PSYC 3

Broca's area is located in the: a. left frontal lobe. b. left parietal lobe. c. right temporal lobe. d. right occipital lobe.

A

Early in development, the nervous system begins as a: a. tube surrounding a fluid-filled cavity. b. spherical structure in the center of the embryo. c. diffuse system of cells scattered throughout the body. d. single layer of cells covering the heart and other internal organs.

A

Gaps in the insulating material that surrounds axons are known as: a. nodes of Ranvier. b. myelin synapses. c. interpeduncular nuclei. d. presynaptic terminals.

A

How many pairs of cranial nerves do humans have? a. 12 b. 16 c. 10 d. 8

A

Rats and mice are better able to discriminate odors than humans because they: a. have a greater variety of olfactory receptors. b. are closer to the ground. c. have more practice. d. have shorter olfactory cilia.

A

Sherrington found that repeated stimuli within a brief time have a cumulative effect. He referred to this phenomenon as: a. temporal summation b. spatial summation c. synaptic summation d. saltatory summation

A

The branching fibers that form the information-receiving pole of the nerve cells are called: a. dendrites. b. sensory neurons. c. axons. d. motor neurons.

A

The hippocampus plays a major role in: a. memory. b. secretion of hormones. c. innate sexual behavior. d. temperature regulation.

A

What is the approximate resting potential of the inside of a neuron's membrane, relative to the outside? a. -70 millivolts b. +10 millivolts c. 0 millivolts d. +90 millivolts

A

What is the name given to a cluster of neurons outside the CNS? a. Ganglion b. Column c. Lamina d. Tract

A

What is the result if a stimulus shifts the potential inside a neuron from the resting potential to a more negative potential? a. Hyperpolarization b. Depolarization c. an action potential d. a threshold

A

Which of the following characterizes ionotropic effects? a. rapid, short-lived effects b. rapid, long lasting effects c. excitatory only d. inhibitory only

A

Which of the following means "toward the side, away from the midline"? a. lateral b. proximal c. ventral d. medial

A

A neuron can have any number of ____, but no more than one ____. a. dendrite; cell bodies b. dendrite; axons c. axon; dendrites d. cell body; axons

B

After central nervous system damage, myelin: a. becomes thicker in surviving axons. b. secretes proteins that inhibit axon regrowth. c. degenerates and dies. d. secretes proteins that enhance some regrowth of axons.

B

Breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, coughing, and sneezing are all controlled by which structure? a. thalamus b. medulla c. cerebellum d. pons

B

Chemicals than cannot flow freely across a cell membrane enter a neuron through: a. gaps in the myelin sheath. b. specialized protein channels. c. a Golgi complex. d. the endoplasmic reticulum.

B

In a myelinated axon, where are sodium gates abundant? a. in the areas covered by myelin b. at the nodes of Ranvier c. throughout the axon d. only in the axon hillock

B

Ischemia is to ____ as hemorrhage is to ____. a. proximal, distal b. obstruction, rupture c. barely noticeable, lethal d. older individuals, younger individuals

B

Loewi demonstrated that synapses operate by the release of chemicals. He did this by: a. applying adrenaline directly to the heart muscle. b. collecting fluid from a stimulated frog's heart, transferring it to another frog's heart and measuring that heart rate. c. measuring the speed of a dog's reflexes while the dog was under the influence of various drugs.

B

Most of the information passing from one hemisphere to the other does so by passing through which structure? a. massa intermedia b. corpus callosum c. cerebellum d. inferior colliculus

B

PET scans have determined that hallucinations occur during periods of: a. decreased activity in the hippocampus and auditory cortex. b. increased activity in the thalamus and hippocampus. c. decreased activity in the hypothalamus. d. increased activity in the hypothalamus.

B

Radial glia: a. synchronize the activity of axons. b. guide the migration of neurons during embryonic development. c. wrap around the presynaptic terminals of several axons. d. build the myelin sheaths that surround and insulate certain axons.

B

Someone with Broca's aphasia is least likely to use: a. verbs. b. prepositions and conjunctions. c. adjectives and adverbs. d. nouns.

B

Stem cells are important for which of the following developmental processes? a. migration b. proliferation c. myelination d. synaptogenesis

B

Suppose you were bitten by a black widow spider whose venom increases the release of acetylcholine from the presynaptic terminal. Which of the following treatments would be most effective? a. bite the spider back b. increase the activity of acetylcholinesterase c. decrease reuptake d. increase the activity of COMT

B

The cell membrane is comprised of two layers of: a. protein. b. fat. c. carbohydrate. d. plasma.

B

The insulating material which covers many vertebrate axons is called the: a. dendrite. b. myelin sheath. c. cell body or soma. d. presynaptic terminal.

B

The study of relating skull anatomy (bumps and depressions) to behavior is known as: a. neurology. b. phrenology. c. scientology. d. psychology.

B

Visual stimuli in the right visual field stimulate: a. the right hemisphere. b. the left half of each retina. c. both hemispheres. d. the right half of each retina.

B

What are the nodes of Ranvier? a. gates in the membrane that admit all ions freely b. gaps in the myelin sheath c. branching points in an axon d. places where dendrites join the cell body

B

What is unusual about olfactory receptors compared to most other mature mammalian neurons? a. They use more than one neurotransmitter. b. They are replaceable when old neurons die. c. They have no axons. d. They have more than one axon each.

B

Which effect is consistently associated with a "second messenger"? a. ionotropic b. metabotropic c. inhibitory d. excitatory

B

Which function is NOT performed by glia? a. removing waste materials b. directly transmitting information c. building myelin sheaths d. guiding the growth of axons and dendrites

B

Which of the following brain imaging techniques does NOT provide a functional measure of brain activity? a. MEG b. MRI c. fMRI d. EEG

B

Which of the following contributed most to Cajal's ability to find that neurons are separate from one another? a. Perves & Hadley's dye injection method b. Camillo Golgi's cell staining method c. Galileo's invention of the telescope d. Charles Sherrington's study of reflexes

B

Which type of glia remove waste material in the nervous system? a. oligodendrocytes b. astrocytes c. Schwann cells d. radial glia

B

Why is it that all neurons in a healthy adult brain have made appropriate connections? a. Chemical messages from our muscles tell our brain how many neurons to form and that number perfectly matches the connections required. b. If an axon does not make the appropriate connections by a certain age, it dies. c. We are born with all connections formed.

B

A person with Wernicke's aphasia: a. can't recognize musical notes. b. can't produce speech. c. resembles a student in a foreign language class that hasn't studied the vocabulary list very well. d. similar to that of normal people who are just highly distracted.

C

As a general rule, where do axons convey information? a. toward dendrites of their own cell b. toward their own cell body c. away from their own cell body d. to surrounding glia

C

Axons release ____ at junctions with skeletal muscles. a. many different neurotransmitters b. Dopamine c. Acetylcholine d. Norepinephrine

C

For some axons, glial cells produce an insulating sheath that makes rapid transmission possible. What is this process called? a. differentiation b. migration c. myelination d. proliferation

C

Just after the peak of the action potential, what movement of ions restores the membrane to approximately the resting potential? a. Sodium ions enter the cell. b. Potassium ions enter the cell. c. Potassium ions leave the cell. d. Sodium ions travel down the axon.

C

Of the following individuals, the concordance rate for schizophrenia is highest for: a. dizygotic twins who were adopted by schizophrenics. b. dizygotic twins. c. monozygotic twins. d. dizygotic twins who were raised as though they were monozygotic twins.

C

Prior to the work of Santiago Ramon y Cajal, what did many investigators believe? a. All neurons were of similar size and shape. b. Transmission across a synapse was just as fast as transmission along an axon. c. The tip of an axon physically merged with the next neuron. d. Nerves conducted impulses at the speed of light.

C

Saltatory conduction ____ the velocity of action potentials, and ____ the amount of energy used by the neuron. a. decreases; decreases b. decreases; increases c. increases; decreases d. increases; increases

C

Spatial summation refers to: a. multiple weak stimulations that occur in rapid succession. b. a decrease in responsiveness after repeated stimulation. c. multiple weak stimulations that occur at the same time. d. an increase in the strength of action potentials after repeated stimulation.

C

The formation of a neuron's distinctive shape occurs during the ____ stage of neurogenesis. a. proliferation b. migration c. differentiation d. myelination

C

Vesicles are located: a. in postsynaptic terminals. b. in dendrites. c. in presynaptic terminals. d. outside of the neuron in the extracellular fluid.

C

What are the two kinds of cells in the nervous system? a. dendrites and axons b. ribosomes and lysosomes c. neurons and glia d. neurons and axons

C

What is the mechanism that prevents or slows some chemicals from entering the brain, while allowing others to enter? a. an endoplasmic wall b. a threshold c. a blood-brain barrier d. a differential-drug inhibitor

C

What ordinarily prevents extensor muscles from contracting at the same time as flexor muscles? a. the ligaments and tendons that bind them together b. learned patterns of coordination in the cerebral cortex c. inhibitory synapses in the spinal cord d. Both muscles are controlled by different branches of the same axon.

C

When the neuronal membrane is at rest, the sodium channels: a. permit sodium ions to pass quickly and easily. b. permit potassium ions to cross instead of sodium. c. are closed. d. fluctuate rapidly between open and closed.

C

Which axons will regenerate to a significant degree if cut or crushed? a. only those which are unmyelinated b. those in the central nervous system but not in the peripheral nervous system c. those in the peripheral nervous system but not in the central nervous system d. those in invertebrates but not in vertebrates

C

a depolarizing effect on a neuron, the result will be that the neuron will fire: a. no matter how slight the effect. b. forever. c. only if it reaches threshold. d. only if the cell is in its relative refractory period.

C

n order for a split-brain patient to name something, he must see it: a. in the left visual field. b. with the right eye. c. in the right visual field. d. with the left eye.

C

A lesion is: a. an area of brain next to a blood vessel. b. a fluid-filled space in the brain. c. a cell that lines the surface of a ventricle. d. an area that has been damaged.

D

A person with spatial neglect is more likely to notice an object placed in the left hand if: a. they cross their right hand over to the left side of their body. b. you touch their right hand. c. look to the right. d. they cross their left hand over to the right side of their body.

D

Computerized axial tomography creates an image from: a. infrared rays. b. microwaves. c. gamma rays. d. x-rays.

D

Evoked potentials in the brain are most likely to be detected by a(n): a. MRI. b. PET scan. c. CAT scan. d. EEG.

D

If a drug binds to a particular receptor, it is said to: a. increase the synthesis of the neurotransmitter used at that receptor. b. decrease the synthesis of the neurotransmitter used at that receptor. c. stimulate breakdown at that receptor. d. have an affinity for that type of receptor.

D

In one family, all three children are homozygous for a recessive gene. What can be concluded about the parents? a. Each parent is also homozygous for the recessive gene. b. Each parent is heterozygous. c. One parent is homozygous for the dominant gene; the other is homozygous for the recessive gene. d. Each parent is either homozygous for the recessive gene or heterozygous.

D

Nicotine directly stimulates receptors in the central nervous system and at nerve-muscle junctions. These nicotinic receptors are also receptors for which neurotransmitter? a. glutamate b. dopamine c. serotonin d. acetylcholine

D

People with a striking loss of emotions usually suffer from damage to the: a. corpus callosum. b. somatosensory cortex. c. occipital lobe. d. prefrontal cortex.

D

The concentration gradient for potassium tends to: a. draw potassium into the cell. b. push chloride out of the cell. c. push sodium out of the cell. d. push potassium out of the cell.

D

What is the production of new neurons called? a. differentiation b. migration c. myelination d. proliferation

D

When asked to divide a cake in equal halves, a person with spatial neglect would most likely make a cut: a. right in the middle. b. to the left of center. c. diagonally. d. to the right of center.

D

When you state that the neuron's membrane is polarized, you are referring to a difference in electrical potential between: a. the axons and the dendrites. b. the axon hillock and the cell body. c. sodium ions and potassium ions. d. the inside and the outside of the membrane.

D

Which of the following actions would depolarize a neuron? a. decreasing membrane permeability to calcium b. increasing membrane permeability to potassium c. decreasing membrane permeability to sodium d. increasing membrane permeability to sodium

D

Which of the following is NOT true for sodium ions when the cell is at resting potential? a. Sodium ions remain outside the cell because the sodium- potassium pump drives them out. b. Sodium gates are tightly closed. c. Sodium tends to be driven into the neuron by the concentration gradient. d. Sodium tends to be driven out of the neuron by the electrical gradient.

D

Which of the following is an example of a genetically controlled condition that can be minimized by following a particular diet? a. Down syndrome b. color-blindness c. epilepsy d. phenylketonuria (PKU)

D

____ in the brain and spinal cord and ____ in the periphery are specialized types of glia that build the myelin sheaths that surround neurons. a. radio glia; schwann cells b. schwann cells; oligodendrocytes c. microglia; oligodendrocytes d. oligodendrocytes; Schwann cells

D