psyc 2301
Learning is defined as a process which results in a relatively enduring change in ___ due to experience.
behavior
Studies of identical twins raised apart strongly suggest that which of the following disorders has a genetic cause?
bipolar disorder
Which of the following is not an anxiety disorder?
bipolar disorder
The advantage of the experimental method over other research methods is that:
cause-and-effect relationships can be examined
The famous Bobo doll study demonstrated that:
children can learn aggressive behavior merely by watching someone acting aggressively
One method for increasing the amount of information you can hold in short-term memory is to use:
chunking
After painful experiences of getting a shot from a nurse in white scrubs, a toddler cries in response any time a nurse in white scrubs enters the room. This is an example of:
classical conditioning
When Joey's wife left him, he began drinking heavily and couldn't sleep. When Junior's wife left him, his friends noticed that he was happier and seemed less stressed. Joey and Junior responded differently because of their different:
cognitive appraisals of the event
What term refers to our attempts to change circumstances to make them less threatening?
coping
The stress hormone associated with the General Adaptation Syndrome is:
cortisol
A neuron may have thousands of:
dendrites
The amount of neurotransmitter(s) that a neuron can receive increases with an increase in the number of ___ the neuron has.
dendrites
Jim Bob angrily denounces gay people and says their behavior is "disgusting". When he leaves town, he has secret encounters with male prostitutes. Ji'm Bob's hate speech towards gays is an example of:
displacement
Ego defense mechanisms:
distort perceptions of, or thoughts about, reality
Which of the following can be used if you want to repeat the likelihood of a behavior being repeated?
either positive or negative reinforcement
Jeremy focused on the meaning of the information in the chapter and tried to generate examples of concepts from his own experiences. Jeremy was using ___ to help encode information into his long-term memory.
elaborative rehearsal
During a manic episode of bipolar disorder, a person's emotional state might be characterized as:
elevated
Adam vividly remembers when he had to go to the emergency room to get stitches. This is an example of which type of information?
episodic
In classical conditioning, what happens when the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus?
extinction
You and 20 of your friends are going to be introduced to an attractive person. To increase the odds that the person remembers your name, you should insist on being introduced to the person:
first or last
The anxiety disorder that is characterized by a constant, excessive, and unjustified anxiety about a wide range of issues and circumstances is:
generalized anxiety disorder
The cerebellum is involved in memories that:
have to do with motor skills
If a man's hippocampus is badly damaged, what would be the result?
he would be like Drew Barrymore in Fifty First Dates, unable to store memories of recent events
Billy studied for a test for five hours the night before the test, and Sue studied for an hour a night for five nights before the test? Why would Sue likely remember more information?
her use of distributed practice
The main component of the type A behavior pattern that predicts the development of coronary artery disease is:
hostility
In Freud's theory, which component of personality is present at birth?
id
The system that protects the body from "foreign invaders" is called the:
immune system
Use of cocaine or methamphetamines causes:
increased dopamine activity in the brain, which can produce schizophrenia-like symptoms
In contrast to normal anxiety, pathological anxiety:
is unreasonable intense, irrational, uncontrollable, and disruptive
When the amygdala is removed , a monkey:
loses its fear of natural predators
White blood cells are also called:
lymphocytes
Which of the following terms means the same thing as the term "psychological disorder"?
mental disorder
Cars often have an annoying beep or buzzer that rings until the driver fastens the seat belt. The idea that the noise increases the tendency of the driver to fasten the seat belt indicates that this is an example of:
negative reinforcement
David is constantly worried about germs, illness, and being contaminated, so he constantly washes his hands. The worries which lead to the hand-washing are called:
obsessions
About what percent of the American population will experience at least one episode of schizophrenia during their lifetimes?
one
According to Maslow, people are innately motivated to satisfy a progression of needs. These levels of needs are:
physiological, safety, belonging, esteem, and self-actualization
As students attend class more frequently, their GPA increases. This indicates a ___ between class attendance and GPA.
positive correlation
Shaping is generally accomplished by the use of:
positive reinforcement
Susan observed the shooting death of a classmate when she was 16 years old. She is now 25 and experiences frequent nightmares as a result of the event. This is an example of:
post-traumatic stress disorder
Sigmund Freud is known as the founder of:
psychoanalysis
Joe was potty trained by age 2 1/2, but when his parents divorced when he was five, he began to wet the bed, and to wet his pants occasionally. The defense mechanism operating is:
regression
How could the principles of classical conditioning be used to reduce the fear reaction that a child has towards the white coat?
repeatedly present the white coat without the shots
Carol's mother died when Carol was 8, but Carol cannot remember the funeral. This is probably due to:
repression
How could a teacher use shaping to gradually improve a disruptive student's behavior?
reward him for one minute of sitting quietly, then 2 minutes, and so on
Disorganized thinking, sensory distortions, and disorganized speech are all symptoms of which psychological disorder?
schizophrenia
Your textbook defines psychology as the:
science of behavior and mental processes
The prefrontal cortex:
seems to be responsible for the ability to remember the sequence of events
According to Maslow, if an adult's belongingness needs are NOT met, the individual is NOT motivated to satisfy what other need or needs?
self-actualization & esteem
Your knowledge of telephone numbers and names is a reflection of the storage of ___ information in long-term memory.
semantic
A deficiency in the neurotransmitter ___ seems to be associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder.
serotonin
As you read this item, you use your ___ memory to keep the item in consciousness.
short-term
The rule "seven plus or minus two" refers to:
short-term memory
John is angry because his boss reprimanded him for making a mistake at work. John might use displacement by:
spanking his daughter when she accidentally spills her milk
Authors of a new test often administer the test to thousands of randomly selected individuals for whom the test is designed before trying to sell it to a publisher. This would be an example of:
standardization
An operational definition:
states how a variable will be measured
If a child begins crying at the sight of anyone in any kind of white clothes, what has occurred?
stimulus generalization
A negative emotional state occurring in response to events perceived as being beyond a person's ability to cope is:
stress
When 7-year-old Philip got caught stealing a candy bar, he felt guilty. Freud was say his guilt was produced by his:
superego
Which would Freud expect to be least developed in a 3-year-old child?
superego
The point of communication between two neurons is called the ___ .
synapse
Punishment has several drawbacks, including:
that it may produce undesirable results
In operant conditioning, "extinction" occurs when;
the behavior is no longer followed by the reinforcer
A researcher wishes to know if behavior therapy will lower the symptoms of depression. The independent variable would be:
the behavior therapy
A professor writes a new study guide to determine if it will produce better grades than the old study guide. Her dependent variable will be:
the change in grades
In order for classical conditioning to be conducted in such a way so as to produce the strongest conditioned response:
the conditioned stimulus should be presented just before the unconditioned stimulus
If a person experiences intense anxiety due to a specific object or situation, and persistently avoids the feared object or situation, then:
the person has a phobia
After painful experiences of getting a shot from a nurse in white scrubs, a toddler cries in response any time a nurse in white scrubs enters the room. In this case the conditioned stimulus would be:
the white scrubs
According to Maslow, which of the following is NOT a characteristic of self-actualized people?
they refuse to conform to conventional rules and expectations
About what percentage of people with schizophrenia have some type of brain structure abnormality?
*
According to Maslow, which one or more of the following is a characteristic of self-actualized people? -they have an accurate perception of themselves -they have a strong need for privacy -they have moments of wonder and awe
*all of the above
An example of partial reinforcement is:
-
Delusions are disturbances of:
-
Hallucinations are disturbances of ___ .
-
If you step on your bathroom scale ten times during one minute and each reading is the same, but incorrect, the scale has:
-
Maintenance rehearsal is sometimes necessary because:
-
One night Hector has a wreck. His car has to be towed, and he has to call for a ride home. He finally gets to sleep, and the next day, after breakfast, begins dealing with the insurance company. He is in which stage of the GAS?
-
Sales of new cars at your place of employment have dropped in the last month. Your boss calls the sales representatives together and confronts them in an aggressive manner, telling them that if sales don't pick up they will be fired. The boss is using a strategy called:
-
The fight-or-flight response involves:
-
The system that protects the body from "foreign invaders" contains the:
-
The viral infection theory of schizophrenia suggests that:
-
Which of the following factors has been identified as being as powerful a health risk as obesity and smoking?
-
Which of the following is a true statement.
-
Why is replication important?
-
If there is no correlation between eye color and intelligence, the correlation coefficient for these 2 variables would be:
0
When a new memory is acquired, there is:
A. an increase in the numbers of synapses between neurons
Who, out of the following, is most likely to have a type A personality?
Bill, an angry, ambitious back-stabbing politician
When Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, stimulus generalization took place because:
Little Albert also displayed fear of other furry
About how long does visual information remain in sensory memory?
about a second
Which of the following statements is true concerning the cause of schizophrenia? -excess amounts of dopamine in the brain may be a cause of some forms of schizophrenia -identical twin studies suggest a genetic cause for the disorder -schizophrenia may be caused by a traumatic event or illness that happened prior to birth
all of the above statements are true
According to Selye, if chronic stress persists for long enough, what can happen? -the body's energy reserve become depleted -physical disorders -death
all the above
This test you are now taking is most likely :
an achievement test
An unpleasant emotional state that involves feelings of worry, dread, apprehension, and tension, along with heightened physical arousal, is called:
anxiety
The development of phobias can be partly explained by: -classical conditioning only -operant conditioning only -observational learning only
any one of the above
A characteristic of procedural memories is that they:
are usually easy to demonstrate
According to Freud, we have how many levels of consciousness?
3
In Selye's theory of the prolonged stress response, how many stages did he propose?
3
Unless rehearsed, information remains in short-term memory for only about:
30 seconds or less
Your text's authors state that, in general, emotion-focused coping strategies are ineffective and lead to depression.
False
What is the DSM-V?
a book that describes symptoms of psychological disorders
Partial reinforcement results in :
a response which is difficult to extinguish
