PSYC 1101 Review for Chapter 3
Pain-controlling chemicals in the body are called ______. A) neural regulators B) endorphins C) androgens D) histamines
B. Endorphins
What part of the brain acts as a relay station for incoming sensory information? A) cerebellum B) pituitary gland C) thalamus D) hypothalamus
C) thalamus
The part of a neuron that contains the nucleus and keeps the entire cell alive and functioning is the _____. A) dendrite B) cell membrane C) soma D) axon
C. Soma
Eating, drinking, sexual behavior, sleeping, and temperature control are most strongly influenced by the ______. A) hypothalamus B) thalamus C) amygdala D) hippocampus
A) hypothalamus
Which of the following is a group of several brain structures located under the cortex and involved in learning, emotion, memory, and motivation? A) limbic system B) cerebrum C) cerebral cortex D) cerebellum
A) limbic system
Marta was in an automobile accident and suffered an injury to her brain resulting in paralysis of her left arm. What part of Marta's brain was injured? A) motor cortex B) auditory association area C) association areas D) somatosensory cortex
A) motor cortex
_________________________ are holes in the surface of the dendrites that are shaped to fit only certain neurotransmitters. A) Receptor sites B) Synaptic vesicles C) Axons D) Recepticals
A) Receptor sites
Which statement is untrue about stem cells? A) The Stem Cell Enhancement Research Act was passed by President Bush allowing scientists to collect new stem cells from human embryos. B) They are found in many organs of the body and also bone marrow. C) They are basic types of cells which can transform into other cells such as brain or nerve cells. D) d) There is a debate presently whether or not it is ethical to use human embryos for research even if the benefits include cures for Parkinson's and Alzheimer's Diseases.
A) The Stem Cell Enhancement Research Act was passed by President Bush allowing scientists to collect new stem cells from human embryos.
Which of the following brain structures is located near the hippocampus and is responsible for fear responses and memory of fear? A) amygdala B) hypothalamus C) fornix D) hippocampus
A) amygdala
Small metal disks are pasted onto Miranda's scalp and they are connected by wire to a machine that translates the electrical energy from her brain into wavy lines on a moving piece of paper. From this description, it is evident that Miranda's brain is being studied through the use of___________. A) an electroencephalographm B) a microelectrode C) functional magnetic resonance imaging D) a CT scan
A) an electroencephalographm
GABA functions as_________. A) an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain B) the neurotransmitter responsible for slowing intestinal activity during stress C) the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain D) the major neurotransmitter involved in voluntary movements
A) an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain
What is the term used to describe the branches located at the end of the axon? A) axon terminals B) synaptic vesicles C) receptor sites D) synapses
A) axon terminals
A nerve is a group of ______ bundled together. A) axons B) dendrites C) interneurons D) glial cells
A) axons
The thick band of neurons that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres is called the ___________. A) corpus callosum B) cerebrum C) cortex D) cerebellum
A) corpus callosum
Jerry loves the smell of the grass after it rains. This is a result of his ____________ which have received signals from neurons in his sinus cavity. A) olfactory bulbs B) hippocampus C) opticfactory bulbs D) thalamus
A) olfactory bulbs
The two main divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________. A) peripheral nervous system; central nervous system B) brain; spinal cord C) autonomic; somatic nervous systems D) glands; muscles
A) peripheral nervous system; central nervous system
Since Jessica suffered a head injury in a car accident 3 months ago, she has not experienced dreams as she had in the past. She used to dream vivid, active dreams. Which part of her brain most likely was affected during the car accident which is related to her problem dreaming? A) pons B) cerebellum C) pituitary gland D) cerebral cortex
A) pons
The fluid-filled space between the terminal buttons of one cell and the dendrites of the next cell is called the ___________. A) synapse B) synaptic knob C) receptor site D) axon terminal
A) synapse
Cameron touches a hot iron and immediately pulls his hand away. His quick response occurs because_______. A) the pain message goes up the spinal column to the central area of the spinal cord instead of going all the way to the brain B) the brain has registered that pain is occurring and responds quickly C) his glands have secreted chemical messengers called hormones D) neurons in the spinal cord touch end to end to increase response speed
A) the pain message goes up the spinal column to the central area of the spinal cord instead of going all the way to the brain
What is the function of myelin? A) to speed up the neural impulse B) to serve as a structure for neurons C) to monitor neural activity D) to produce neurotransmitters
A) to speed up the neural impulse
The ________, located on the top of the kidneys, secrete(s) hormones that regulate salt intake, control stress reactions, and provide a secondary source of sex hormones affecting the sexual changes that occur during adolescence. A) adrenal glands B) gonads C) thymus gland D) thyroid gland
A. Adrenal glands
When a neuron fires, it fires in a(n) ________ fashion as there is no such thing as "partial" firing. A) all-or-none B) accidental patterned C) rapid fire D) quick successioned
A. All-or-none
Bill was admitted to the hospital last week after he fell. When Bill's son visited, he found his father was unable to get words out in a smooth, connected fashion. If Bill's difficulty speaking is due to brain damage, what is the likely location of the damage? A) Broca's area B) Gall's area C) Wernicke's area D) Korsakoff's area
A. Broca's area
The function of the neuron's axon is to ______. A) carry messages to other cells B) insulate against leakage of electrical impulses C) receive messages from neighboring neurons D) regulate the neuron's life processes
A. Carry messages to other cells
The cerebellum ______. A) coordinates involuntary rapid fine-motor movement B) is involved in emotional behavior C) controls blood pressure D) relays messages from the sensory receptors
A. Coordinates involuntary rapid fine-motor movement
_________ receive messages from other neurons and _____________send messages to other neurons. A) Dendrites; axons B) Soma; glial cells C) Axon; soma D) Axons; dendrites
A. Dendrites; axons
Insertion into the brain of a thin insulated wire through which is sent an electrical current that stimulates the brain cells at the tip of the wire is called___________. A) ESB B) CT scan C) deep lesioning D) EEG
A. ESB
How is acetylcholine removed from the synapse? A) It is broken down by an enzyme. B) It is taken back up in the synapse. C) Acetylcholine is one of the few neurotransmitters that is continually present in the synapse. D) It dissipates in the surrounding body fluids.
A. It is broken down by an enzyme
A brain-imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body to produce detailed images of the brain is called ______________. A) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) B) computed tomography (CT) C) positron emission tomography (PET) D) electroencephalography (EEG)
A. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
A group of axons bundled together coated in myelin that travels together through the body is called ______. A) nerves B) a synaptic vesicle C) a myelinated pathway D) neurilemma
A. Nerves
The two types of glial cells are called ________ and ________. A) oligodendrocytes; Schwann cells B) occipital; Schwann C) oligodendrocytes; lobitical D) occipital; lobitical
A. Oligodendrocytes; Schwann cells
Malcolm is studying alone in his room late at night when he hears a loud noise downstairs. His heartbeat increases significantly and his breathing becomes shallow. He wonders if a burglar has entered the house and decides to investigate. When he gets downstairs he discovers his cat has knocked over a plant stand. His body begins to relax and return to normal. Which part of his nervous system is responsible for returning Malcolm to a normal state? A) parasympathetic nervous system B) sympathetic nervous system C) somatic nervous system D) spinal cord
A. Parasympathetic nervous system
Which of the following is a function of the right hemisphere? A) perception, expression of emotion, and recognition of patterns B) speech, handwriting, and calculation C) language processing in most individuals D) sense of time and rhythm
A. Perception, expression of emotion, and recognition of patterns
During action potential, the electrical charge inside the neuron is ______ the electrical charge outside the neuron. A) positive compared to B) negative compared to C) smaller than D) larger than
A. Positive compared to
What do we call the state of a neuron when it is not firing a neural impulse? A) resting potential B) action potential C) transmission impulse D) myelination signal
A. Resting potential
Alice is typing her term paper in the computer lab. Although a class is going on just a few feet away, she does not seem to notice. Which part of the brain allows Alice to focus on her typing and ignore the distractions that surround her? A) reticular formation B) cerebellum C) medulla D) pons
A. Reticular formation
Which of the following is a long bundle of neurons that functions as a carrier of messages from the body to the brain and from the brain to the body and is responsible for certain reflexes? A) spinal cord B) amygdala C) somatic nervous system D) cerebellum
A. Spinal cord
Which of the following are tiny sacs in a synaptic knob that release chemicals into the synapse? A) synaptic vesicles B) terminal buttons C) synaptic gaps D) synaptic nodes
A. Synaptic vesicles
The part of the brain located just behind the temples, containing neurons responsible for the sense of hearing and meaningful speech, is called the ___________. A) temporal lobes B) parietal lobes C) occipital lobes D) frontal lobes
A. Temporal lobes
When the electric potential in a cell is in action versus a resting state, this electrical charge reversal is known as the _________________. A) excitation reaction B) action potential C) resting potential D) permeable reaction
B. Action potential
Rats that have a damaged _________will show no fear when placed next to a cat. A) hypothalamus B) amygdala C) hippocampus D) fornix
B. Amygdala
Neurons make up ________% of the brain whereas glial cells make up ________%. A) 25; 75 B) 10; 90 C) 5; 95 D) 50; 50
B) 10; 90
The outermost part of the brain that is made up of tightly packed neurons and is only a tenth of an inch thick is called the ________. A) amygdala B) cortex C) cerebellum D) medulla
B) cortex
Which of the following are the three basic types of neurons? A) reflexes, sensory neurons, motor neurons B) interneurons, sensory neurons, motor neurons C) motor neurons, stem cells, reflexes D) sensory neurons, motor neurons, stem cells
B) interneurons, sensory neurons, motor neurons
Messages from the brain to the muscles and glands in the body begin their journey in the ______. A) association areas B) motor cortex C) somatosensory cortex D) auditory association area
B) motor cortex
One purpose of the ____________________ is to speed up the neural message traveling down the axon. A) synaptic vesicle B) myelin C) axon terminal D) receptor site
B) myelin
Which endocrine gland controls all of the other endocrine glands? A) adrenal B) pituitary C) thymus D) thyroid
B) pituitary
Which of the following is a brain-imaging method in which radioactive sugar is injected into the subject and a computer compiles a color-coded image of the activity of the brain? A) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) B) positron emission tomography (PET) C) computed tomography (CT) D) electroencephalography (EEG)
B) positron emission tomography (PET)
Which neurotransmitter is associated with sleep, mood, and appetite? A) acetylcholine B) serotonin C) GABA D) dopamine
B) serotonin
Signals from the neurons of which sense are NOT sent to the cortex by the thalamus? A) taste B) smell C) hearing D) vision
B) smell
Which component of the nervous system mobilizes the body in times of stress? A) central B) sympathetic C) parasympathetic D) somatic
B) sympathetic
The branches at the end of the axon are called________. A) synapses B) axon terminals C) receptor sites D) synaptic vesicles
B. Axon terminals
Researcher Roger Sperry won a nobel prize for his research on Epilepsy. Sperry cut through the ________ which joins the two hemispheres of the brain. A) medulla B) corpus callosum C) pons D) pituitary gland
B. Corpus callosum
If you have a problem remembering things that happened a year ago, doctors might check for damage to the ___________ area of the brain. A) amygdala B) hippocampus C) fornix D) hypothalamus
B. Hippocampus
Neurons found in the center of the spinal cord that receive information from the sensory neurons and send commands to the muscles through the motor neurons are called__________. A) sensory neurons B) interneurons C) motor neurons D) reflexes
B. Interneurons
The ________________ is a structure in the brain stem that connects the top of the brain to the bottom and plays a role in sleep, dreaming, left-right body coordination, and arousal. A) cerebellum B) pons C) medulla D) reticular activating system
B. Pons
Neurons that carry information from the senses to the spinal cord are called ___________. motor neurons A) interneurons B) sensory neurons C) motor neurons D) reflexes
B. Sensory neurons
The brain is divided into several different structures on the bottom part of the brain referred to as the "hindbrain." Which of the parts of the brain listed below is NOT located in the hindbrain? A) cerebellum B) thalamus C) medulla D) pons
B. Thalamus
Hormones are chemicals that are secreted and go directly into ________. A) nerve endings B) the bloodstream C) the brain D) specific organs
B. The bloodstream
Why do many reflexes, such as pulling your hand away from a hot iron, happen so quickly? A) The path that reflexes follow to the brain is direct and does not involve any neurotransmitters. B) The message involved does not have to go all the way to the brain. C) They involve the neurotransmitter GABA rather than dopamine. D) The speed of processing is faster in the frontal lobes than in the occipital lobes.
B. The message involved does not have to go all the way to the brain
_______________ are fired when an animal performs an action or when the animal observes that same action being performed. For example, an infant will mimic the facial expressions of adults. A) Facial neurons B) Statue neurons C) Mirror neurons D) Observation neurons
C) Mirror neurons
"All or none" is the principle stating that ______. A) a neuron either fires in a completely agonist fashion or in a completely antagonist fashion. B) all somas must be receiving messages telling the neuron to fire or it will not fire at all C) a neuron either fires or does not fire D) all the dendrites must be receiving messages telling the neuron to fire or it will not fire at all
C) a neuron either fires or does not fire
Which of the following lobes are involved in planning, memory, and personality? A) parietal lobes B) occipital lobes C) frontal lobes D) temporal lobes
C) frontal lobes
1. Stem cells which are not embryonic in origin _____________________. A) do not want to change into cells of the tissue in which they originate. B) easily change into new cells for parts of the body in which they are needed. C) have been found to be less effective in generating new cells. D) usually originate from terminated pregnancies.
C) have been found to be less effective in generating new cells.
People suffering from Alzheimer's disease have much lower levels of acetylcholine in the ______________ part of the brain. A) hypothalamus B) amygdala C) hippocampus D) fornix
C) hippocampus
Which part of the brain is very small but extremely powerful and controls the pituitary gland? A) amygdala B) thalamus C) hypothalamus D) hippocampus
C) hypothalamus
Which of the following are responsible for acting as a facilitator of communication between neurons? A) motor neurons B) sensory neurons C) interneurons D) reflexes
C) interneurons
An auto accident rendered Chris's nervous system unable to send messages for him to breathe, so he is on a respirator. Which brain structure was damaged in the accident? A) pons B) cerebellum C) medulla D) reticular formation
C) medulla
What term is used to describe a specialized cell that makes up the nervous system and receives and sendsmessages within that system? A) glial cell B) dendritic spine C) neuron D) myelin sheath
C) neuron
Katie has grown up sleeping with a fan running in her room since she was an infant. This provides white noise to drown out the television programs being watched by other family members who were still awake. In an effort to save electricity, her mother has started coming into her room and turning her fan off after she thinks Katie is asleep. However, each time Katie wakes up and asks for the fan to be turned back on. Katie is selectively attending to certain kinds of information in her surroundings that have been linked to the ______ part of the brain. A) medulla B) pons C) reticular formation D) cerebellum
C) reticular formation
As Molly is walking across campus, a car swerves toward her. Her heart races and sweat breaks out as she jumps out of harm's way. This mobilization of energy is due to the action of Molly's ______________. A) skeletal nervous system B) parasympathetic nervous system C) sympathetic nervous system D) somatic nervous system
C) sympathetic nervous system
The central nervous system consists of ______. A) sense organs and sensory neurons B) the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions C) the brain and spinal cord D) muscles and glands
C) the brain and spinal cord
The nervous system is defined as____________________. A) all nerves and neurons that are not contained in the brain and spinal cord but that run throughout the body itself B) a specialized cell that makes up the brain and nervous system C) a complex network of cells that carries information to and from all parts of the body D) a gland located in the brain that secretes human growth hormone
C. A complex network of cells that carries information to and from all parts of the body
______ plays a critical role as a neurotransmitter that stimulates muscles to contract. A) GABA B) Endorphin C) Acetylcholine D) Dopamine
C. Acetylcholine
The peripheral nervous system consists of ______. A) the spinal cord and autonomic system B) the brain and the autonomic system C) all the nerve cells that are not in the brain and spinal cord D) all nerves in the brain and the spinal cord
C. All the nerve cells that are no tin the brain and spinal cord
The brain and spinal cord are two components of the______. A) somatic nervous system B) peripheral nervous system C) central nervous system D) autonomic nervous system
C. Central nervous system
The part of the neuron whose name literally means "branch" is ________. A) axon B) mylon C) dendrite D) soma
C. Dendrite
A researcher wants to obtain a "movie" of changes in the activity of the brain using images from different time periods. Which of these would be the best choice for this researcher? A) electroencephalography (EEG) B) computed tomography (CT) C) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) D) positron emission tomography (PET)
C. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
The ____________ is located within the temporal lobe on each side of the brain and if electrically stimulated it may produce dream-like or memory-like experiences. A) hypothalamus B) thalamus C) hippocampus D) amygdala
C. Hippocampus
Jack suffered a brain injury as a result of hitting his head while waterskiing. One of the problems that developed was that Jack could not pronounce certain words correctly for a long period of time until he had extensive speech therapy and can now speak as he did before his accident. This is an example of the brain's ______ which allowed the structure and function of his brain cells to change to adjust to the trauma. A) reflex arc B) adaptology C) neuroplasticity D) stagnation
C. Neuroplasticity
The branch of life sciences which involves the structure and function of the brain and nervous system, while also focusing on the relationship between learning and behavior, is called ________. A) neurostemology B) bioscience C) neuroscience D) brain scientology
C. Neuroscience
John has decided to start to learn how to wrestle. His first day at practice, a seasoned wrestler slams the back of his head to the mat. John was shaken and reported to the trainer that he "saw stars" after he hit his head. As a result of "seeing stars," John's ______ was temporarily affected as a result of the slam. A) corpus callosum B) somatosensory cortex C) occipital lobe D) parietal lobes
C. Occipital lobe
Darla was in an automobile accident that resulted in an injury to her brain. Her sense of touch has been affected. Which part of the brain is the most likely site of the damage? A) frontal lobes B) temporal lobes C) parietal lobes D) occipital lobes
C. Parietal lobes
Mary put her hand on a hot stove. Which neuron is responsible for sending a pain message up her spinal column, where it would then enter into the main area of the cord? A) reflex B) motor neuron C) sensory neuron D) interneuron
C. Sensory neuron
Every deliberate action you make, such as pedaling a bike, walking, scratching, or smelling a flower, involves neurons in the ______ nervous system. A) sympathetic B) autonomic C) somatic D) parasympathetic
C. Somatic
Voluntary muscles are controlled by the ________nervous system. A) sympathetic B) autonomic C) somatic D) parasympathetic
C. Somatic
What is the term used to describe the rounded areas on the ends of the axon terminals? A) dendrites B) synaptic vesicles C) synaptic knobs D) axons
C. Synaptic knobs
Tim is overweight. His physician has decided to test him to see if there is a problem with the regulation of his metabolism. Which endocrine gland will be the focus of diagnostic testing? A) thymus B) adrenal C) thyroid D) pancreas
C. Thyroid
Robert's mother is usually meticulous in her presentation. When picking her up for a family dinner, he noticed that her make-up was only applied to the right side of her face. Her hair was also brushed on the right side, but on the left it was matted and uncombed. He immediately took her to the hospital after she was unaware of any problems. She was diagnosed with ______, which is evidenced by damage to the association areas of the right hemisphere. A) Wernicke's aphasia B) Broca's aphasia C) unilateral spatial neglect D) split-brain
C. Unilateral spatial neglect
Which of the following is a machine designed to record the brain wave patterns produced by electrical activity of the surface of the brain? A) CT scan B) deep lesioning C) ESB D) EEG
D) EEG
After being bitten by a black widow spider, Jean starts to convulse. This is a result of _____. A) a surge of chemicals blocking the transmission of fluids to the spinal cord B) a lack of gabba being released into her blood stream C) a resurgence of neurotransmitters overstimulating her brain stem D) a flood of acetylcholine releasing into the body's muscle system
D) a flood of acetylcholine releasing into the body's muscle system
The peripheral nervous system consists of the _______ and the ______ nervous systems. A) parasympathetic; sympathetic B) parasympathetic; somatic C) autonomic; sympathetic D) autonomic; somatic
D) autonomic; somatic
The hormone released by the pineal gland that reduces body temperature and prepares you for sleep is ______. A) thyroxin B) DHEA C) parathormone D) melatonin
D) melatonin
Which of the following is the section of the brain located at the rear and bottom of each cerebral hemisphere and contains the visual centers of the brain? A) parietal lobe B) temporal lobe C) frontal lobe D) occipital lobe
D) occipital lobe
Which of the following regions contains the primary visual cortex? A) frontal lobe B) temporal lobe C) parietal lobe D) occipital lobe
D) occipital lobe
Denise just received the results of a complete physical that found her body is not producing enough insulin. Which of the following endocrine glands is affecting her body's ability to produce insulin? A) thyroid B) adrenal C) thymus D) pancreas
D) pancreas
Which is not a specific function of the left hemisphere of the brain? A) mathematical calculations B) written language C) spoken language D) pattern recognition
D) pattern recognition
Damage to the ________would result in an inability to identify and comprehend what is seen through the eyes. A) primary visual cortex B) frontal lobe C) temporal lobe D) visual association cortex
D) visual association cortex
The section of the brain responsible for interpreting the visual information in the primary visual cortex is called the __________. A) somatosensory cortex B) temporal lobe C) frontal lobe D) visual association cortex
D) visual association cortex
The poison of the black widow spider works by stimulating the release of excessive amounts of ______. A) dopamine B) serotonin C) endorphins D) acetylcholine
D. Acetylcholine
Involuntary muscles are controlled by the ________ nervous system. A) parasympathetic B) somatic C) sympathetic D) autonomic
D. Autonomic
Curare, a poison, works by ______. A) inhibiting the production of inhibitory neurotransmitters B) stimulating the release of neurotransmitters C) stimulating the release of excessive amounts of acetylcholine D) blocking receptor sites and acting as an antagonist for acetylcholine
D. Blocking receptor sites and acting as an antagonist for acetylcholine
Which part of the nervous system takes the information received from the senses, makes sense out of it, makes decisions, and sends commands out to the muscles and the rest of the body? A) spinal cord B) interneurons C) reflexes D) brain
D. Brain
The area of the frontal lobe that is devoted to the production of fluent speech is ______ area. A) Wernicke's B) Gall's C) Korsakoff's D) Broca's
D. Broca's
Sometimes in order to study parts of an animal's brain, researchers may deliberately damage a part of the brain. They accomplish this by placing into the brain a thin insulated wire through which they send an electrical current that destroys the brain cells at the tip of the wire. This technique is called____________. A) CT scan B) ESB C) EEG D) deep lesioning
D. Deep lesioning
The branchlike structures that receive messages from other neurons are called ______. A) nerve bundles B) axons C) synapses D) dendrites
D. Dendrites
Rashad is in the hospital and is about to undergo a brain-imaging process that involves placing him inside a magnetic field so that a computer can create three-dimensional images of his brain. What procedure is he about to undergo? A) computed tomography (CT) B) electroencephalography (EEG) C) positron emission tomography (PET) D) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
D. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
A fatty substance that is wrapped around the shaft of axons in the nervous system and whose function is to insulate neurons and speed up the neural impulse is called a _________. A) dendrite B) synaptic vesicle C) glial cell D) myelin cell
D. Myelin cell
The division of the nervous system that allows the brain and the spinal cord to communicate with the sensory systems of the eyes, ears, skin, and mouth, and allows the brain and spinal cord to control the muscles and glands of the body is called the ______. A) endocrine system B) secondary nervous system C) central nervous system D) peripheral nervous system
D. Peripheral nervous system
When a cell is "at rest," it is in a state called the ________. A) stopping point B) obcipitation junction C) action potential D) resting potential
D. Resting potential
As she walks out of the living room, Gloriann turns out the light. In this example, Gloriann's __________________ is active. A) autonomic nervous system B) parasympathetic nervous system C) sympathetic nervous system D) somatic nervous system
D. Somatic nervous system
The part of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for reacting to stressful events and bodily arousal is called the ______________ nervous system. A) parasympathetic B) central C) somatic D) sympathetic
D. Sympathetic
The area at the back of the temporal lobe that is crucial in the ability to listen, process, and understand what others are saying is ______ area. A) Korsakoff's B) Broca's C) Gall's D) Wernicke's
D. Wernicke's
