PSYC 302: Chapter 4 & 5 ( chapter 4 Ethical Guidelines for Psychology Research & chapter 5 Identifying Good Measurement)

The 1.___________ set similar ethical principles (tailored to psychology) as the earlier 2.___________. However, two additional principles were added. The first is the principle of 3.__________, which has to do with relationships between psychologists and others, and the second is the principle of 4________, which emphasizes true and up-to date practices

1. APA Ethical Principles 2. Belmont report 3. fidelity and responsibility 4. integrity

While ethical codes such as the 1.________ specify guidelines for ethical procedures with humans, the 2._________ sets standards for the treatment of animals in research, among other settings. While all research institutions clear their human participant procedures with an 3.__________, animal research must be cleared by the 4.____________.

1. Belmont report 2. Animal welfare act 3. institutional review board 4. institutional animal care an use committee.

Place the steps of a study in the order that they should occur for the study to be ethical.

1. IRB approval 2. participant gives informed consent 3. experiment occurs 4. participant is debriefed

Doctor Hart implies that if his patient does not participate in his medical experiment, she may be removed from the hospital to make room for someone who will. This is an example of 1.______. Professor Gable offers low-income families $250 to participate in a short survey about drug use. This is an example of 2._________. Both of these concepts are addressed by the principle of 3._________. The precaution of 4.__________can help avoid both of these problems.

1. coercion 2. undue influence 3. respect for persons 4. informed consent

A research project begins with an abstract idea of what researchers want to measure. That idea is referred to as a(n) 1.___________. Researchers then create a tangible way to measure that idea, known as a(n) 2.__________. An example of this would be if researchers wanted to measure 3.___________, they might create a study that records 4._____________.

1. conceptual variable 2. operational variable 3. disgust 4. face responses

A measure's ability to remain consistent is referred to as 1._____. But this concept can be broken down in nuanced ways. For example, 2._____ refers to how uniform results will be after repeated use of a measure. In addition, 3._______ refers to how stable results from a measure will be when the measure is used by multiple administrators. Finally, a question with 4._____ will generate similar answers regardless of how it is worded.

1. reliability 2. test-retest reliability 3. interrater reliability 4.internal reliability

In measurement, 1.__________ refers to a measure's ability to accurately represent the variable the researcher is investigating. But this concept is made up of many different facets. 2._________ is the extent to which a given measure appears to be measuring the variable in question. 3.___________ evaluates how well a measure taps into all aspects of particular variable. 4.___________ represents how well a measure relates to actual behavior.

1. validity 2. face validity 3. content validity 4. criterion validity

Match each provision to its corresponding principle from the Belmont Report.

Beneficence: 1.Participants should be protected from harm and their well-being ensured. Respect for persons: 1. Participants should be treated as autonomous agents. 2. Participants with less autonomy should receive special protection. Justice: 1. There should be a balance between those who participate and those who benefit.

Which measurement of internal reliability is computed from inter-item correlations?

Cronbach's alpha

Read the examples and determine whether or not they involve deception.

Deception: 1. Researchers are conducting a study on aggression in video games. They tell the participants that the study is about teamwork in video games. 2. Researchers are conducting a study to see if taking a quiz by hand results in a different score than taking it on the computer. They tell the participants the study is about quizzes, but they do not explain the different groups. Not Deception: 1.Researchers are conducting a study on weight and body image. They tell participants that they will fill out surveys on their physical characteristics and what they think about their bodies.

Read the example and determine which characteristics best describe the variable in this study. Tamika is a research assistant, watching multiple elementary school students complete a puzzle on their own. She records the order in which they finish.

Does Describe: 1. observational 2. ordinal 3. quantitative Does not describe: 1. self-report 2. categorical 3. interval

Read the example and determine which characteristics best describe the variable in this study. Rebecca is conducting a study in which she is measuring the level of cortisol (a hormone that denotes a stress response in the body) in participants after they complete a difficult task. In this case, a reading of zero would mean no cortisol.

Does describe: 1. physiological 2. quantitative 3. ratio 4. operational Does not describe: 1.categorical 2. ordinal 3. self report

Match each example to its corresponding variable.

Operational variable: 1. number of calories consumed 2. seconds spent on a task 3. degrees fahrenheit Conceptual variable: 1. fear 2. fitness 3. social network usage

Match each example to the correct type of measure.

Physiological: 1. records biological information from a living thing observational: 1. records behaviors or traces of behaviors self-report: 1. records how participants feel about themselves

Read the examples and determine whether or not they constitute plagiarism.

Plagiarism: 1. Claire uses an idea from a friend in her class to create her final project, but she does all the work herself. 2. Haruto uses a line from another paper but changes two words and provides a citation. Not plagiarism: 1. Beatriz uses a quote from a famous author with a citation and quotation marks. 2. Jonathan writes an opinion paper about several studies that occurred over the last few years, referencing each as he mentions it.

Match each example to the correct type of scale.

Ratio scale: 1. amount of fuel in a gas tank 2. score on an exam Ordinal scale: 1. sorting your choice of majors by which you would like most 2. sport team rankings Interval scale: 1. the current date 2. sea level

Sort the statements as either true or false.

True: 1. All research on human participants must be approved by an institutional review board. False: 1. Most IRBs will not approve controversial research on human participants even if participants are not at risk. 2. Participants must always sign an informed consent form. 3. A researcher is never permitted to deceive his or her participants.

Sort the statements as either true or false.

True: 1. The potential risks of a study should never outweigh the potential benefits. False: 1.If research has significant risks, it should not be conducted. 2. A researcher must never conduct research on groups that are not completely autonomous. 3. Disadvantaged populations should not be studied due to the burden already placed on them.

Read the example and determine whether or not the study violates each of the three principles of the Belmont Report. Luther is conducting a study on whether a new, expensive allergy vaccine, which was developed to combat grass allergies caused by a certain type of sod, has any potentially dangerous long-term side effects. For his experiment, Luther is planning to advertise and recruit in urban low-socioeconomic-status areas and will give away new tablets to the participants to compensate for the potential danger of the side effects. His consent form has all the possible side effects and risks listed and fully informs the patients of the potential dangers.

Violates: 1. Justice 2. respect for persons Does not violate: 1. beneficence

Read the example and determine whether or not the study violates each of the three principles of the Belmont Report. Meredith is conducting a study about the effects of intoxication on decision making, to expand the literature on how people who are drunk can make dangerous decisions. She goes to several bars late at night and seeks out people who appear intoxicated. In exchange for $20, Meredith asks them to make a series of judgments and then measures their BAC. She reads the participants a full informed-consent agreement and has them sign. Following the study, she reads the participants a full debriefing.

Violates: 1. respect for persons Does not violate: 1. beneficence 2. Justice

Read the example and determine which characteristics best describe the variable in this survey. Farah is surveying people by phone from many different areas throughout the United States. She records their zip codes in order to keep track of what areas the participants are from.

does describe: 1. operational 2. categorical 3.self-report Does not describe: 1. conceptual 2. ordinal 3. quantitative 4. observational

Select the graph that demonstrates strong interrater reliability.

dots are going upward to left

Teresa is creating a measure on hyperactivity in children. She believes that diet and exercise can directly contribute to hyperactivity. Her measure contains over 30 items, including energy level, ability to focus, diet, and exercise. Teresa may have an issue with what type of validity?

face validity

Clarence created a scale in order to measure obsessive-compulsive disorder in people admitted to inpatient wards. Clarence sent his measure to three other psychiatric hospitals to see how it fared in other locations. In Clarence's hospital, his measure reported that 10% of the patients showed symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder, which was similar to the national average. The other three hospitals reported rates of 1%, 25%, and 35%. With what type of reliability may Clarence's measure have a problem?

interrater reliability

Match each example to the correct type of measure.

observational measure: 1. time someone spends smiling 2. number of times someone checks his or her phone in a waiting room self-report: 1. how outgoing someone claims to be 2.how depressed someone says he or she feels physiological measure: 1. someone's blood pressure 2. someone's electroencephalogram reading

Match each example to the concept it represents.

plagiarism: Trevor uses a famous quote from Freud in his paper but does not cite it, as he assumes everyone recognizes the quote. deception: Researchers tell participants a study is about their ability to work in groups, when it is really about attitudes toward minority group members. data fabrication: Derrick's study is two participants short of what is needed, but the semester has ended. Derrick adds two made-up participants that are the mean of every other participant in order to ensure a sufficient sample size. data falsification: Sarah realizes halfway through her study that 10 of her 200 participants took the wrong measure. In her final report, she omits those 10 without mention.

Match each definition to the correct term.

refinement: Procedures should minimize animal distress. replacement: Research should find alternatives to using animals. reduction: Procedures should require the minimum number of animal subjects.

Type the name of the concept that refers to how consistent a measurement will remain when used in different situations.

reliability