Psyc 356 - Chp 7: Erikson: Post-Freudian Theory
Adulthood
A time when people experience the psychosexual mode of procreativity, the psychosocial crisis of generativity versus stagnation, the basic strength of care, & the core pathology of rejectivity
According to Erik Erikson, _____ is the most crucial developmental stage because, by the end of this period, a person must gain a firm sense of ego identity.
Adolescence
According to Erik Erikson, _____ is the period from puberty to young adulthood.
Adolescence
Erik Erikson's post-Freudian theory extended Sigmund Freud's infantile developmental stages into _____, _____, and _____.
Adolescence; adulthood; old age
According to Erik Erikson, _____ refers to the time when people begin to take their place in society and assume responsibility for whatever society produces.
Adulthood
According to Erik Erikson, the seventh stage of development is _____.
Adulthood
According to Erik Erikson, during the 2nd year of life, children's primary psychosexual adjustment is the _____ mode.
Anal-urethral-muscular
According to Erik Erikson, during the _____ mode, children learn to control their body, especially in relation to cleanliness and mobility.
Anal-urethral-muscular
Erik Erikson believed that infants learn _____ if they find no correspondence between their oral-sensory needs and their environment.
Basic mistrust
According to Erik Erikson, the conflict between the dystonic and syntonic elements produces an ego quality or ego strength which is referred to as a(n) _____.
Basic strength
According to Erik Erikson, if infants learn that their mother will provide food regularly, then they begin to learn _____.
Basic trust
According to Erik Erikson, the _________________ _____________ refers to people's experiences with their body.
Body ego
According to Erik Erikson, _____ is the first psychosocial stage.
Infancy
Psychohistory
A combination of psychoanalysis & history; Used to study the identity crises of Martin Luther, Mahatma Gandhi, and others
Psychosocial Crisis
A conflict resulting from people experiencing an interaction of opposing syntonic and dystonic attitudes
Adolescence (Puberty)
A crucial stage because a person's sense of identity should emerge from this period; However, identity confusion may dominate the psychosocial crisis, thereby postponing identity; Fidelity is the basic strength of adolescence; Role repudiation is its core pathology
In the play age, children set goals and pursue them with _____.
A purpose
According to Erik Erikson, the _____ refers to a way of seeing our physical self as different from other people.
Body ego
Genital maturation is referred to as _____.
Puberty
Basic trust is ordinarily _____, whereas basic mistrust is _____.
Syntonic; dystonic
Erik Erikson believed that some ratio of _____ is critical to people's ability to adapt.
Trust and mistrust
In the context of the impact of nature on gender identity formation, a study conducted by Klink and Den Hijer (2014) has found that transgender identity is associated with variation in _____.
Brain structures
Erik Erikson believed that _____ is the basic strength of adulthood.
Care
School-Age
Children are in a period sexual latency but face the psychosocial crisis of industry versus inferiority, which produces either the basic strength of competence or the core pathology of inertia
Play Age
Children experience genital-locomotor psychosexual development and undergo a psychosocial crisis of initiative versus guilt, with either the basic strength of purpose or the core pathology of inhibition
Early Childhood
Children experience the anal, urethral, & muscular psychosexual mode; the psychosocial conflict of autonomy versus shame & doubt; the basic strength of will; and the core pathology of compulsion
According to Erik Erikson and James Marcia, the extent to which a person is invested in a role or life plan is referred to as _____.
Commitment
According to Erik Erikson, _____ lays the foundation for "co-operative participation in productive adult life."
Competence
According to Erik Erikson, _____ refers to the confidence to use one's physical and cognitive abilities to solve the problems that accompany school age.
Competence
Inadequate will is expressed as _____, the core pathology of early childhood.
Compulsion
Erik Erikson believed that too little basic strength at any one stage results in a(n) _____ for that stage.
Core pathology
To Erik Erikson, the ego exists as potential at birth, but it must emerge from within a _____.
Cultural environment
_____ refers to the act of rebelling against authority.
Defiance
According to social and cognitive theories, which of the following influence gender and gender identity development?
Differences in hormones; variation in genes; cultural norms
Role repudiation can take the form of _____, which is an extreme lack of self-trust or self-confidence and is expressed as shyness or hesitancy to express oneself.
Diffidence
According to Erik Erikson, the antithesis of wisdom and the core pathology of old age is _____.
Disdain
Erik Erikson defined _____ as a reaction to feeling in an increasing state of being finished, confused, helpless.
Disdain
According to Erik Erikson, _____ is the feeling of not being certain, the feeling that something remains hidden and cannot be seen.
Doubt
Syntonic & Dystonic attitudes
During every stage, people experience an interaction of opposing syntonic and dystonic attitudes
Core Pathology
Each basic strength has an underlying antipathy that becomes the core pathology of that stage
According to Erik Erikson, _____ encompasses approximately the 2nd and 3rd years of life.
Early childhood
The second stage in Erik Erikson's psychosocial development model that parallels Sigmund Freud's anal stage is _____.
Early childhood
According to Erik Erikson, the _____ represents the image we have of ourselves in comparison with an established ideal.
Ego ideal
Erik Erikson believed that the _____ is responsible for our being satisfied or dissatisfied not only with our physical self but with our entire personal identity.
Ego ideal
Erik Erikson believed that _____ is the image we have of ourselves in the variety of social roles we play.
Ego identity
The search for _____ reaches a climax during adolescence as young people strive to find out who they are and who they are not.
Ego identity
_____ development implies a step-by-step growth of fetal organs.
Epigenetic
Erik Erikson believed that the ego develops throughout the various stages of life according to a(n) _____.
Epigenetic principle
Epigenetic Principle
Erikson's stages of development rest on an epigenetic principle, meaning that each component proceeds in a step-by-step fashion with later growth building on earlier development
Erik Erikson believed that the antipathy of love is _____, the core pathology of young adulthood.
Exclusivity
_____ becomes pathological when it blocks one's ability to cooperate, compete, or compromise—all prerequisite ingredients for intimacy and love.
Exclusivity
According to Erik Erikson and James Marcia, the extent to which a person rethinks, examines, and tries on roles and life plans is referred to as _____.
Exploration
According to Erikson, care is an obligation of adulthood.
False
According to Erik Erikson, the basic strength emerging from adolescent identity crises is _____.
Fidelity
The trust learned in infancy is basic for _____ in adolescence.
Fidelity
Infancy
First stage of development; Characterized by the oral-sensory mode, the psychosocial crisis of basic trust versus mistrust, the basic strength of hope, and the core pathology of withdrawal
According to Erik Erikson, by having both painful and pleasurable experiences, infants learn to expect that _____ will meet with _____.
Future distresses; satisfactory outcomes
According to Erik Erikson, _____ may also include a greater appreciation for the traditional lifestyle of the opposite sex.
Generalized sensuality
According to Erik Erikson, the final psychosexual stage is _____.
Generalized sensuality
Erik Erikson's theory is rated high on its ability to _____ as the topic of ego identity alone has led to the emergence of several hundred studies.
Generate research
_____ includes the procreation of children, the production of work, and the creation of new things and ideas that contribute to the building of a better world.
Generativity
_______________ is defined as the generation of new beings as well as new products and new ideas.
Generativity
Erik Erikson believed that a child may play at being a mother, a father, a wife, or a husband; but such play is an expression not only of the _____ but also of the child's rapidly developing _____.
Genital mode; locomotor abilities
According to Erik Erikson, the primary psychosexual mode during the play age is _____.
Genital-locomotor
True _____ can develop only during young adulthood when it is distinguished by mutual trust and a stable sharing of sexual satisfactions with a loved person.
Genitality
_____ is the chief psychosexual accomplishment of young adulthood and exists only in an intimate relationship.
Genitality
According to Erik Erikson, the consequence of taboo and inhibited goals in children such as marrying their mother or father or leaving home is known as _____.
Guilt
According to Erik Erikson, _____ emerges from the conflict between basic trust and basic mistrust.
Hope
According to Erik Erikson, _____________ ______________ is referred to as a turning point in one's life that may either strengthen or weaken personality.
Identity crisis
Erik Erikson believed that from adolescence on, psychosocial struggle takes the form of an _____.
Identity crisis
Erik Erikson believed that during adolescence, young people learn to cope with the psychosocial conflict of _____.
Identity versus identity confusion
Erik Erikson used the term "ego identity" to refer to the _____.
Images people have of themselves in the variety of social roles they play
________________, a syntonic quality, means industriousness, a willingness to remain busy with something and to finish a job.
Industry
According to Erik Erikson, the psychosocial crisis of the school age is _____.
Industry versus inferiority
Erik Erikson believed that as children learn to do things well, they develop a sense of _____, but if their work is insufficient to accomplish their goals, they acquire a sense of _____—the dystonic quality of the school age.
Industry; inferiority
________________ is referred to as a period of encompassing approximately the first year of life.
Infancy
Erik Erikson believed that as children begin to move around more easily and vigorously and as their genital interest awakens, they adopt _____ in their selection and pursuit of goals.
Initiative
According to Erik Erikson, the conflict between _____ becomes the dominant psychosocial crisis of the play age.
Initiative and guilt
According to Erik Erikson, _____ means a feeling of wholeness and coherence, an ability to hold together one's sense of "I-ness" despite diminishing physical and intellectual powers.
Integrity
Erik Erikson believed that a person's final identity crisis is _____.
Integrity versus despair
Erik Erikson believed that in every stage of life there is a(n) _____.
Interaction of opposites
Young adulthood is marked by the psychosocial crisis of _____.
Intimacy versus isolation
_____ is defined as the incapacity to take chances with one's identity by sharing true intimacy.
Isolation
Erik Erikson agreed with Sigmund Freud that school age is a period of psychosexual _____.
Latency
Erik Erikson believed that _____ emerges from the crisis of intimacy versus isolation.
Love
Erik Erikson defined _____ as mature devotion that overcomes basic differences between men and women.
Love
Old Age
Marked by the psychosexual mode of generalized sensuality, the crisis of integrity versus despair, and the basic strength of wisdom or the core pathology of disdain
According to Erik Erikson, the eighth and final stage of development is _____.
Old age
Erik Erikson defined _____ as the period from about age 60 to the end of life.
Old age
According to Erik Erikson, infancy is expressed in the term _____, a phrase that includes infants' principal psychosexual mode of adapting.
Oral-sensory
The _____ stage is characterized by two modes of incorporation—receiving and accepting what is given.
Oral-sensory
In its ability to _____, Erik Erikson's theory lacks sufficient scope and is limited mostly to developmental stages and therefore is rated low on this criterion.
Organize knowledge
Erik Erikson's third stage of development is the _____.
Play age
According to Erik Erikson, _____ refers to more than genital contact with an intimate partner.
Procreativity
_____ includes assuming responsibility for the care of offspring that result from that sexual contact.
Procreativity
Basic Strength
Produced by a resolution of the psychosocial crisis; Enables a person to move to the next stage
According to Erik Erikson, ___________ is defined as an illusion perpetrated and perpetuated by a particular society that it is somehow chosen to be the human species.
Pseudospecies
Erik Erikson argued that historically all tribes or nations have developed what he called a _____.
Pseudospecies
Erik Erikson defined _____________ as the study of individual and collective life with the combined methods of psychoanalysis and history.
Psychohistory
The discipline called _____________ is a controversial field that combines psychoanalytic concepts with historical methods.
Psychohistory
Erik Erikson suggested that at each stage a specific _____ contributes to the formation of personality.
Psychosocial struggle
Erik Erikson believed that _____ is important psychologically because it triggers expectations of adult roles yet ahead—roles that are essentially social and can be filled only through a struggle to attain ego identity.
Puberty
In the play age, the conflict of initiative versus guilt produces the basic strength of _____.
Purpose
The antipathy of care is _____, the core pathology of adulthood.
Rejectivity
_____ is the unwillingness to take care of certain persons or groups.
Rejectivity
The pathological counterpart of fidelity is _____.
Role repudiation
_____ is the core pathology of adolescence that blocks one's ability to synthesize various self-images and values into a workable identity.
Role repudiation
According to Erik Erikson, the _____ covers development from about age 6 to approximately age 12 or 13.
School age
Erik Erikson's concept of _____ matches the latency years of Sigmund Freud's theory.
School age
According to Erik Erikson, the antithesis of generativity is _____.
Self-absorption and stagnation
Erik Erikson believed that _____ is important because it allows children to divert their energies to learning the technology of their culture and the strategies of their social interactions.
Sexual latency
According to Erik Erikson, _____ is a feeling of selfconsciousness, of being looked at and exposed.
Shame
According to Erik Erikson, early childhood is a time for _____.
Shame and doubt
According to Erik Erikson, if children do not develop basic trust during infancy, then their attempts to gain control of their anal, urethral, and muscular organs during early childhood will be met with a strong sense of _____, setting up a serious psychosocial crisis.
Shame and doubt
According to Erik Erikson, the conflict between autonomy and _____ becomes the major psychosocial crisis of early childhood.
Shame and doubt
Ego Identity
Shaped by a multiplicity of historical and cultural events, but biological components also lay a ground plan for each individual
Identify a true statement about the effects of social media and the Internet on adolescents.
Social media and online communication foster relationships and connection
Erik Erikson believed that although inborn capacities are important in personality development, the ego emerges from and is largely shaped by _____.
Society
Attitudes such as self-absorption or excessive self-indulgence fosters a pervading sense of _____.
Stagnation
According to Erik Erikson, in every stage of life there is a conflict between a ___________ (harmonious) element and a _____________ (disruptive) element.
Syntonic; dystonic
Which of the following psychosocial stages defined by Erik Erikson covers the same period in development as Sigmund Freud's phallic phase?
The play age
Young Adulthood
The time from about age 18 to 30; Characterized by the psychosexual mode of genitality, the psychosocial crisis of intimacy versus isolation, the basic strength of love, and the core pathology of exclusivity
Who among the following teens is most likely to make a biased self-presentation of ideal and false selves on social media?
Trisha, who has high anxiety
Erik Erikson believed that from the antithesis between _____ and _____ emerges hope, an ego quality that allows an infant to move into the next stage.
Trust; mistrust
Children develop _____ only when their environment allows them some self-expression in their control of sphincters and other muscles.
Will
Erik Erikson believed that the basic strength of _____ evolves from the resolution of the crisis of autonomy versus shame and doubt.
Will
Erik Erikson believed that when their experiences result in too much shame and doubt, children do not adequately develop the second important basic strength, that is, _____.
Will
Erik Erikson believed that the inevitable struggle between integrity and despair produces _____, the basic strength of old age.
Wisdom
Erik Erikson defined _____ as an informed and detached concern with life itself in the face of death itself.
Wisdom
According to Erik Erikson, a child who does not acquire sufficient hope during infancy will develop the antithesis or opposite of hope, namely, _____.
Withdrawal
According to Erik Erikson, _____ is a time from about age 19 to 30.
Young adulthood
According to Erik Erikson, _____ is circumscribed not so much by time as by the acquisition of intimacy at the beginning of the stage and the development of generativity at the end.
Young adulthood