Alex found the sensation uncomfortable. As a result, whenever Alex enters a building with an elevator, he feels his ears pop before he gets to the elevator. In the context of classical conditioning, which of the following is the conditioned response?

conditioned stimulus.

Dr. Meyer is known for his difficult pop quizzes. Immediately before he announces a pop quiz to his students, he walks to the classroom door and closes it. His students soon learn to anticipate a pop quiz whenever Dr. Meyer closes the classroom door. In the context of classical conditioning, closing the door has become a(n)

the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.

Extinction in classical conditioning is

the fixed-ratio schedule

Fred's mother allows him to watch television on Sundays only if he studies for four hours a day, every day of the week. Which of the following schedules of reinforcement in operant conditioning is Fred's mother using to discipline him?

habituation

George drinks three glasses of wine at home every evening but rarely feels its effect. However, he feels the immediate effect of a single glass of wine on the rare occasions that he goes to a bar. Which of the following classical conditioning concepts best explains this discrepancy in George's responses?

variable-ratio

Hitch-hikers are unable to predict when they will get a ride and when they will not. They are most likely functioning on a _____ schedule of reinforcement in operant conditioning.

unconditioned response.

In Pavlov's experiments on classical conditioning, prior to associating the sound of the bell with the food, the dog's salivation in response to the food was the

conditioned stimulus

In Pavlov's experiments on classical conditioning, the dog began to associate the sound of the bell with the food and salivated when it heard the bell because the bell had become a(n)

neutral stimulus

In Pavlov's studies on classical conditioning, the bell was a(n) _____ before it was paired with the food.

learned helplessness

In _____, the organism learns through experience with negative stimuli that it has no control over negative outcomes.

unconditioned stimulus.

In aversive conditioning experiments to treat alcohol addiction, every time a person drinks an alcoholic beverage, he or she also consumes a mixture that induces nausea. In classical conditioning terminology, the nausea-inducing agent is the

secondary

In the context of operant conditioning, a reinforcer that acquires its positive value through an organism's experience is a _____ reinforcer.

primary

In the context of operant conditioning, a reinforcer that is innately satisfying and does not require any learning on the organism's part to make it pleasurable is referred to as a _____ reinforcer.

negative punishment

Larry is in the habit of bullying his little brother by hitting and pushing him. Larry's parents try to stop this behavior by taking away Larry's video games whenever he hits his little brother. Over the next few weeks, Larry stops bullying his little brother. In this scenario, Larry's parents have used _____ in operant conditioning.

variable-interval

Mrs. Graham is the principal of a high school. She enforces the practice of pop quizzes in the school because she knows that students will be more likely to study if they cannot predict when they will be tested. In this scenario, Mrs. Graham relies on a _____ schedule in operant conditioning to enforce a desired behavior in her students.

the frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by a desirable stimulus.

Positive reinforcement in operant conditioning is a learning process in which

the relatively stable, observable changes in a person's actions.

Psychologists who examine learning from a behavioral perspective define learning as

extinction

Tyler's grandmother, Rose, has been receiving e-mails from Tyler every day for many years. In anticipation of his e-mails, she checks her inbox more than once in a day. However, since Tyler has started college, the e-mails have stopped. As a result, Rose checks her e-mail only every few days. If this pattern continues, Rose will completely stop checking her e-mail. In classical conditioning, this is known as

generalization in classical conditioning

Wendell always gets anxious before taking a math test because he is not good with numbers and formulae. When his science teacher announces a physics test that requires him to apply numerical formulae, Wendell begins to feel anxious, even though he enjoys physics. Which of the following is Wendell most likely demonstrating in this scenario?

In continuous reinforcement, a behavior is reinforced every time it occurs.

Which of the following is true of continuous reinforcement in operant conditioning?

It often takes less time than operant conditioning.

Which of the following is true of observational learning?

It occurs without further conditioning.

Which of the following is true of spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?

Tom wakes up just before the alarm clock goes off every morning so that he can avoid having to hear the alarm go off.

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies negative reinforcement in operant conditioning?

Mike works hard all through the week because he expects to get paid on Friday.

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates Tolman's views on purposive behavior?

Alan does not think he has academic abilities, so he abandons the idea of going to college.

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies a fixed mindset in the context of psychological constraints in learning?

It is a special kind of classical conditioning involving the learned association between a particular taste and nausea.

Which of the following statements about taste aversion learning is true?

It is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.

Which of the following statements best describes classical conditioning?

The human body's internal organ systems can be classically conditioned.

Which of the following statements is true of classical conditioning?

avoidance

While on her way to work recently, Martha was pulled over for the first time, for exceeding the speed limit. She was required to pay a heavy fine. Since then, she has maintained a consistent speed of 30 miles per hour while driving, whether or not there are speed limits in place. In this scenario, Martha is demonstrating _____ learning.

Acquisition

____ is the initial learning of the connection between an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired.

Contingency

_____ in classical conditioning means that the conditioned stimulus must not only precede the unconditioned stimulus closely in time, but it must also serve as a reliable indicator that the unconditioned stimulus is on its way.

Negative reinforcement

_____ in operant conditioning occurs when the frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by the removal of something undesirable.

Associative learning

_____ is the type of learning that occurs when an organism makes a connection between two events.

Renewal

_____, in classical conditioning, refers to the recovery of the conditioned response when an organism is placed in a novel context.