PSYC 110 TEST 3

d. projective test

A ______ is a type of personality test in which a person interprets an ambiguous image, in the process of which the tester can assess unconscious motives, conflicts, psychological defenses, and personality traits. a. personality test b. self-report inventory c. personality inventory d. projective test

a. bystander effect.

A phenomenon in which the presence of other people makes it LESS likely that any individual will help someone in distress because the obligation to intervene is shared among all the onlookers, is called: a. the bystander effect. b. altruism. c. normative social influence. d. conformity

a. a trait

A relatively stable, enduring predisposition to behave in a certain way is called: a. a trait b. a self-concept c. the superego d. the personality

c. latency

Seven-year old Sean prefers to play with his male friends and does not like playing with girls very much. Sean is probably in the ______ stage of psychosexual development. a. phallic b. anal c. latency d. genital

d. psychoanalytic

Sigmund Freud's theory of personality, which emphasized the importance of unconscious processes and the influence of early childhood experiences, is called the ______ perspective. a. social cognitive b. trait c. humanistic d. psychoanalytic

c. self-system

Social cognitive theory embraces the idea that it is a person's ______ that represent(s) the person's cognitive skills, abilities, and attitudes. a. self-concept b. surface traits c. self-system d. unconscious

a. the tendency for the presence of other people to enhance individual performance.

Social facilitation is: a. the tendency for the presence of other people to enhance individual performance. b. what occurs when a person tends to work harder when alone than when in a group. c. the reduction in self-awareness and diminished inhibitions occurring when a person is part of a group whose members feel anonymous. d. what occurs when a person tends to work harder when in a group than when alone.

b. social categorization

Social psychologists call the mental process of classifying people into groups on the basis of their shared characteristics: a. the fundamental attribution error. b. social categorization. c. prejudicial thinking. d. discrimination.

d. attribution.

Social psychologists refer to the mental process of inferring the causes of people's behavior, including one's own, as: a. self-serving bias. b. self-effacing bias. c. social categorization error. d. attribution.

a. his controversial investigation of destructive obedience to an authority figure

Stanley Milgram is the American social psychologist who is best known for: a. his controversial investigation of destructive obedience to an authority figure. b. his research on cognitive dissonance. c. the Robbers Cave experiments and his study of prejudice, conflict resolution, and group processes. d. his pioneering studies of conformity.

a. Karen Horney

The ideas about basic anxiety and womb envy proposed by German-born American psychoanalyst ______ also emphasized the role of social relationships and culture in personality. a. Karen Horney b. Carl Jung c. Sigmund Freud d. Carol Gilligan

c. "feel-good, do-good"

The increased likelihood that a successful and happy person is more likely to help others is called the ______ effect. a. just-world b. altruistic c. "feel-good, do-good" d. prosocial behavior

c. Eros

The life instinct is referred to as: a. the id b. the libido c. Eros d. Thanatos

c. altruism.

The likelihood of helping another person with no expectation of personal reward or benefit describes: a. prosocial behavior. b. the bystander effect. c. altruism. d. diffusion of responsibility.

a. social cognition

The mental processes people use to make sense of their social situations is called: a. social cognition. b. social categorization. c. social influence. d. social perception.

c. source traits

The most fundamental dimensions of personality are called: a. surface traits b. primary traits c. source traits d. secondary traits

b. person perception.

The process by which we form judgments and draw conclusions about the characteristics of others is known as: a. social norms. b. person perception. c. conformity. d. the belief-bias effect.

d. social facilitation.

The reason that marathon runners will often clock a better time on the actual race day than they did in their timed practice runs is considered to be related to the support, clapping, and cheering of those present on the day of the race but not there during practice. This enhanced performance can be attributed to a phenomenon known as: a. the rule of reciprocity. b. induction. c. social striving. d. social facilitation.

c. the libido

The sex drive is also referred to as: a. Thanatos b. the ego c. the libido d. the id

c. the cluster of characteristics that are associated with all members of a specific social group.

The social category called a stereotype refers to: a. the beliefs that one's own culture or ethnic group is superior to all others. b. a negative attitude toward people who belong to a specific social group. c. the cluster of characteristics that are associated with all members of a specific social group. d. the rule or expectation for appropriate behavior in a particular social situation.

c. latency

The stage during which sexual impulses become repressed and dormant and the child develops same-sex friendships with peers and focuses on school, sports, and other activities is called the ______ stage of psychosexual development. a. anal b. oral c. latency d. genital

b. genital

The stage during which the adolescent reaches physical sexual maturity and the genitals again become the primary focus of pleasurable sensations is called the ______ stage. a. anal b. genital c. latency d. oral

a. jigsaw classroom

The teaching technique known as the ______ stresses a cooperative, rather than competitive, learning situation. a. jigsaw classroom b. Robbers Cave strategy c. rule of reciprocity d. bystander effect

b. conformity

The tendency to adjust one's behavior, attitudes, or beliefs to group norms in response to real or imagined group pressure is called: a. obedience. b. conformity. c. altruism. d. ethnocentrism.

b. actor-observer bias.

The tendency to attribute our own behavior to external, situational characteristics, while ignoring or underestimating the effects of internal, personal factors is called: a. Hindsight bias. b. actor-observer bias. c. the just-world hypothesis. d. the fundamental attribution error.

b. hindsight bias

The tendency to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome of an event is called: a. the just-world hypothesis b. hindsight bias c. the fundamental attribution error d. the actor-observer bias

c. self-efficacy

The term ______ is the term used by Bandura to describe the degree to which a person is subjectively convinced of his or her own effectiveness and capabilities in meeting the demands of a particular situation. a. self-concept b. reciprocity c. self-efficacy d. introjection

c. positive regard

The term ______ was used by Carl Rogers to refer to the sense of being loved and valued by other people, especially one's parents. a. self-efficacy b. love-bombing c. positive regard d. self-esteem

a. reciprocal determinism.

The term that describes human functioning as being caused by the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors is: a. reciprocal determinism. b. reciprocation. c. self-efficacy. d. determination.

b. social cognitive

The theory of personality known as ______ theory emphasizes the importance of observational learning, conscious cognitive processes, social experiences, self-efficacy beliefs, and reciprocal determinism. a. humanistic b. social cognitive c. neo-Freudian d. Adlerian

b. humanistic theory

The theory of personality that represents an optimistic look at human nature, emphasizing the self and fulfillment of a person's unique potential, is the: a. psychoanalytic theory b. humanistic theory c. social-cognitive theory d. trait theory

c. trait theory

The theory that emphasizes the description and measurement of specific personality differences in behavioral predispositions among individuals is called the: a. psychoanalytic theory b. humanistic theory c. trait theory d. social cognitive theory.

c. extraversion

The type of person who directs his energies outward toward the environment and other people would most likely be considered high on the ______ dimension of Eysenck's theory. a. introversion b. neuroticism c. extraversion d. psychoticism

b. cognitive dissonance.

The unpleasant state of psychological tension or arousal that occurs in a person when there is an inconsistency between two thoughts or perceptions, is called: a. stereotypical thinking. b. cognitive dissonance. c. social cognition. d. prejudicial thinking.

d. superiority complex.

When asked to describe her husband, Mrs. Rice said that he is prone to exaggerating his accomplishments and importance, seems unaware of the reality of his limitations, and tends to overcompensate for his feelings of inferiority and weakness. Adler would probably have said that Mr. Rice has a(n): a. anal fixation. b. inferiority complex. c. extraverted personality. d. superiority complex.

b. The situation in which help is needed is vague and ambiguous.

Which of the following factors would influence a person's decision NOT to help a person in need? a. The potential helper already feels good and happy and is less likely to help others. b. The situation in which help is needed is vague and ambiguous. c. Others are also willing to help. d. The person knows how to help the other person but does not want to.

a. diet

Which of the following is NOT a biological explanation for aggression? a. diet b. genetics c. brain structure d. biochemical

a. psychoanalytic theory

Which of the following theories of personality stresses the influence of unconscious mental processes, the importance of sexual and aggressive instincts, and the enduring effects of early childhood experience on personality? a. psychoanalytic theory b. psychosocial theory c. collective unconscious theory d. humanistic theory

c. Conformity is generally higher in collectivistic cultures.

Which statement BEST reflects the relationship between culture and conformity? a. Conformity and culture are not related. b. Conformity is generally higher in individualistic cultures. c. Conformity is generally higher in collectivistic cultures. d. The area of conformity and culture is one that has not been researched.

a. observational learning

Which type of learning is associated with aggressive behavior? a. observational learning b. classical conditioning c. operant conditioning d. latent learnin

a. self-effacing bias (modesty bias).

Yoko was late for work because traffic was particularly heavy. When she arrived at the office, she apologized to her boss, insisting that it was her fault for being late—if she had been less lazy, it wouldn't have happened. According to the Culture and Human Behavior box titled "Explaining Failure and Murder: Culture and Attributional Biases," blaming an accidental occurrence on an internal, personal disposition rather than on situational factors is called the: a. self-effacing bias (modesty bias). b. self-serving bias. c. actor-observer discrepancy. d. fundamental attribution error.

d. Muzafer Sherif

______ is the American psychologist best known for the Robbers' Cave experiments and for his study of prejudice, conflict resolution, and group processes. a. Solomon Asch b. Philip Zimbardo c. Knut Kampe d. Muzafer Sherif

d. The just-world hypothesis

______ is the assumption that the world is fair and that therefore people get what they deserve and deserve what they get. a. Cognitive dissonance b. Normative social influence c. Ethnocentrism d. The just-world hypothesis

d. Deindividuation

______ is the concept that involves a reduction in self-awareness and diminished inhibitions occurring when a person is part of a group whose members feel anonymous. a. Social loafing b. Social facilitation c. Autonomy d. Deindividuation

d. Prejudice

______ is the negative attitude toward people who belong to a specific social group. a. The bystander effect b. The fundamental attribution error c. Attribution d. Prejudice

c. Albert Bandura

______ used the term self-efficacy to describe the degree to which we are subjectively convinced of our own effectiveness and capabilities in meeting the demands of a particular situation. a. Sigmund Freud b. Noam Chomsky c. Albert Bandura d. Erik Erikson

c. Solomon Asch

______ was the American social psychologist who is best known for his pioneering studies of conformity. a. Stanley Milgram b. Muzafer Sherif c. Solomon Asch d. John Dovidio

a. Hans Eysenck

______ was the German-born British psychologist who developed a trait theory of personality that identified the three basic dimensions of personality as: neuroticism-emotional stability, introversion-extraversion, and psychoticism. a. Hans Eysenck b. Turhan Canli c. Albert Ellis d. Raymond Cattell

a. Carl Jung

______ was the Swiss psychiatrist who developed his own psychoanalytic theory of personality. His theory stressed a striving toward psychological harmony and included the key ideas of the collective unconscious and archetypes. a. Carl Jung b. Anna Freud c. Erik Erikson d. Sigmund Freud

a. a self-system

According to Albert Bandura, all of us have a set of cognitive skills, abilities, and attitudes that guide how we perceive, evaluate, and control our behavior in different situations. Bandura referred to this as: a. a self-system b. self-esteem c. selflessness d. a self-concept

b. neuroticism; stability

According to Eysenck's theory, a person who is high on the trait known as __________ is more prone to become emotionally upset, while a person who is high on the trait known as ______ is predisposed to be emotionally even. a. psychoticism; neuroticism b. neuroticism; stability c. stability; neuroticism d. stability; psychoticism

d. preconscious

According to Freud, the ______ contains information that, while not currently in conscious awareness, is still easily accessible and that can be made easily conscious. a. unconscious b. collective consciousness c. collective unconscious d. preconscious

b. pleasure principle

According to Freud, the id is ruled by the ______, which is the relentless drive toward immediate satisfaction of the instinctual urges. a. ego b. pleasure principle c. superego d. eros

c. Oedipus complex

According to Freud, the notion that a little boy feels affection for his mother and hostility and jealousy toward his father as well as experiencing castration anxiety, is known as the: a. ego defense mechanism b. latency period c. Oedipus complex d. Electra complex

a. Albert Bandura

According to ______, human functioning is caused by the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors, a process that he called reciprocal determinism. a. Albert Bandura b. Erik Erikson c. Sigmund Freud d. Carl Rogers

c. reciprocal determinism.

According to social cognitive theory, the personalities of different individuals reflect the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors, a process Bandura called: a. striving for superiority. b. identification. c. reciprocal determinism. d. the actualizing tendency.

a. cognitive, affective, behavioral

According to social psychologists, the three components of an attitude typically are which of the following? a. cognitive, affective, behavioral b. cognitive, behavioral, dissonant c. cognitive, affective, spiritual d. affective, behavioral, prejudicial

c. behavioral

All members of the MacGregor household are enthusiastic supporters of the new community recycling program. They consistently sort their garbage by placing paper, plastic, glass, and aluminum in their respective bins. The MacGregors' actions illustrate the ______ component of attitudes. a. biological b. emotional c. behavioral d. cognitive

c. being in a big city or a small town

All of the following factors increase the likelihood that a bystander will help EXCEPT: a. the "feel-good, do-good" effect b. perceiving that victim as deserving help c. being in a big city or a small town d. if the bystander knows how to help

a. surface

Also known as ______ traits, these personality characteristics or attributes can easily be inferred from observable behavior. a. surface b. source c. spiritual d. cognitive

c. Albert Bandura

American psychologist ______ is best known for his research on observational learning and his social cognitive theory of personality. a. Abraham Maslow b. Albert Ellis c. Albert Bandura d. Carl Rogers

c. personality

An individual's unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving are referred to as his or her: a. id b. trait system c. personality d. ego

d. sense of self

An individual's unique sense of identity that has been influenced by social, cultural, and psychological experiences is called: a. social influence b. personality psychology c. social cognition d. sense of self

d. prosocial

Any behavior that helps another person, whether the underlying motive is self-serving or selfless, can be characterized as ______ behavior. a. bystander b. diffusional c. altruistic d. prosocial

b. aggression.

Any verbal or physical behavior intended to cause harm to other people is called: a. assertiveness. b. aggression. c. prosocial behavior. d. altruism.

d. the fundamental attribution error.

As you are helping your newlywed friends move into their new home, you hear them arguing as they try to edge the king-sized bed frame through the bedroom doorway. The frame gets jammed and you automatically attribute the jam to the couple "being poor communicators" rather than attributing the failure to get the frame through the doorway to the possibility that it might be too big for the doorway. This is an example of: a. a mental shortcut in person perception. b. a social norm. c. blaming the victim. d. the fundamental attribution error.

d. Normative-social influenced behavior.

Behavior motivated by the desire to gain social acceptance and approval is described by the text as: a. antisocial behavior. b. Informational-social influenced behavior. c. prosocial behavior. d. Normative-social influenced behavior.

d. trait

Dr. Sharma stresses the importance of identifying, measuring, and describing individual differences in terms of various personality characteristics. His views are MOST representative of the ______ perspective on personality. a. psychoanalytic b. social cognitive c. humanistic d. trait

b. affective

During a discussion on fast food and fast-food outlets, Mark stated, "Fast food is great. I just love southern fried chicken, fries, coleslaw, and milkshakes." This statement represents the ______ component of Michael's positive attitude toward fast-food. a. ambivalent b. affective c. cognitive d. behavioral

c. obedience

During cross-examination, a witness repeatedly offers his opinion in answer to the lawyer's questions, so the judge finally orders him to confine his answers to a simple "yes" or "no" answer. After the judge's rebuke, the witness stops offering his opinions. This response of the witness illustrates: a. persuasion b. conformity c. obedience d. prejudice

b. phallic

During the ______ stage of psychosexual development, the genitals are the primary focus and the child derives pleasurable sensations through sexual curiosity, masturbation, and sexual attraction toward the opposite-sex parent. a. oral b. phallic c. latency d. sexual

c. introversion

Eysenck's theory includes a personality dimension known as _________, in which the person directs his or her energies inward toward self-focused experiences. a. neuroticism b. psychotism c. introversion d. extraversion

d. normative social influence.

Fraser loves wearing sandals or thongs and hates wearing shoes. However, when he went out to dinner with his girlfriend's family he wore shoes because he did not want to evoke their disapproval. Fraser's behavior illustrates the importance of: a. informational social influence. b. diffusion of responsibility. c. obedience. d. normative social influence.

b. ego

Freud referred to the ______ as the partly conscious rational component of personality that regulates thoughts and behavior and is most in touch with the demands of the external world. a. id b. ego c. superego d. libido

b. self-report inventory

Gilbert is taking a test that asks him to answer standardized questions about himself, such as "How often have you experienced anxiety in the last year?," after which the questions and answers are compared with established norms. He is told to answer the questions as honestly as possible. The type of test Gilbert has been given is called a(n): a. projective test b. self-report inventory c. achievement test d. depression inventory

d. normative social influence.

Greg, a new faculty member, is on the college committee concerned with student evaluation. He disagrees with the proposal to institute a college-wide percentage system for grading, but the other five members have already stated that they are in favor of the proposal. Greg decides that it would be in his best interests to go along with his colleagues and not risk antagonizing them, so he votes in favor of the proposed policy. This example best illustrates: a. informational social influence. b. obedience. c. in-group bias. d. normative social influence.

d. 16

How many source traits did Raymond Cattell propose? a. 3 b. 400 c. 171 d. 16

b. the inherent goodness of people, human potential, self-actualization, the self-concept, and healthy personality development

Humanistic psychology focuses on: a. what has gone wrong in the person's history that has prevented growth and development b. the inherent goodness of people, human potential, self-actualization, the self-concept, and healthy personality development c. observable behavior and environmental factors that shape and maintain those behaviors d. the importance of a person's internal state

a. less

If the personal costs for helping another person in need outweigh the benefits, it is ______ likely that the person in need will get help. a. less b. highly c. more d. equally

a. the network of assumptions or beliefs about the relationships among various types of people, traits, and behaviors.

Implicit personality theory is: a. the network of assumptions or beliefs about the relationships among various types of people, traits, and behaviors. b. the mental processes we use to form judgments and draw conclusions about the characteristics and motives of others. c. the mental process of classifying people into groups on the basis of their shared characteristics. d. the tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal, personal characteristics while ignoring or underestimating the effects of external, situational factors.

a. the unconscious

In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the totality of the thoughts, feelings, wishes, and drives that, he believed, operated below the level of awareness is called: a. the unconscious b. the preconscious c. the collective unconscious d.the conscious

c. humanistic

In contrast to Freud's pessimistic view of people as being motivated by sexual and destructive instincts, the ______ theory of personality generally emphasizes the inherent goodness of people, human potential, self-actualization, the self-concept, and healthy personality development. a. social cognitive b. cognitive c. humanistic d. behavioral

d. fully functioning person

Jai could be described as a person who has a flexible, constantly evolving self-concept and is realistic, open to new experiences, and capable of changing in response to new experiences. Carl Rogers would characterize Jai as a(n): a. extraverted person b. person who needs therapy c. person with conditional positive regard d. fully functioning person

b. the fundamental attribution error.

Jake lost his job two months ago when his company downsized its operations; and, despite all his efforts, he has not yet found another job. One of his neighbors stated that Jake is just like most unemployed people—irresponsible, unmotivated, and basically lazy. The neighbor has committed: a. the actor-observer discrepancy. b. the fundamental attribution error. c. a form of self-serving bias. d. a social categorization error.

d. extraverted

Jerry's wife could best be described as someone who is very social and outgoing, and who feels comfortable having new experiences and meeting new people. If Jerry's wife were to be described according to Hans Eysenck's personality dimensions, she would likely be considered: a. neurotic b. psychotic c. introverted d. extraverted

c. in-group.

Joy says, "I think our reading group reads more sophisticated literature than Jenna's group. Frankly, between you and me, it's because most of us have a graduate degree." In using the word "we," Joy is referring to her: a. out-group. b. out-group homogeneity effect. c. in-group. d. own stereotyping.

c. the out-group homogeneity effect

Known as ______, this involves the tendency to see members of out-groups as very similar to one another. a. normative social influence b. the in-group homogeneity effect c. the out-group homogeneity effect d. informational social influence

a. social loafing

Known as ______, this is the tendency to expend less effort on a task when it is a group effort. a. social loafing b. deindividuation c. social facilitation d. self-efficacy

c. in-group bias

Kyle is the sixth grade, and like most children in his school, he believes that his school is better than all other schools in town. Kyle's belief illustrates: a. the fundamental attribution error b. ethnic stereotyping c. in-group bias d. cognitive dissonance

c. stereotyping.

Liliana thinks that people her parents' age are old-fashioned, critical, intolerant, and unconcerned about important social issues. Liliana is assuming that people in a particular age category have certain characteristics, even though these qualities may be unrelated to the objective criteria that define this particular age group. This example illustrates: a. the self-effacing (modesty) bias. b. ethnocentrism. c. stereotyping. d. the just-world hypothesis.

d. direct; indirect

Male is to _____ aggression as female is to _____ aggression. a.direct; physical b. indirect; physical c. physical; secretive d. direct; indirect

c. self-serving bias

Mary, a sophomore in college, did very well on her chemistry midterm exam. Afterward she believed the good grade was due to her being good at chemistry and studying very hard. However, when she found out how poorly she did on her final chemistry exam, she went to her professor to talk to him about her belief that the test was unfair, badly written and too difficult. Mary is likely using what social psychologists call the ______ bias, in which she attributed her midterm success to something internal, and her failure on the final to something external. a. self-effacing bias b. fundamental attribution c. self-serving bias d. blaming the victim

a. archetypes

Mental images of universal human instincts, themes, and preoccupations are called: a. archetypes b. mandalas c. egos d. Oedipus complexes

d. anal retentiveness

Miguel is giving a lecture on the five-factor model of personality. Which of the following personality dimensions is NOT likely to be included in his talk? a. extraversion b. conscientiousness c. neuroticism d. anal retentiveness

d. in-group; out-group

Mrs. Torre sends her children to a private elementary school and has made friends with several fellow parents. Mrs. Torre's neighbor, Mrs. Klucik, on the other hand, home-schools her children. Mrs. Torre does not take part in the activities and group events that Mrs. Klucik does as a home-schooling mother. Social psychologists would consider Mrs. Torre to be part of the ______ of the elementary school parents, and part of the ______ of the home-school parents. a. emotions; cognitions b. ethnocentrics; discriminaters c. out-group; in-group d. in-group; out-group

d. the fundamental attribution error.

Sally did not do well on her last math test. If her fifth-grade teacher concludes that Sally did poorly because she is NOT motivated to do well in school, the teacher may be committing: a. the actor-observer discrepancy. b. a self-serving bias. c. a social categorization error. d. the fundamental attribution error.

a. developing a theory of personality and form of psychotherapy that emphasized the inherent worth of people, the innate tendency to strive to reach one's potential, and the importance of the self-concept in personality development

Carl Rogers is MOST famous for which of the following? a. developing a theory of personality and form of psychotherapy that emphasized the inherent worth of people, the innate tendency to strive to reach one's potential, and the importance of the self-concept in personality development b. proposing the theory that human personality is the result of the interaction between behavior, cognition, and the environment, a process he called reciprocal determinism c. proposing the idea of the collective unconscious and two basic personality types, the introvert and the extravert d. developing the theory of unconscious motivation and the psychosexual stages of personality development

c. actualizing tendency

Carl Rogers suggested that the ______ is the innate drive to maintain and enhance the human organism. a. introverted state b. feeling of positive regard c. actualizing tendency d. self-concept

d. extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience

Dr. Jivraj, like many contemporary trait theorists, believes that the 16-trait model is too complex and the three-dimensional trait theory is too limited. He favors, rather, a model in which five basic dimensions represent the structural organization of personality traits. The five factors are: a. inferiority, superiority, introversion, extraversion, and actualizing tendencies b. self-efficacy, self-concept, reciprocal determining tendencies, defensiveness, and openness to experience c. submissiveness, apprehensiveness, dominance, sociability, and venturesomeness d. extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience

c. behavioral geneticist

Dr. Markowitz studies the effects of heredity on behavior. One of his areas of research focuses on similarities and differences in identical twins who were separated at birth or early infancy and thereafter raised by different families. Dr. Markowitz is most probably a: a. psychoanalyst b. humanistic psychologist c. behavioral geneticist d. social cognitive psychologist

d. social influence.

The effects of situational factors and other people on an individual's behavior is also known as: a. social manipulation. b. social categorization. c. social perception. d. social influence.

d. personality

Professor Kelly's research involves describing and explaining similarities and differences in people's patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving. Professor Kelly likely studies ______ theory. a. cognitive b. emotion c. genetic d. personality

d. help another person whether they stand to benefit from it or not.

Prosocial behavior is behavior in which people: a. do not help another person. b. help another person in order to benefit themselves. c. help another person exclusively to benefit another person. d. help another person whether they stand to benefit from it or not.

b. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).

Raffi is shown a series of cards with ambiguous scenes and told to make up a story about each one including descriptions of the characters' feelings and motives. Raffi has been given the: a. Rorschach Inkblot Test. b. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). c. California Personality Inventory (CPI). d. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI).

d. introverted

Rhonda's husband could best be described as someone who is quiet and keeps to himself, and who feels more comfortable with people and situations that he knows. If Rhonda's husband were to be described according to Hans Eysenck's personality dimensions, he would likely be called: a. neurotic. b. psychotic. c. extraverted. d. introverted.

b. a stereotype.

Terry's view of parents who have many children has always been that they are selfish or irresponsible. Terry then moves next door to a woman who has 8 children. Terry's view of parents with many children is challenged when she learns that her neighbors, despite their number of children, are very generous, responsible, and caring people. Terry's former belief about what families with lots of children SHOULD be like is a type of social category known as: a. actor-observer discrepancy. b. a stereotype. c. a self-serving bias. d. a kind of conformity.

b. self-effacing

The Culture and Human Behavior box titled "Explaining Failure and Murder: Culture and Attributional Biases," discusses a type of explanatory style more often found in collectivistic cultures that is known as the ______ bias. This style involves blaming our failures on internal, personal factors and attributing our successes to external, situational factors. a. actor-observer b. self-effacing c. fundamental attribution d. self-serving

c. the fundamental attribution

The ______ error, involves the tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal, personal characteristics while ignoring or underestimating the effects of external, situational factors. a. conformity b. just-world hypothesis c. the fundamental attribution d. social categorization

b. superego

The ______ is what Freud referred to as the partly conscious self-evaluative, moralistic component of personality that is formed through the internalization of parental and societal moral standards. a. ego b. superego c. reality principle d. id

d. bystander effect

The ______ refers to a phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present, the less likely each individual is to help someone in distress. a. prosocial effect b. altruism effect c. diffusion of responsibility effect d. bystander effect

d. id

The _______ is the unconscious, irrational component of personality that seeks immediate satisfaction of instinctual urges and drives. a. libido b. superego c. ego d. id

d. Carl Rogers; Albert Bandura

The actualizing tendency and the self-concept are to ______ as reciprocal determinism and self-efficacy are to ______. a. Abraham Maslow; Hans Eysenck b. Alfred Adler; Albert Bandura c. Raymond Cattell; Carl Jung d. Carl Rogers; Albert Bandura

c. the feelings that people have about a given event, object, or topic.

The affective component of an attitude is reflected in: a. the unpleasant tension that occurs when two thoughts or perceptions are inconsistent. b. the inconsistency between two thoughts or perceptions. c. the feelings that people have about a given event, object, or topic. d. the negative attitude toward a specific social group.

c. action.

The behavioral component of an attitude is most reflected through: a. anticipation. b. thinking. c. action. d. indirect experience.

b. social

The branch of psychology that studies how a person's thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the presence of other people and by the social and physical environment is called ______ psychology. a. clinical b. social c. cognitive d. behavioral

d. thoughts, ideas, and conclusions that people have about a given topic or object

The cognitive component of an attitude involves: a. the negative attitude toward a specific social group. b. the inconsistency between two thoughts or perceptions. c. the feelings that people have about a given event, object, or topic. d. thoughts, ideas, and conclusions that people have about a given topic or object.

d. the bystander effect

The concept of diffusion of responsibility helps to explain ______, which occurs when the presence of other people makes it less likely that an individual will help someone in distress. a. obedience b. conformity c. prejudicial behavior d. the bystander effect

b. the bystander effect

The concept of diffusion of responsibility helps to explain ______, which occurs when the presence of other people makes it less likely that an individual will help someone in distress. a. obedience b. the bystander effect c. conformity d. prejudicial behavior

d. Thanatos

The death instinct, which Freud called ______, is often manifested in aggressive, destructive, and self-destructive actions. a. Id b. Eros c. Animus d. Thanatos

b. obedience

The definition of ______ involves the performance of an action in response to the direct orders of an authority or person of higher status. a. informational social influence b. obedience c. prejudice d. conformity

c. neo-Freudians

The early followers of Freud who developed their own theories yet still recognized the importance of many of Freud's basic notions are referred to as: a. Piagetians b. behaviorists c. neo-Freudians d. humanistic psychologists

a. the self-serving bias

When Allison landed a big contract for her firm, she accepted the credit for her hard work and smart "wheeling and dealing." When she failed to get the contract in another situation, she blamed the loss on the sneaky and dishonest tactics of the competition. Her attitudes illustrate: a. the self-serving bias. b. the actor-observer discrepancy. c. the self-effacing bias. d. informational social influence.

c. informational social influence

When Inge was first elected to the student finance committee, she was asked to make a decision on some important financial matter with which she was not familiar. All the other members of the committee stated that they were going to vote against the proposal. Inge voted with the group because she assumed that they must have the correct information and more background information on it. This example illustrates: a. normative social influence. b. the bystander effect. c. informational social influence. d. diffusion of responsibility.

d. blaming the victim.

When Martha walked down a dark alley one night in a part of town that she knew was dangerous, she was mugged, but fortunately not otherwise harmed. When she told a friend of hers what happened, his first thought was that "she should have known not to walk there at night." Martha's friend is in a sense putting the responsibility for her misfortune on her, despite the fact that she was a victim of a mugging. Her friend was using the psychological process known as: a. prejudice. b. stereotyping. c. normative social influence. d. blaming the victim.

a. self-serving bias

When a person attributes the successful outcomes of his behavior to internal causes and unsuccessful outcomes to external, situational causes, the person most likely has an explanatory style known as: a. self-serving bias. b. social categorization. c. self-efficacy bias. d. an out-group homogeneity effect.