PSYC 238 Exam 1
Which of the following represents the "second fundamental error" that Szasz claims the notion of mental illness is based upon?
(not sure if chose the right one) It is an error to assume that mental and physical conditions are the same, because physical symptoms are directly observable whereas mental symptoms involve a subjective evaluation OR It is an error to use 2 separate terms for mental illness and brain disease because both terms are used to describe the same types of conditions
which paradigm is correct
-Each individual paradigm is correct -All (or some) of them integrated together are correct = systems theory or biopsychosocial approach
What three things does the DSM exclude
1. Culturally sanctioned responses to events 2. deviant behavior 3. Conflicts between individual and society
according to the DSM mental disorders include what three things
1. Distress 2. Disability or impairment of functioning 3. Sig increased risk in suffering, death, pain, disability, impairment loss of freedom
what are 2 examples of molecular genetics
1. candidate gene approach 2. genome wide association study (GWAS)
only ___ of individuals NEVER meet criteria for a mental illness in their lifetime
17% (so... 83% will meet the criteria for a mental illness in their lifetime!)
what is the 1 year prevelance of any mental disorder
20%
about ___% have severe mental disorder diagnoses, BUT ONLY ___% receive disability benefits
5%, 0.5%
about ___% have a mental disorder diagnosis and experience functional impairment
9%
According to Patrick Dwyer's blog posts on neurodiversity, which of the following would NOT be a response that aligns with the neurodiversity movement as it is intended?
A clinician instructs a client to calmly accept all circumstances that are related to their neurotype
thomas szcaz and abnormal behavior
Abnormal behavior is a SOCIAL PHENOMENON May be a perfectly normal response to an abnormal env Important to consider situational context and factors
Adoption studies in biology and genetics look at
Adopted children with and without history of a disorder
what is the relationship between culture and psychopathology and problems in living
All def of psychopathology + problems in living are culturally embedded
what is the purpose of classification of disorders
As a basis for communication within a science Information retrieval As a descriptive system for the objects of study in a science Make predictions As a source of concepts to be used within a scientific theory
Proband: adoptees with disorder x % bio parents with disorder x = 20 % ado parents with disorder x = 10 Proband: adoptees w/o disorder x % bio parents with disorder x = 10 % ado parents with disorder x = 10 Given the data, which of the following are true A. if an adoptee has a disorder, their adoptive parents are more likely than their biological parents to have the disorder B. A. if an adoptee has a disorder, their biological parents are more likely than their adoptive parents to have the disorder C. Disorders are not caused by env contributions D. Disorders are solely caused by biological contributions
B. If an adoptee has a disorder, their biological parents are more likely to have the disorder than their adoptive parents
what is dangerousness
Behaviors and feelings that are if potential harm
Biology ____ as genetics
Biology DOES NOT MEAN THE SAME THING as genetics! Ex: hit in the head (biology stress) = concussion. The concussion does not involve genetics
why is "biology CAUSES psychological factors" a misconception
Biology can be influenced by psychology: ex: Hormones, neurotransmitters Biology causes DO NOT NECESSARILY require biological treatment Today most psychologists view disorders as being caused by MULTIPLE FACTORSToday, most
If the proband has schizohprenia, which of the following is true? Proband | % family MDD | % Family Schizophrenia ______________________________________________________________________ MDD | 30. | 0.5 Schizo | 12 | 30 No diagnosis 10 | 0.5 A. Family members have a greater risk of having MDD compared to no diagnosis B. Family members have a greater risk of having Schizophrenia compared to no diagnosis C. Both A and B D. Family members have the same relative risk as those who have no diagnosis
Both A and B Because he (the proband) has schizophrenia = 2nd row, the family has 2%+ likely to have MDD than average (means A is correct) and the family has 29.5%+ to have schizophrenia than average (means B is correct)
what are the limitations to jane murphy's study of hunter gatherers
CANNOT BE GENERALIZED to all societies throughout the world Findings do not necessarily EXTEND TO OTHER forms of mental illness
abnormal
Can be extremely derogatory and misleading to refer to people with psych difficulties and challenges
why are adoption studies important to the studies of genetics and biology
Can disentangle genetic and env factors
what is reciprocal causality
Causality is bidirectional First thing can influence a second thing; but the second thing also influences the first thing.
what is distress
Causes emotional or physical pain
what is the relationship between culture and pathology
Culture has profound influence regarding what is considered pathological
Family incidence studies, twin, and adoption studies ______________ the specific genes involves in the dev of the given disorder
DO NOT IDENTIFY
how does the US classify disorders
DSM 5
what is equafinity?
Different causes for same disorder Not just one event that leads to diagnosis ex: death of parent and loss of job can lead to depression
Say you read a scientific article and it states that for disorder X the concordance rate between MZ twins is 52% while the concordance rate for DZ twins is 20%. What can you conclude from this information
Disorder X is due to: BOTH genetics and enviornment explanation: MZ > DZ = genetic influence Not all MZ have it = not just genetic influence = env influence too
Larissa has some habits that cause problems for other people. For example, she frequently lies and steals from her family members and friends, which greatly upsets them. However, Larissa is not bothered by her habits and only sees the benefits that stealing and lying bring her. Based solely on the experiences described here, which "D" of Abnormal Behavior best represents Larissa's behavior? Dysfunction, Distress, or Dangerousness
Distress Not always just from the person feeling distressed themselves, in this case someone is engaging in behavior that benefits them and hurts the people around them, but it is distressing her family members and friends
what do family incidence studies look at
Do disorders run in families
Sandy continues to have difficulty going out in public because she believes that other people are negatively evaluating her. As a result, she has frequently missed class and has struggled to maintain jobs. She also has a lot of trouble making and maintaining friendships with others. Which D of abnormality does this BEST represent?
Dysfunction Focusing on academic dysfunction and social dysfunction. Caused by social concerns in public.
what is a good example of an emic / insider perspective that is better being done within a culture when using certain norms
Ex: autism syndrome is not having eye contact. US diagnostic criteria = do not have autism / average person = look at eyes (taught from a young age that eye contact means attentive and interested). In other cultures direct eye contact can seem rude. Diagnostic criteria presumes societal / cultural norm of eye contact
what does an emic / insider perspective examine
Examines behavior from WITHIN a culture, using culture-specific criteria
true or false If a behavior or characteristic is genetically influenced, it cannot be changed
FALSE Different environmental factors can influence how a genetic component is expressed Ex: intellectual disability due to genetic condition (down syndrome), just because they have that disability, doesn't mean that through education and good care, there can't be increases in intelligence
true or false If there is a genetic influence, a disorder is inevitable
FALSE Genes alone will not cause disorders
true or false If there is a genetic influence, a gene must be directly responsible for the behavior
FALSE A lot of times genes are polygenic = many genes involved in behaviors and disorders
what is one limitation of family incidence studies
Genes and environment are confounded because families have many of the same genes and live in the same environments
After breaking up with her partner a month ago, Susan has developed a major depressive episode for the first time. At the recommendation of her friends, Susan has begun seeing a counselor. However, she also has been drinking alcohol more regularly to relieve stress. What is a likely maintenance factor related to Susan's current depressive symptoms?
Her alcohol use explanation: Maintenance = currently experiencing depression => drinking = making depression worse. Not actually addressing the causes of the depression.
what is incidence
How many NEW cases of a disorder are occurring within a time period of time
what is epidemiology
How often psychopathology occurs The study of the frequency and distribution of disorders within a population
disorder
Implies something out of order, gone wrong, not as anticipated
What does Szasz mean when he suggests that psychiatry is more closely tied to problems of ethics compared to medicine?
In psychiatry, the assessment of symptoms is more likely to be influenced by a clinician's own values. Inn medicine, symptom assessment and treatment are less open to interpretation
how many individuals will be counted for INCIDENCE of depression in 2007
Incidence = new = mark = 1 (started in 2007)
problems in living
Individual is struggling with surviving in the environment Could be something wrong with the person, or something in side of them that makes it hard to live in the environment
what does thomas szcaz think is a better description for what is commonly known as mental illness
Individuals who have a mental illness do not suffer from an illness but rather a PROBLEM OF LIVING
what is dysfunction
Interferes with person's ability to function in daily life
what does behavioral genetics investigate
Investigates genetic vs environmental factors in how we behave
according to Jerome Wakefield a harmful dysfunction is a mental disorder that does what 2 things
It results from failure of some internal mechanism to perform a natural function AND It CAUSES HARM to the person
what is deviance
Leads to judgements of abnormality
how many individuals will be counted for the LIFETIME PREVALENCE of depression in 2007
Lifetime prevalence = have had it at some point in their life before or at this point = all 5
If we have twins that are raised together in the same env, any differences in concordance rates are ___ likely due to biology
MORE
if we have twins that are raised apart, any differences in concordance rates are _______ likely due to env
MORE
if the trait has a genetic link we would expect MZ ____ DZ
MZ = 100 > DZ = 50 ex: blood type, eye color, hair color
if the trait has a shared env we would expect MZ __ DZ
MZ = DZ (both high) = 100%
if the trait has a non shared env we would expect MZ __ DZ
MZ = DZ (both low) = 0%
if the trait has an env link we would expect MZ __ DZ
MZ =< DZ
what is comorbidity
Manifestation of more than one disorder at the same time
What is Szasz's argument with respect to the terms "mental illness" and "problems in living?"
Mental illness fails to account for a person's experiences, problems of living does include this and should be used instead
Which of the following best represents the difference between a "mental illness" and "brain disease," as described by Szasz?
Mental illness is indicative of a social norm violation, whereas brain disease is a neurological defect that can be directly observed
thomas szcaz main piont on mental illness
Mental illness is just a CONVENIENT label for a behavior that groups of people that societies think is unpleasant or unwanted, Social construct that does not exist in nature
what is the difference between monozygotic twins and dizygotic twins in twin studies
Monozygotic twins = identical = 100% genetic overlap Dizygotic twins = freternal = 50% genetic overlap
Genes are ______ to account for dev of any psychological disorder
NOT SUFFICIENT
condition
Neutrally phrased Popular in clinical psych Usage with autism spectrum disorders or condition
how are diagnosis connected to an etic / outsider perspective
Outsider / observer places emphasis on what THEY believe is important
How many individuals will be counted for the 12 month prevalence of depression in 2006
Prevalence = active = Kyle, julie, jenn = 3 (started or had depression from 2006-2007 NOT THOSE that ended in 2006)
Eddie has always had a difficulty remaining calm in stressful situations. It was never a major issue until he had a traumatic experience in which his life was threatened. Eddie now meets criteria for a DSM diagnosis. Thinking about systems theory, Eddie's difficulty remaining calm is an example of a ____________, whereas his traumatic experience is an example of a ____________.
Psychological diathesis; social stress Difficulty remaining calm = already existing, personality trait, so not a stress. Not from genes, or social = so must be psychological Traumatic experience = stressor, social = traumatic events.
what are three types of factors we look at for possible causality of disorders
Risk factors Maintenance factors Protective factors
what is multifinality
Same causal factor but results in different disorders One event can cause a whole bunch of different disorders. Everyone has a unique response to the same event. ex: an earthquake can cause a phobia, PTSD, or depression
syndrome
Set of correlated signs and symptoms that are presumed to have a common origin
what is culture
Shared values, beliefs, and practices of a group of people
what do the results of jane murphy's hunter gather study tell us
Similar Mental illness can actually occur across cultures, they may not have the same names, differ from socially acceptable way Mental illness IS NOT just a social construct
according to the jane murphy study, how common are labels of hunter gather society individuals with what is equivalent of mental illness here, diagnosed in hunter gather societies
Similar to western industrialized societies
If a higher relative risk of family members, we can assume ONE of two things
Some genetic aspect = Parents pass it on OR Shared family environments
dysfunction
Something disturbed, gone wrong, not functioning properly
what are risk factors
Something that has been shown to prospectively predict psychopathological outcome Starting the symptom to begin with Ex: her moms drug abuse, being raised by a mom with substance abuse, losing her grandfather
what are maintenance factors?
Something that predicts the continuation of symptoms over time among those who are symptomatic Already have it why isn't it going away Ex: her friends and boyfriend, she was told to distance from her, so they might have had substance abuse as well, returning to her mother's apartment
what are protective factors
Something that reduces the effects of a risk factor You've got the symptoms why aren't they going away. Ex: went to a rehab program, aunt that took her away from her mother's environment, grandfather, aunt, uncle, and cousin's relationship with her were all positive
what is zeitgeist mean
Spirit of the times. ever changing. never stagnant
what is behavioral genetics
Study of genetic contributions to the development of behaviors
what is a phenotype
Sum of organism's observable traits Influenced by genotype and environment GxE feedback loops Ex: weight
what is a genotype
Sum of organisms genes = your genetic profile Fixed at birth Ex: hair color, eye color, height
what is an emic / insider perspective prioritize
The customs, beliefs, and thinking of group members are prioritized over observer impressions
what is a proband
The index / first person in the family to seek treatment Researchers look at family to see how many of them have this problem too. Proportion of family members with diff disorders relative to this person.
illness
The meaning an individual attached to the disease they have Experience of disease and its impact o the person
what is the importance of the 4 D's (dysfunction, distress, deviance, dangerousness)
These influence the likelihood of a phenomenon considered a form of psychopathology
what is prevalence
Total number of active cases (old and new) that are present in population during a specific period of time
what is lifetime prevalence
Total number of people in a given population who have been affected by the disorder AT SOME POINT IN THEIR LIVES
what does an etic / outsider perspective emphasize
UNIVERSALS among human beings from a position outside the culture of interest
psychopathology
Very similar to "mental illness" Something disturbed, gone wrong, with the psyche body system (mind or personality) Can also be the study of those things!
what 3 questions does behavioral genetics look at
What is the role of genetics in causing a particular mental disorder What is the role of environment What is the role of interactions between genes and the environment (GxE)
according to thomas szcaz, what does defining something as a mental illness imply
a VALUE JUDGMENT from the person giving the diagnosis
what is the diathesis stress model
a psychological theory that attempts to explain a disorder as the result of an interaction between a predispositional vulnerability (diathesis) and a stress caused by life experiences (stress).
why would alcoholism be a disease
affects a medical area like genetics, and need medical care to treat it
what is concordance in twin studies mean
agreement between the twins The rate of the same trait being expressed in both ex: 100 twins with depression, if 50% of twins also had depression, concordance = 50%
What is a paradigm?
an accepted set of theories, procedures, and assumptions about how researchers look at the world
what is stress
any event that triggers the onset of disturbance
what paradigm was B F Skinner involved in
behavioral
what are the three types of diathesis and stress in the diathesis stress model
biological, social, and psychological
what is a common misconception in biological and genetic theories
biology CAUSES psychological factors
what is the focus of the biologocial paradigm
bodily functions and structures
what is the focus of the cognitive paradigm
cognitions / thoughts Examining how is the mind processing and thinking about what they are experiencing
what paradigm did Aaron Black become involved in
cognitive
what is the cause of psychopathology for the cognitive paradigm
cognitive biases + distortions
what are the epidemiology trends of international persons in the US
culture exerts influence on prevalence of many diagnoses
why would alcoholism be a mental illness
defined in DSM5 from a mental health standpoint, associated with rehab facilities NOT hospitals for treatment
what are the gender differences of epidemiology
differences across disorders and the utilization of mental health services
what is an example of a social factor for diathesis
discrimination
what does Wakefield mean when he says "Only dysfunctions that are socially devalued are disorders"
disorders are only disorders when society devalues them
what are the 4 D's
dysfunction, distress, deviance, dangerousness
what is the cause of psychopathology for the psychodynamic paradigm
early childhood experiences
what two things are part of cultural relativity
etic (outsider) and emic (insider)
what is the genome wide association study (GWAS) in molecular genetics
examines association between a phenotype (observable) of interest + EVERY gene on the genome
what is the candidate gene approach in molecular genetics
examines association between a phenotype (observable) of interest + a specific theoretically relevent gene (ex: serotinin transporter gene)
what is diathesis
existing vulnerability that precedes stressor
what is an example of a biological factor for stress
exposure to toxins
what are the 4 different approaches to studying bioloy and genetics
family incidence studies twin studies adoption studies molecular genetics: directly measuring genes
what was the focus of the humanistic paradigm
free will People are individuals. We should focus on them developing empathy, acceptance, and positive thoughts for themselves so that they can go through their life more positively and get to be the best version of themselves.
what is the cause of psychopathology for the humanistic paradigm
frustrations of society
what is an example of an etic / outsider perspective
general emotions (happy = smiling)
what is an example of a biological factor for diathesis
genes brain functioning
what is the cause of psychopathology for the biological paradigm
genes neurochemistry physical damage
what are biological factors
genetic factors (genotype + phenotype), neurotransmitters, brain structure and function
what would a env factor's concordance rates look like in an adoption study
high adoptive low biological 10% bio, 40% adopted
what would a genetic factor's concordance rates look like in an adoption study
high biological low adoptive 100% biological, 0% adopted
who decides what is psychopathological
historically = western social scientists imposing their own standards now = starting to acknowledge this ethnocentric bias
is systems theory a hollism or reductionism approach
hollism
what paradigm was carl rogers a part of
humanistic
how many individuals will be counted for INCIDENCE of depression in 2006
incidence = new = Julie + jenn = 2 (started in 2006)
what is the cause of psychopathology for the behavioral paradigm
learning history
what is an example of a psychological factor for diathesis
learning history personality
how is the DSM 5 organized in the US
list of diagnostic categories Each category has a set of diagnostic criteria Diagnosis is categorical = Either you have it or you do not
what is an example of evironment -> genetic predisposition
maltreatment and serotinin alleles Individual genotype can have an influence, which might only be evident depending on the environment they are in Individuals which never have maltreatment in their life = no genotype difference in depression rates If they experienced any maltreatment in their life = short allele = more likely to have depression than not at all. Short allele > long allele
what makes molecular genetics so interesting
measures specific genes to phenotypes!
what is hollism
more than the sum of parts Interactions between these factors as well
Disease
no strict def: Interruption, cessation, disorder of body system or organ A definite pathological process that affects the whole body or any of its parts
what is the focus of the behavioral paradigm
observable behavior Because self reports are all extremely subjective, hard to quantify and confirm.
are illness and disease the same
often used interchangeable, BUT most scholars distinguish the 2
what is an example of a psychological factor for stress
perceived loss of control ex: feeling hopeless, your a positive individual but you don't feel like you have control over your environment or can't express yourself in your environment
what paradigm was Sigmund Freud involved with
psychodynamic
what are the 5 types of paradigms?
psychodynamic behavioral cognitive humanistic biological
what are two types of gene enviornment interactions (GxE)
reciprocal gene enviornment model enviornment -> genetic predisposition
what is an example of an etic diagnosis commonly made
schizophrenia
what are the epidemiology trends of racial and ethnic groups in the US
similar rates when controlling for SES, but STRONG discrepancies in utilization + quality of services
what is an example of the reciprocal gene environment model for gene environment interactions?
temperamanet and choice of enviornments 1. Temperament interacts with environment ex: If you are shy, you might choose environments that are quieter, this reinforces your tendency to be quiet. 2. Environment interacts with temperament ex: Then your friends can pull you into going to parties more often, so you become more adapted to the parties, which makes you more outgoing
what is the concordance rate of adoption studies compare
the concordance rate of biological vs adoptive parents
what is an example of a social factor for stress?
traumatic events ex: external world having a say in it
what is the focus of the psychodynamic paradigm
unconcious mind can't put to words everything we experience in life
what is systems theory
views human behavior through larger contexts, such as members of families, communities, and broader society. - when one thing changes within a system, the whole system is affected.
what is a reductionism approach
whole = sum of its parts NOT the systems theory
according to the jane murphy study, are phenomana labeled as mental illness in western industrialized societies labeled in hunter gather societies
yes
according to the jane murphy study, are phenomena labeled as mental illness in western industrialized societies that are labeled in hunter gather societies distinguished from folk healers (societally accepted individuals that have a 6th sense and can hear voices)
yes
is alcoholism a disease
yes and no, depends on POV
according to the jane murphy study Are phenomena labeled as mental illness in western industrialized societies exhibited in hunter gather societies?
yes, at least in regards to schizophrenia
is schizophrenia a mental illness
yes, genetics involved, related to the brain and the mental component
can a disease be an illness
yes, if it has mental health affects because of the pathological disease
