PSYC 200 Early childhood

Angela is 7 years old, and her little sister, Maurya is 2 years old. How are Angela's visual pathways likely to differ from those of her sister?

Angela's visual pathways are likely to be more mature. allowing her illustrations to more clearly reflect what she visualizes

Deion, who is 4 years old, is very surprised when he meets a woman firefighter who comes to his school. He tells her that he thought only men were firefighters. What does this reflect?

Gender stereotyping

In individualistic cultures, like the United States, this firm, yet responsive parenting style is considered ideal for healthy development in children.

authoritative

Madison is five years old and loves to play make-believe, draw, dance ballet, and play basketball with her older sister. Piaget would say that Madison is still developing her use of logical rules, also referred to as

operations are logical rules

Danny is 5 years old. He has been taught in school that adding an "ed" to the end of a word means it's past tense, or something that's already happened. After learning this, Danny begins applying the rule to all words, even those that are supposed to be exceptions. What is this called?

overregulation

After being told by many other individuals that he is an outgoing person, John begins to see himself the same way. Which theory of self-concept development does this reflect?

the looking glass self

Which of the following children has likely started to develop theory of mind?

A 6 year old with ADHD. Before about four years of age, a child does not recognize that the mind can hold ideas that are not accurate. People with autism typically show an impaired ability to recognize other people's minds

parents who are too easy going may have a child who reacts by purposefully making a mess - these children may become anal expulsive.

Adults who are anal expulsive tend to be messy, wasteful, and harsh.

Karen is 4 years old, and she often assumes that everyone shares the same perspective as her. This limitation in early childhood thinking is known as:

Egocentrism

Egocentrism can be described as:

Egocentrism in early childhood refers to the tendency of young children to think that everyone sees things in the same way as the child

Many children learn new words by connecting them to previously learned concepts. This process is known as: Kayla is 4 years old. She learns new words by connecting them to concepts that she already understands. What is this process called?

Fast-Mapping

Jenna is 6 years old, and her sister Anna is 3 years old. How are Jenna's physical proportions likely to differ from those of Anna?

Jenna is likely to have a longer torso

Jovie is 2 and her older brother Chris is 5. Which of Freud's stages do these children fit into?

Jovie is in the anal stage, while Chris is in the phallic stage; According to Freud's theory, the anal stage lasts from 18 months until the child is three years old, while the phallic stage lasts from ages three to six.

Mike is 5 years old, and often comes up with new things to do and try, such as building forts in the living room with couch cushions. His older brother, Lucas, is a teenager who is struggling to develop his own self-identity. Which of the brothers would Erikson classify as being in the initiative vs. guilt stage of development?

Mike

Kayla is 3 years old. Her teacher shows her a crayon box and asks her what she thinks is inside. She says, "Crayons." The teacher opens the box, showing Kayla that there is chalk inside. She asks Kayla again what she thought was in the box at first, and Kayla says, "Chalk." The teacher does the same thing with Mitch, who is 5 years old. After seeing the chalk, when asked what he thought was in the box at first, he says, "Crayons." Based on their responses, which child (Kayla or Mitch) has started to develop theory of mind?

Mitch

In operant conditioning, which is the most effective method of teaching a behavior?

Positive reinforcement

Sam is 4 years old, and she is learning to utilize language effectively and think about the world symbolically. Which of Piaget's developmental stages is sam currently in?

Preoperational

Shaelynn is a 4 year old girl. Mealtimes in her house tend to be negative, and often involve tensions and her parents arguing. How is this likely to affect Shaelynn?

She is likely to develop problems eating and digesting food due to stress

Kodi is 4 years old. Throughout potty training his parents have been harsh and ridiculed him often for mistakes. According to Freud's theory, which of the following is Kodi likely to be as an adult?

Stubborn, neat, and stingy

Critics of the "participation trophy" effect in children's activities that praise all children's efforts oppose which parenting style posed by Lemasters and Defrain?

Teacher-counselor; style of parenting follows parenting advice as a formula for a perfect child. This parenting style views any difficulties the child has as a parental setback, and the parents may overuse praise to try and enhance the child's self-esteem and performance.

According to Mead's "I and me" theory, how does the "I" differ from the "me?"

The "I" is spontaneous, creative, and innate, while the "me" is the social definition of the individual.

Gender role socialization refers to:

The ways in which individuals in the child's social environment send messages about acceptable gender-related behavior

Bob and Suze, parents of young Ennis take personal responsibility for their child's successes and failures. With which of Lemasters and Defraine's parenting personas do Bob and Suze's views most closely align?

The teacher-counselor is one who pays a lot of attention to expert advice on parenting and who believes that as long as all of the steps are followed, the parent can rear a perfect child. There are two major problems with this approach. First, the parent is taking all of the responsibility for the child's behavior, at least indirectly. If the child has difficulty, the parent feels responsible and thinks that the solution lies in reading more advice and trying more diligently to follow that advice.Parents can certainly influence children, but thinking that the parent is fully responsible for the child's outcome is faulty. A parent can only do so much and can never have full control over the child. Another problem with this approach is that the child may get an unrealistic sense of the world and what can be expected from others. For example, if a teacher-counselor parent decides to help the child build self-esteem and has read that telling the child how special he or she is or how important it is to compliment the child on a job well done, the parent may convey the message that everything the child does is exceptional or extraordinary.A child may come to expect that all of his efforts warrant praise, and in the real world, this is not something one can expect.Perhaps children get more of a sense of pride from assessing their own performance than from having others praise their efforts.

Charlee is 4 and has begun to understand that her mind is capable of holding thoughts that are incorrect. Charlee is developing

The theory of mind is the understanding that the mind holds people's beliefs, desires, emotions, and intentions.

The theory of mind is:

The understanding that the mind holds people's beliefs, desires, emotions, and intentions

________ is gross motor skill, while ________ is a fine motor skill.

Walking ; Coloring

positive reinforcement

a desirable stimulus is added to increase a behavior; for example, stickers on a behavior chart or words of encouragement

negative punishment

a desirable stimulus is removed to decrease a behavior; for example, losing the privilege of playing a desired game or using a desired item

A sticker chart designed to reward a child for every ten stickers earned for doing household chores is an example of what?

a token economy

Wendy keeps a "kindness jar" to reinforce her children's prosocial behavior. When they are kind to one another, Wendy places a marshmallow in the kindness jar.When the jar is full, the children get to select a movie to watch. What does Wendy's kindness jar exemplify?

a token economy

Sam is 3 years old, and his brother, Dan is 2 years old. What is Sam likely to have that Dan does not?

all his primary teeth

positive punishment

an undesirable stimulus is added to decrease a behavior; for example, spanking or receiving a speeding ticket

negative reinforcement

an undesirable stimulus is removed to increase a behavior; for example, the car beeping goes away when we click into the seatbelt

Which two stages of Freud's psychodynamic theory do children progress through during early childhood?

anal and phallic stage

Michael is 3 years old, and while playing outside he falls and scrapes his knee. When his grandmother later asks him what happened, he tells her that the driveway was being mean and made him fall. Which limitation of childhood thinking does this belief reflect?

animism

The Love and Logic approach emphasizes the importance of providing loving support while helping children learn to be respectful and responsible. Which parenting style is similar to the Love and Logic approach? Which of Baumrind's parenting styles involves parents who hold high expectations for their children but are also responsive to their children's needs?

authoritative the authoritative parenting style is marked by high expectations or demands on children, balanced with warmth and responsiveness

Achmed and his sister, Talia, are getting snacks from their mom. Their mom grabs two different sized bowls from the cupboard—one is narrow and small, while the other is large and wide. She asks Achmed to count twenty goldfish crackers to put in each bowl. When he's done, Achmed sees his amount in the large, wide bowl, and he protests that Talia got more. This act of focusing all attention on one characteristic or dimension of a situation, whilst disregarding all others is known as

centration

Mandy has been reading a lot of child development books and websites. She is becoming confused about what she should be looking for with her child's physical growth. Which of the following is true about a child's physical growth during early childhood?

child will grow ~ 3 inches in height per year

Devin is 4, and his little sister, Carmela, is 8 months. How will Devin's appetite likely differ from that of his infant sister?

children in early childhood have less of an appetite than infants

Shalecia is noticing that her child has much better coordination between the left and right hemispheres. She is wondering what is behind this increased coordination, so she asks her doctor. Dr. Marti tells Shalecia that the growth spurt that occurs in the ________ results in improved coordination between right and left hemispheres.

corpus callosum

Gabriel is starting his first day at a new school. This event is most likely to cause what type of stress?

eustress (positive stress) This type of stress causes minor, temporary physiological and hormonal changes in the young child such as an increase in heart rate and a change in hormone cortisol levels. The first day of school, a family wedding or making new friends are all examples of positive stressors.

Which of the following describes the main factor that puts children from low SES families at a disadvantage in school, according to the research conducted by Hart and Risley?

exposure to fewer words during childhood

The processes of myelination and synaptic pruning make neural processing ________ and ________ complex.

faster ; more

Children's shows that encourage jumping and dancing are promoting the development of which type of motor skill?

gross motor skills

Which of Erikson's stages occurs during early childhood, often beginning at age 3?

initative vs guilt

According to Erikson's theory, what is the primary influence on personality development?

interpersonal relationships

Edgar can sound out most three-letter words, but when he sees a long eight-letter word, he turns to his teacher instead of trying to sound it out. His teacher encourages him to go ahead and try to sound it out by breaking it down into two parts. According to Vygotsky, Edgar

is in the zone of proximal development

Which of the following situations is most likely to be a positive stressor and learning experience?

meeting a new friend and forming a connection

A daycare classroom that has a dedicated "time out" area reserves a location for what operant conditioning principle to occur?

negative punishment

Delia is trying to help two-year-old Simon understand that he should eat his cereal and not throw his cereal to the ground. When she first gives Simon his cereal, before he has had a chance to really throw it, Delia tells Simon, "Simon, I like the way you are eating your cereal!" What type of conditioning is Delia using to help Simon learn?

operant conditioning

Howard's mother is taking a psychology course in college. She is concerned that her three-year-old is capable of sexual arousal, but better understands his behavior after learning about modern sexual development theory. According to the theory, three-year-old Howard is capable of sexual arousal that includes:

physical arousal

Miracle is a devoted mom of two picky toddlers. She wants her kids to eat healthily and understands that struggles over food are bad because

power struggles can teach your child to eat or refuse to eat in order to gain favor or express anger toward someone else

The area of the brain behind the forehead that helps us to think, strategize, and control emotions is the

prefrontal cortex

Children in kindergarten are usually between 4 and 6 years of age. Which one of Piaget's developmental stages does this coincide with?

preoperational Piaget's second stage of cognitive development is called the preoperational stage and coincides with ages 2-7 (following the sensorimotor stage).

Logan views himself as a quiet and shy individual, who prefers to be alone and does not like interacting with large groups. This is Logan's:

self-concept

Conservation can be described as:

the awareness that altering a substance's appearance does not change its basic properties

Gender constancy refers to:

the understanding that superficial changes do not mean gender has actually changed

When parents are harsh during potty training and ridicule the child for making mistakes, how does Frued's theory predict that the child will be as an adult?

these children may become anal retentive. Adults who are anal retentive tend to be stubborn, very neat, rigid, and stingy.

Which of the following is true about taste preferences during early childhood?

they are being established

How do the visual pathways of children change as they progress through early childhood?

they become more mature

As a young child, Jason repeatedly experience sexual and physical abuse from a close relative. Which form of stress did Jason most likely feel as a result of this trauma?

toxic stress

which of the following skills are associated with the preoperational stage of Piaget's theory of development?

use of symbols for abstract concepts

Edgar can sound out most three-letter words, but when he sees a long eight-letter word, he turns to his teacher instead of trying to sound it out. His teacher encourages him to go ahead and try to sound it out by breaking it down into two parts. According to Vygotsky, Edgar

zone of proximal

Martha is teaching her third graders some typing skills, and challenges them to complete a task she knows will be difficult, but feels confident they can handle if they work in groups. Martha is relying on which psychological concept?

zone of proximal development - the difference between what a learner can do without help, and what they can do with help.