psyc 2314 chap 4
The reciprocal interchanges and mutual influence processes between parents and children are sometimes referred to as Multiple choice question. transactional. scaffolds. isolated actions.
A
Which of the following statements are true of stranger anxiety? Multiple choice question. It appears at about 6 months of age. It peaks at about 9 months of age. It is strongest when the infant is sitting on its mother's lap. It disappears by 1 year of age.
A
Which theorists developed a temperament classification system in which most children are considered to be easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm-up? Multiple choice question. Freud Chess and Thomas Rothbart and Bates Kagan
B
Which of the following statements are true regarding face-to-face play? Multiple select question. It begins at about 6-7 months of age. It does not include vocalization, touch, or gestures. It includes vocalization, touch, and gestures. It begins when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age.
C D
Almost all classifications designate an emotion as either Multiple choice question. inner or outer. forward or sideways. controlled or uncontrolled. positive or negative.
D
Many children in the United States are cared for by ______ outside caregivers. Multiple choice question. very few two primary no multiple
D
True or false: Personality in infants is thought to involve a sense of self, trust, self-recognition, and independence.
T Reason: Although it is true that personality involves all these factors and temperament, it develops from infancy.
In a most basic classification sense, enthusiasm, joy, and love are classified as _____ emotions, whereas anxiety, anger, and guilt are classified as _____ emotions.
positive negative
Blank 1 infants have caregivers who are sensitive to their signals and constantly available to respond to the infants' needs.
secure
secure avoidant resistant disorganized
sensitive, consistent rejecting, irritable inconsistent, unaffectionate neglectful, abusive
Which of the following factors can result in an infant showing fear as early as 3 months? Multiple select question. Neglect Abuse Indigestion Food allergies
A B
Jenny, an infant, gets scared and starts to cry. She is using her emotions to with her parents.
communicate or interact
According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n) child is _____ generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts readily to new experiences.
easy
A feeling or affect that occurs when individuals are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being, is called an .
emotion
are influenced by both biological foundations and by an individual's experiences.
emotions
The enduring personal characteristics of the individual are known as .
personality or traits
The enduring personal characteristics of the individual are known as _____.
personality or traits
An important form of reciprocal socialization is _____ , in which parents adjust the level of guidance to fit the child's performance, thus allowing them to be more skillful.
scaffolding
The interaction between children and caregivers is like a dance or dialog in which each successive action depends on the partner's previous behavior. The term used to describe this is reciprocal _____ .
socialization
Kagan believes that _____ has both physiological and experiential bases.
temperament
Individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic way of responding reflect the _____ of a person's personality.
temperament
Chess and Thomas' classification system placed children into which categories of temperament? Multiple select question. Difficult Easy Unstable Slow-to-warm-up
A B D
More children are in child care today than ever before, primarily because U.S. adults Multiple choice question. prefer to continue working rather than go on leave. are having fewer children per family. cannot receive paid leave. are having more children per family.
C
The reciprocal interchanges and mutual influence processes between parents and children are sometimes referred to as Multiple choice question. isolated actions. scaffolds. transactional.
C
An individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding is his or her ______. Multiple choice question. behaviors attributes heredity temperament
D
______ play encourages infants to prefer people over objects. Multiple choice question. Face-to-face Imaginative Role Nonverbal
A
Which of the following are environmental influences that can encourage or discourage the persistence of temperament characteristics? Multiple select question. goodness of fit influences cultural influences the influences of personality the influence of genetic inheritance Correct Answer
A B
Select all that apply Which of the following terms are used to describe the interactional nature of emotional communication between parents and child when all is going well? Multiple select question. Reciprocal Other-conscious Synchronous Reflexive
A C
Which of the following statements best describes the influence of biology and environment on emotional development? Multiple choice question. Emotions are influenced by nature but not by nurture. Emotions are influenced by both nature and nurture. Nature and nurture have no effect on emotional development. Emotions are influenced by nurture but not by nature.
B
About ______ children in the United States currently receive formal, licensed child care. Multiple choice question. 100,000 500,000 2 million 1 million
C
Infants communicate important aspects of their lives such as joy, sadness, interest, and fear through Multiple choice question. cognitions. instincts. emotions. reactions.
C
What type of emotions require self-awareness and a sense of 'me'? Multiple choice question. Primary emotions Negative emotions Positive emotions Self-conscious emotions
D
______ involves parents who take the time to interact with a child in such a way that the child experiences turn-taking and the parents support the child's efforts at any age. Multiple choice question. Reciprocity Mutual dependence Socialization Scaffolding
D
In general, infant fear first emerges at _____ months and peaks at about _____ months.
6 18
A feeling or affect that occurs when people are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their wellbeing is known as a/an Multiple choice question. emotion. adaptive response. temperament. trait.
A
Emotional interactions between caregiver and child are ______, or synchronous, meaning they shape and are shaped by each other. Multiple choice question. singular personal one directional reciprocal
D
Kagan believes that children inherit a/an ______ that biases them to have a particular type of temperament. Multiple choice question. spirituality emotionality culture physiology
D
The match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope is known by the term Multiple choice question. parenting challenge. adjustment parenting. lack of fit. goodness of fit.
D
True or false: Most U.S. children have a parent who stays home to care for them. True false question. True False
F
The term stranger _____ describes a situation in which infants demonstrate a wariness of people they do not know.
anxiety
Which individuals are displaying self-conscious emotions? Multiple select question. 11-year-old Mike, who is angry with his sister 7-year-old Harry, who is embarrassed 4-year-old Sam, who feels shame 4-month-old Jill, who is giggling
B C