PSYC 365 Final

Early behaviorists argued that because thinking cannot be observed, it cannot be studied objectively and scientifically. How would a cognitive psychologist be most likely to respond to this argument? "We can determine what people are thinking simply by asking them to describe their thoughts. The things they say are observable behaviors that we can measure objectively." "We study mental events, which aren't the same thing as thinking." "Modern technology allows us to study thought processes very precisely." "By studying people's responses to various stimuli, we can draw inferences about thought processes that may underlie those responses."

"By studying people's responses to various stimuli, we can draw inferences about thought processes that may underlie those responses."

Which one of the following statements reflects a concern about the separation and control of variables? "I'm trying to learn how to do a lay-up shot. Can you show me all the things I should do, going one step at a time?" "How do you think I should make amends with Martha? If I tell her I'm sorry, she might think I'm lying." "I'm catching more tadpoles today, but I don't know if it's because I'm using a larger container to catch them or because I'm working in a different part of the frog pond." "I have two tests to study for tonight--science and Spanish. I'll study one subject before dinner and the other one after dinner so I don't get them confused. "

"I'm catching more tadpoles today, but I don't know if it's because I'm using a larger container to catch them or because I'm working in a different part of the frog pond."

Which of the following common sayings best reflects the basic premise underlying social learning theory? "Monkey see, monkey do." "A rolling stone gathers no moss." "Spare the rod and spoil the child." "A friend in need is a friend indeed."

"Monkey see, monkey do."

Which one of the following best illustrates the use of a concept map? Ms. Blanchard draws a chart listing the sequence of events leading up to World War II in chronological order. Mr. Calvin draws a chart showing the hierarchy that biologists use to classify animals; his chart includes vertebrates, invertebrates, mammals, fish, birds, mollusks, crustaceons, and so on. Mr. Alexander puts the words force, gravity, velocity, acceleration, and time on the chalkboard; he then draws lines between pairs of related words and describes the relationships. Ms. Dubroski lists the characteristics of the canine family in biology.

"Mr. Alexander puts the words force, gravity, velocity, acceleration, and time on the chalkboard; he then draws lines between pairs of related words and describes the relationships.

Considering current views regarding the capacity of working memory, which one of the following sets of information could be held entirely in working memory? The names of 20 friends The visual images of 20 friends Two pages of narrative from a mystery novel A list of five miscellaneous household objects

> A list of five miscellaneous household objects

Eunice has had trouble remembering the formula for calculating the area of a circle, so she is saying it to herself over and over again as her teacher passes out a geometry test. Eunice is demonstrating: Storage in the sensory register The use of maintenance rehearsal The use of chunking Retrieval from working memory

> The use of maintenance rehearsal

Which one of the following scenarios best reflects the basic idea of individual constructivism? A student tries to make sense of a poorly written and confusing magazine article A student practices playing the F major scale on his violin until he can play it perfectly. A teacher assigns a laboratory activity using cumbersome equipment that students can only use successfully by working in pairs. Four students in a study group divide the day's reading assignment into four sections. Each student reads a section and then teaches the material to the other group members.

A student tries to make sense of a poorly written and confusing magazine article

Which one of the following most clearly illustrates the Gestalt principle of figure-ground? Caryn is lost in her thoughts. Darlene has difficulty judging the size of objects more than six meters away from her. Bart has difficulty seeing the difference between the letters b and d because the two letters are so similar in appearance. Aaron is watching the teacher's face so intently that he doesn't notice what she is writing on the chalkboard.

Aaron is watching the teacher's face so intently that he doesn't notice what she is writing on the chalkboard.

Three of the following are examples of learning. Which one is not? David has been running away from German shepherds ever since he was bitten by a German shepherd two years ago. Cara suddenly recognizes how the division fact "24/4=6" is related to the multiplication fact "6x4=24." After many hours of heated debate, Brian begins to advocate political practices he has previously opposed. Abigail cries when she steps on a sharp pebble.

Abigail cries when she steps on a sharp pebble.

Eight-year-old Julie lives in a rural area where many people are farmers or in some other way make their living through agriculture. After a lengthy summer drought, it begins to rain heavily one day in late July. "Thank goodness!" Julie hears her father exclaim. "Our prayers have finally been answered!" Julie makes a mental note of the cause-effect relationship her father has implied-in particular, that prayer can lead to rain. This situations illustrates Vygotsky's belief that: Children acquire more knowledge and skills when scaffolding is kept to a minimum. Children's level of potential development is always a bit higher than their actual developmental level. Adults pass along to children the ways in which their culture interprets events. Thought and language are distinct processes in the early years of life.

Adults pass along to children the ways in which their culture interprets events.

Which one of the following best illustrates Tolman's notion of a cognitive map? After walking around campus for a few days, you learn where buildings are in relation to one another. You study a map of Australia but reproduce it with many distortions in shape and location. The concepts table and chair are more closely associated in memory than the words bed and refrigerator. You study a map of Australia until you can reproduce it with considerable accuracy.

After walking around campus for a few days, you learn where buildings are in relation to one another.

Three of the following illustrate various ways that learning might be reflected in a person's behavior. Which one of the following changes does not necessarily reflect learning? Lewis occasionally asks for help when he has difficulty with his classwork, but most of the time he just struggles quietly on his own. After his teacher assures him that asking for help is not a sign of weakness or inability, he begins asking for help much more frequently. Although it's a school night, Dean plays video games until well past his usual bedtime. As he becomes more tired, he finds it increasingly difficult to concentrate on what he's doing. Even as a young child, Jerry could tell you that his grandparents immigrated to the United States from Ireland. But after a conversation with his grandmother, he can now describe the circumstances of the family's immigration in considerable detail. Day after day, Martin practices his basketball skill (shooting, dribbling, etc.) on a basketball court at a local park. With each practice session, his movements become faster and smoother.

Although it's a school night, Dean plays video games until well past his usual bedtime. As he becomes more tired, he finds it increasingly difficult to concentrate on what he's doing.

In Piaget's theory, a scheme can best be described as: A mental picture of oneself A set of motor skills that preschoolers develop An organized group of similar thoughts or actions A general lifestyle or cultural pattern

An organized group of similar thoughts or actions

Which one of the following is the best example of a mediated learning experience? Mr. Lucas asks his students to read Chapter 5 in their textbooks over the weekend. "You'll find that the chapter is more challenging than previous ones," he says. Mr. O'Brien insists that students sit quietly at their desks before she dismisses them for lunch. As Ms. Robinson, takes a group of children hiking, she gathers leaves from maple, oak, and elm trees and points out the ways in which the leaves from the trees are distinctly different. Mr. James reflects on the lesson he taught earlier in the day. "I suspect that most of my students still don't understand the concepts I was trying to teach them," he thinks.

As Ms. Robinson, takes a group of children hiking, she gathers leaves from maple, oak, and elm trees and points out the ways in which the leaves from the trees are distinctly different.

Ms. Iwata has a long-term goal for her science students--to consider what they have learned about science as they deal with issues and problems in their daily lives. Which one of the following teaching strategies will best help her students retrieve relevant scientific principles in situations where the principles might be applied? Maximize the use of concrete materials, and minimize the use of abstract ideas. Teach students how to take good notes about classroom subject matter. Maximize the use of abstract ideas, and minimize the use of concrete materials. Associate those principles with as many real-life situations as possible.

Associate those principles with as many real-life situations as possible.

Which one of the following scenarios reflects the typical duration of working (short-term) memory? Barney looks up the correct spelling of the word fossil and closes the dictionary. By the time he finds a piece of paper on which to write the word, he has forgotten how to spell it. Carol remembers most of the information that she has been learning about World War II in class this week, but she remembers very little of what she learned about World War I two weeks ago. At 9:00 a.m., Darrell makes a mental list of the five items he needs to purchase at the grocery store at the end of the day. At noon, he checks himself and realizes that he still remembers all five. At 3:00 p.m., however, he discovers that he has forgotten three of the five items. Arnie's family spends a summer at his grandmother's house and is able to remember his grandmother's telephone number for the two months he is there. However, he quickly forgets the number after he moves back home again.

Barney looks up the correct spelling of the word fossil and closes the dictionary. By the time he finds a piece of paper on which to write the word, he has forgotten how to spell it.

___________ research examines learning in tightly controlled settings and ____________ research examines learning in real-world settings. Basic; Qualitative Basic; Applied Qualitative; Applied Applied; Basic

Basic; Applied

Considering research described in the textbook regarding meaningful learning, which one of the following students is most likely to remember what the word effervescent means? Carolyn thinks, "The ending is the same as the ending of adolescent." Donna thinks, "I'll bet it comes from the Latin word fervere, meaning 'boil.'" Betty thinks, "The word describes me...I have a bubbly personality." Alice thinks, "The word has four E's"

Betty thinks, "The word describes me...I have a bubbly personality."

Each of the women below is engaging in two activities simultaneously. Considering contemporary views of attention, identify the woman who should have the greatest difficulty doing both things at once. As Camille walks down the street, she calls a friend on her cell phone to express anger about his inconsiderate behavior earlier in the day. Brenda is watching the evening news on television while she studies for an exam. As she jogs around the track at the health club, Donna is trying to decide where to go on her vacation next month. Amelia is thinking about what to cook for dinner while she combs her hair.

Brenda is watching the evening news on television while she studies for an exam.

Which one of the following examples best illustrates involvement of a central executive in the human memory system? Brigette works hard to keep her mind on her textbook as she reads. David is frightened the first time he hears the loud noises at a fireworks display. Adam absentmindedly cracks his knuckles every minute or two. As she sits in a science lecture, Claudia's thoughts continually drift to other topics

Brigette works hard to keep her mind on her textbook as she reads.

Based on findings from verbal learning research, which list of 3-letter syllables should be easiest to learn? TUN, FOT, AOR XDP, MFC, RLJ BUX, RIJ, NOP CAR, DOG, BUN

CAR, DOG, BUN

According to the textbook, which one of the following conclusions is most warranted from research on brain development? Children probably won't acquire the basic skills essential to succeed in the adult world (e.g., reading, writing, math) unless they begin developing those skills in the early elementary grades at the latest. The ability to think abstractly depends on the development of many synaptic connections during the first five years of life. To become truly skilled in such domains as art and music, children should begin systematic instruction in these domains before the age of five. Classroom experiences can significantly enhance people's cognitive development throughout the elementary, secondary, and post-secondary school years.

Classroom experiences can significantly enhance people's cognitive development throughout the elementary, secondary, and post-secondary school years.

Which one of the following best describes contemporary theorists' perspective on classical conditioning? Despite Pavlov's early findings to the contrary, higher-order conditioning and generalization seldom occur. Cognitive factors, such as mental representations of stimuli and predictions that organisms make, must often be considered in addition to observable stimuli and responses. Classical conditioning occurs primarily in artificial laboratory conditions; it rarely occurs in more naturalistic, real-life settings. Classical conditioning typically occurs only in conjunction with operant conditioning; for example, conditioned stimuli elicit conditioned responses only when those responses are followed by reinforcement.

Cognitive factors, such as mental representations of stimuli and predictions that organisms make, must often be considered in addition to observable stimuli and responses.

Maria moved to this country several months ago. She has been studying English as a second language but still has much to learn about the language of her new homeland. One day her teacher tells the class, "Bring an empty coffee can to school tomorrow for a project we're going to do." Maria hears only two familiar words--"coffee" and "school"--and guesses that her teacher is saying that students should not drink coffee at school. Maria's misinterpretation illustrates which one of the following? Construction in retrieval Construction in storage Auditory imagery Conceptual change

Construction in storage

Which one of the following pairs illustrates two different levels of processing? Deciding whether bear rhymes with chair; thinking about how a bear and a dog are similar. Deciding whether bear rhymes with chair ; deciding whether bear rhymes with deer. Deciding whether bear rhymes with chair; deciding whether actual rhymes with natural. Thinking about how a bear and a dog are similar; thinking about how a chair and a table are similar.

Deciding whether bear rhymes with chair; thinking about how a bear and a dog are similar.

Which of the following pairs of concepts reflects the general idea that challenge is important for cognitive development? Working memory and central conceptual structure Disequilibrium and ZPD Self-talk and inner speech Conservation and internalization

Disequilibrium and ZPD

Harry and Sam are both taking French; Harry is also taking German, but Sam is not. Harry and Sam learn these French vocabulary words in their French class: head-la tete eye-l'oeil mouth-la bouche The following day, Harry learns these German vocabulary words in his German class: head-der Kopf eye-das Auge mouth- der Mund A week later the two boys are given a French vocabulary quiz in which they are asked to give the French words for head, eye, and mouth. Other things being equal, findings from verbal learning research would lead us to predict that: Due to retroactive inhibition, Harry will get a lower grade on the quiz than Sam. Due to proactive facilitation, Harry will get a higher grade on the quiz than Sam. Due to retroactive facilitation, Harry will get a lower grade on the quiz than Sam. Due to proactive inhibition, Harry will get a higher grade on the quiz than Sam.

Due to retroactive inhibition, Harry will get a lower grade on the quiz than Sam.

A physics teacher asks her students to draw a picture to illustrate the forces at work when someone throws a ball into the air. This strategy should do two things to help students remember the forces involved. In particular, it should encourage students to engage in both: Verbalization and facilitative expectations Rote learning and automaticity Implicit and explicit understanding Enactment and visual imagery

Enactment and visual imagery

Which one of the following statements best describes behaviorists' two-step theory of avoidance learning? Avoidance of the aversive stimulus is negatively reinforced by the presence of the pre-aversive stimulus Fear of the pre-aversive stimulus is classically conditioned, and escape from that stimulus is negatively reinforced Escape responses occur prior to avoidance responses Remaining in the situation is punished by the aversive stimulus; avoiding it is positively reinforced by the pre-aversive stimulus

Fear of the pre-aversive stimulus is classically conditioned, and escape from that stimulus is negatively reinforced

Which one of the following clearly illustrates Piaget's concept of assimilation? Five-year-old Harvey draws on the chalkboard with a large white crayon instead of with chalk. Eleven-year-old Mary Lou moves to a different school and purchases new clothes to fit the local fashions. Eight-year-old Rowena develops the necessary eye-hand coordination for writing letters in cursive. A language arts teacher asks 13-year-old Reynold to think about possible adjectives other than awesome that he might use in his writing to describe interesting and enjoyable activities.

Five-year-old Harvey draws on the chalkboard with a large white crayon instead of with chalk.

Based on the textbook's discussion, you might best think of attention as being a process of: Turning one's sensory receptors in the direction of desired information Making stronger responses to bright or loud stimuli Focusing one's cognitive processes on certain stimuli in the environment Filtering out unwanted information, in much the same way that an oil filter removes unwanted particles.

Focusing one's cognitive processes on certain stimuli in the environment

As a teacher, you want your students to use effective information processing strategies as they study classroom subject matter. You consider research about the effects of classroom assessment tasks on learning, and you conclude that you should: Assess students' rote knowldege of the material first, then ask higher-level questions about the material in a subsequent assessment. Ask many short questions rather than a few lengthy ones. Give assessment tasks that require meaningful understanding of the material. Not give paper-pencil tests at all.

Give assessment tasks that require meaningful understanding of the material.

The textbook recommends a number of ways in which to increase students' attention in class. Which one of the following is not recommended? Have several different activities going on simultaneously. Vary the method of presentation. Place easily distractible students near the teacher. Ask questions frequently.

Have several different activities going on simultaneously.

Students in a fourth-grade reading group are reading a passage about snakes. Their teacher asks, "Who can think of a good title that summarizes what this passage is about?" After hearing several good suggestions, the teacher says, "The author says that snakes are helpful to farmers. What evidence does she give to support her statement?" If we consider Vygotsky's concept of internalization, we might predict that such a discussion will: Help students develop effective reading comprehension strategies (e.g., summarizing, looking for supporting statements). Be more beneficial for students who are working outside their zones of proximal development than for students working inside their ZPDs. Be confusing and counterproductive for students who are not yet capable of abstract thought. Help students develop a greater interest in learning for its own sake.

Help students develop effective reading comprehension strategies (e.g., summarizing, looking for supporting statements).

Which one of the following issues reflects a fundamental difference between Piaget's and Vygotsky's theories of cognitive development? How much children require adult guidance to make cognitive gains Whether challenging tasks promote cognitive development Whether social interactions are important for cognitive development Whether preschoolers are cognitively ready to handle complex, adult like tasks

How much children require adult guidance to make cognitive gains

Which one of the following statements provides the most credible explanation for the fact that human beings seem to surpass all other animal species in their thinking and learning capacities? Only human beings have the capability to make tools. Human beings have a huge repertoire of instinctual behaviors from which they can draw when they encounter new experiences. Human brains are smaller than those of other intelligent species (e.g., elephants, dolphins) and therefore can transmit messages more quickly and efficiently. Humans communicate regularly with one another and, in doing so, pass along what they've learned to future generations.

Human beings have a huge repertoire of instinctual behaviors from which they can draw when they encounter new experiences.

Human beings undoubtedly learn more during the course of a lifetime than any other species on earth. The major result of this capacity to learn is that: New instincts begin to emerge. Humans can benefit from their experiences. Humans are the only species whose behavior cannot be analyzed in terms of stimuli and responses. Human thought becomes less logical with each generation.

Humans can benefit from their experiences.

Which one of the following most closely defines Uri Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory? Adults actively manipulate children's understanding of changing systems Children who learn about ecological systems from an early age have higher cognitive abilities Humans develop by participating in separate, but interacting systems Children learn the concept of biological systems from experience

Humans develop by participating in separate, but interacting systems

Generally speaking, adults learn and remember more easily than children do. The reverse is true, however, when the children: Are instructed to close their eyes and listen very closely Get at least 8 hours of sleep per night Engage in daily exercises designed to expand working memory capacity Initially know more about the topic being studied than the adults do

Initially know more about the topic being studied than the adults do

Susan is introduced to Jerry. She immediately smiles and says, "Hello Jerry." A minute later, she wants to introduce Jerry to her friend Mary, but she cannot remember his name. Based on this information, how far in Susan's memory system did Jerry's name get? It reached the sensory register It reached long-term memory It reached working memory It never got into the memory system at all

It reached working memory

Which one of the following kinds of knowledge is least likely to be dependent on active, conscious processing to be learned? Base your choice on research findings presented in the textbook. Knowing the Los Angeles is approximately 3,000 miles from New York. Knowing that the word cat appears in speech more often than feline. Knowing how to start a fire using crumpled newspaper and small twigs. Knowing that football, lighthouse, and airport are all compound words.

Knowing that the word cat appears in speech more often than feline.

Which one of the following examples best illustrates symbolic thought as Piaget described it? Laura asks herself, "Hmm, where did I put my social studies book?" Richard actively manipulates a new toy to find out what it does. Isabelle pushes a classmate off the swing so that she can use it. Edwards tries not to cry when his mother drops him off on the first day of kindergarten.

Laura asks herself, "Hmm, where did I put my social studies book?"

Which one of the following is the best example of paired associate learning? Learning the capitals of European countries Learning how to fly a kite Learning French grammar Learning the months of the year in order

Learning the capitals of European countries

Which one of the following is the best example of serial learning? Learning how to fly a kite Learning French grammar Learning the capitals of European countries Learning the months of the year in order

Learning the months of the year in order

Which one of the following would Piaget be least likely to advocate for elementary school children? Field trips to hands-on science museums Laboratory-type experiences with physical objects Lectures that describe interesting scientific facts Discussions with classmates

Lectures that describe interesting scientific facts

Which one of the following examples best illustrates a problem with prospective memory? Meredith can't remember anything that happened in the few minutes before she was in an automobile accident. Chloe sees a person she knows she has met before, but she can't remember the person's name. Juan can't recall something his teacher told him because he was thinking about something else while she was talking to him. Marcus forgets to keep the appointment he made with his teacher after school.

Marcus forgets to keep the appointment he made with his teacher after school.

Which of the following best exemplifies experience-expectant plasticity? Mastering one's native language Understanding abstract ideas in philosophy Learning how to play the guitar Applying principles of psychology to real-world settings

Mastering one's native language

Three of the following describe methods that researchers commonly use to determine how the human brain probably functions. Which one is not a commonly used method to study the brain? Recording brain activity through PET scans, CAT scans, and similar technologies Measuring the levels of various hormones and other substances in the blood Documenting the behaviors of people with various kinds of brain injuries Removing a certain part of an animal's brain and observing the animal's subsequent behaviors

Measuring the levels of various hormones and other substances in the blood

Three of the following statements reflect contemporary views of Piaget's stages. Which statement is not accurate? The stages better reflect how children can think under optimal circumstances rather than how they typically do think in day-to-day situations. Most formal operational capabilities emerge 2-3 years earlier than Piaget suggested. Acquisition of stage-related characteristics (or not) seems to depend to some degree on the culture in which a child grows up. Cognitive development can be better characterized as gradual trends than as four distinct stages.

Most formal operational capabilities emerge 2-3 years earlier than Piaget suggested.

Which one of the following statements best characterizes the duration of the sensory register? Information can last indefinitely in the sensory register if the visual auditory image is occasionally retrieved. Most visual information lasts less than a second, with auditory information lasting slightly longer. Meaningless information fades quickly, but meaningful information may remain for hours. Information remains for about ten seconds regardless of its nature.

Most visual information lasts less than a second, with auditory information lasting slightly longer.

Each of the following teachers is reviewing materials their students will need to know for the upcoming final exam. Three of the following teachers are reviewing in a way that is sensitive to their students cognitive load capacity? Which teacher is not? Mr. Daniels stops and repeats difficult concepts and often re-words confusing information. Mr. Andrews puts all of the information students will need to know for the exam on the board and instructs the students to copy it into notes. Mr. Brown presents the information separated into sections. He completes one section before moving on to the next. Mr. Carey presents the information slowly and includes many examples and illustrations.

Mr. Andrews puts all of the information students will need to know for the exam on the board and instructs the students to copy it into notes.

Only one of the following teachers is applying contemporary memory theory. Which one? Ms. Cranston asks her students to memorize definitions of 15 geometric figures. Mr. Dominowski suggests that his students put information for tomorrow's test in their short-term memories. Mr. Bancroft helps students identify important ideas in their textbooks. Ms. Alphonso suggests that students in her Russian class listen to Russian tapes while they sleep.

Mr. Bancroft helps students identify important ideas in their textbooks.

The following four junior high school science teachers are teaching the concept molecule to their students. In each classroom, some of the students are at Piaget's formal operations stage and others are at the concrete operations stage. In which classroom are the concrete operational most likely to have difficulty understadning? Mr. Carmen verbally describes how different elements are made up of different numbers of neutrons, protons, and electrons. Mr. Armani lets students touch and manipulate concrete models of various molecules. Mr. Davidson has students role-play being neutrons, protons, and electrons. The "neutron" and "proton" students huddle together in the middle of the room, and the "electrons" move around them. Mr. Bendetti lets students look at the same concrete models that Mr. Armani has used.

Mr. Carmen verbally describes how different elements are made up of different numbers of neutrons, protons, and electrons.

These four teachers claim to be practicing principles from cognitive psychology. Based on the following information, which one is not? Ms. Danforth, a third grade teacher, introduces her class to the topic of multiplication by showing them how it relates to addition Ms. Anthony, a high school biology teacher, draws a hierarchy on the board showing how mammals, fish, birds, reptiles, and amphibians are all vertebrates, and how vertebrates and invertebrates are both animals. Ms. Bottenberg, a fourth grade teacher, suggests that his students tr to learn their spelling words by thinking about similarly spelled words that they already know. Mr. Conrad, a junior high school soccer coach, asks his players to practice passing the ball to one another as they run down the field, then openly praises those players who are passing skillfully

Mr. Conrad, a junior high school soccer coach, asks his players to practice passing the ball to one another as they run down the field, then openly praises those players who are passing skillfully

Which one of the following teachers provides the best example of the halo effect? Ms. Bernadette always gives students the benefit of the doubt when they exhibit "borderline" test performance. Mr. Cordell overrates Cathy's gymnastic skills because she is head cheerleader. Mr. Abrams likes Frank better than Mark even though Mark is the more polite of the two students. Ms. DiStefano believes that all students can learn calculus if they study hard enough.

Mr. Cordell overrates Cathy's gymnastic skills because she is head cheerleader.

Three of the following teachers are providing scaffolding to help their students learn. Which one is not necessarily providing scaffolding? Ms. Applegate gives her students a structure to follow when they write their first essay. Mr. Donaldson takes his students on an all-day field trip to the art museum. Mr. Bernardo teaches students how to perform an overhand throw by gently guiding each student through the correct movement a few times. Ms. Chen gives her class some hints about how to solve an especially difficult word problem.

Mr. Donaldson takes his students on an all-day field trip to the art museum.

Mr. Graydos wants to teach a group of people how to perform the Heimlich maneuver. Three of the following strategies should help his students learn the maneuver more effectively. Given what we know about teaching procedural knowledge, which strategy is least likely to be effective in helping students learn the procedure correctly? Mr. Graydos shows his students pictures of the various steps involved in the maneuver. Mr. Graydos describes Dr. Heimlich's medical background and his motivation for developing the procedure. Mr. Graydos encourages his students to talk themselves through the procedure as they perform it. Mr. Graydos gives his students an opportunity to practice the maneuver on a realistic human dummy

Mr. Graydos describes Dr. Heimlich's medical background and his motivation for developing the procedure.

Which one of the following is the best example of dynamic assessment? Mr. Thiessen asks Macy to show him how to use a microscope properly. Ms. Vincenti gives her students 20 multiple-choice questions; she then gives 20 additional, more difficult questions to students who've done very well on the first set, as a way of assessing the upper limits of their knowledge. Mr. Ursinas asks her students to work in 3-person groups to write a paper describing the effects of the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003. Mr. Warren observes and records how Erica's logical thinking changes over time as she experiments with a pendulum.

Mr. Warren observes and records how Erica's logical thinking changes over time as she experiments with a pendulum.

Which one of the following statements reflects Tolman's notion of purposive behaviorism? Organisms sometimes reinforce themselves (e.g., by feeling proud). When organisms discover that a particular response is no longer reinforced as it has previously been, they increase the frequency of that response for a short time. Organisms behave in order to attain particular goals. Behavior can be altered by reinforcement, but not by punishment.

Organisms behave in order to attain particular goals.

Jeff wants to remember the twelve signs of the zodiac: Aries (ram), Taurus (bull), Gemini (twins), Cancer (crab), Leo (lion), Virgo (virgin), Libra (balance), Scorpio (scorpion), Sagittarius (archer), Capricorn (goat), Aquarius (water carrier), and Pisces (fish). He does not necessarily want to remember them in any particular order. Considering research results described in the textbook, which one of the following techniques will maximize Jeff's chances of remembering all twelve? Study the signs exactly as they are listed above. Put the signs in alphabetical order in terms of their English meanings (archer, balance, bull, etc.) Put the signs in alphabetical order (Aquarius, Aries, Cancer, etc.) Organize the signs into three groups: people, animals, and things.

Organize the signs into three groups: people, animals, and things.

Which of the following is the best example of the central nervous system (rather than peripheral nervous system) at work? Parts of the hindbrain are involved in regulating heart rate. Some cells in the skin are sensitive to heat or cold. Cells in the retina at the back of the eye transmit information about light. Some cells in the nose respond to certain kinds of chemicals.

Parts of the hindbrain are involved in regulating heart rate.

Which one of the following is the most accurate statement about how people perceive the world around them? People often fill in information that they do not actually sense. Perception is almost totally a function of what is sensed. Auditory perception is heavily dependent on sensation, whereas visual perception is not. Visual perception is heavily dependent on sensation, whereas auditory perception s not.

People often fill in information that they do not actually sense.

Which one of the following is the best example of a reflex as psychologists define the term? Going to sleep when you are tired Jumping up and down for joy when you get a good grade Feeling sad when a close relative dies Pulling your foot away from a painful object

Pulling your foot away from a painful object

In which one of the following situations should we be most concerned about missing a critical period in a person's development? Although Ross knows how to count, he gets no formal instruction in mathematics until he is 15. Rachel is born with a cataract in her left eye that is surgically removed when she is 8 years old. Phoebe doesn't learn how to write until she is 12 years old. Joey has his first tennis lesson when he is 25.

Rachel is born with a cataract in her left eye that is surgically removed when she is 8 years old.

When Gianna returns to college after a summer touring France, she tells her roommate about her many experiences. She does not always remember them accurately, however, so she fills in the gaps in her memory with logical details about how things "must" have happened. Several weeks later, she is telling another friend about her trip. Gianna will probably: Have different gaps in her memory than she did when talking to her roommate, and so construct very different recollections of her experiences in france Remember her experiences in France as occurring in essentially the way that she previously described them to her roommate Feel very confused about what things actually did and did not happen in France Remember her experiences more accurately than she had previously

Remember her experiences in France as occurring in essentially the way that she previously described them to her roommate

In Mr. Marshall's classroom, students who acquire 10 points in one day can have 20 minutes of free time at the end of the day. Mr. Marshall awards points to his students for good behavior and deducts points if they misbehave. The deduction of points for misbehavior is known as: Time-out In-house suspension Response cost Restitution

Response cost

Piaget's sensorimotor stage is characterized by: Inaccurate mental representations of the physical and biological world The beginnings of conservation Schemes based primarily on perceptions and behaviors Basic schemes for dealing with abstract ideas

Schemes based primarily on perceptions and behaviors

Four-year-old Becky is playing with blocks, stacking them one on top of another until the towers eventually tumble, and then stacking the blocks again. Which one of the following best reflects Piaget's view of how Becky is probably learning in this situation? Because she builds one tower after another, she is obviously reinforced by watching her towers tumble down. Because she is probably still in the sensorimotor stage, she will remember what she learns about the blocks only while the blocks are still in front of her. She is actively thinking about and interpreting the results of her actions. She is absorbing information about how the environment behaves (e.g., "objects fall") without consciously thinking about it.

She is actively thinking about and interpreting the results of her actions.

A mother has been paying her daughter Melissa one dollar an hour to shovel snow off the driveway. At the end of January, the mother raises the rate to two dollars an hour. Based on research related to contrast effects, we can predict that Melissa will probably: Shovel the same amount of snow as she would have at a dollar-an-hour rate Shovel half as much snow as she would have otherwise, and then she'll quit Shovel more snow than if the pay for shoveling snow had always been two dollars an hour Shovel less snow than if the pay for shoveling snow had always been two dollars an hour

Shovel more snow than if the pay for shoveling snow had always been two dollars an hour

People are more likely to perceive this configuration of shapes: %%%% # # # # $ $ $ $ & & & & as four rows rather than as four columns. Which one of the following Gestaltist concepts best accounts for this phenomenon? Closure Pragnanz Proximity Similarity

Similarity

Mary takes care of several toddlers and preschoolers while their parents work during the day. One warm spring day, she has the children in a fenced-in area behind her home. A large dog comes running up to the fence. As the dog approaches, 2-year old Todd looks at Mary. When he sees that she appears frightened, he immediately starts to cry. What phenomenon is Todd displaying in this situation? Zone of proximal development Assimilation Accommodation Social referencing

Social referencing

Three of the following statements are true about inquiry learning as an instructional strategy. Which statement is false? Inquiry learning activities can be effective even when they involve "experimentation" with virtual "objects" in a computer program. Inquiry learning activities can create a heavy cognitive load, which exceeds children's working memory capacities. Inquiry learning activites require students to use various reasoning processes to examine the phenomena under investiation. Students benefit from inquiry learning activities only when they're given total control over the topic to study and how to study it.

Students benefit from inquiry learning activities only when they're given total control over the topic to study and how to study it.

Which one of the following best illustrates the use of base groups in cooperative learning? Students in a third-grade class are divided into several different reading groups based on their current reading levels. Students in a literature class select one of four Shakespearian plays to read; students reading the same play convene for several half-hour discussions of the play. Students in a social studies class work in groups of three or four to conduct in-depth research projects in their local, inner-city neighborhood. Students in a history class spend the last five minutes of each class session in small, semester-long groups in which they can compare class notes and help one another with sources of confusion.

Students in a history class spend the last five minutes of each class session in small, semester-long groups in which they can compare class notes and help one another with sources of confusion.

In an early investigation of memory, Frederic Bartlett asked students to read a story called The War of the Ghosts and then on later occasions asked them to recall the story. Bartlett made a number of observations about how students' recollections of the story were different from the story itself. Which of the following was not one of his observations? Students forgot many of the story's details. Students remembered the main idea of the story. Students retold the story in different words. Students retold the story in a way that made little sense.

Students retold the story in a way that made little sense.

To pass the time one day, Keisha multiples 2 by 2 by 2... and so on, on her calculator. She observes that the products increase in size more dramatically with each calculation. A few weeks later, when her math teacher explains what it means for something to increase exponentially, Keisha realizes that she has already discovered this idea on her own, and she remembers it better as a result. Which one of the following concepts best characterizes Keisha's enhanced understanding of an exponential increase? A meaningful learning set Internal organization The generation effect Implicit knowledge

The generation effect

William is trying to remember his new nine-digit social security number, and he does so by thinking of its three groups of three digits each. William is demonstrating: The use of maintenance rehearsal Storage in the sensory register Retrieval from working memory The use of chunking

The use of chunking

Theories are advantageous in several ways. Three of the following describe advantages of learning theories. Which one does not? Theories help to condense large bodies of information. Theories provide an impetus for new research. Theories help practitioners design interventions that facilitate learning. Theories enable objective, unbiased reporting of research findings

Theories enable objective, unbiased reporting of research findings.

The textbook's perspective regarding various theories of learning is that: Behaviorist theories are probably more accurate. Cognitivist theories are probably more accurate. There is currently no "right" theory, but one will eventually be developed. Different theories may be applicable in different situations.

There is currently no "right" theory, but one will eventually be developed.

Which one of the following scenarios best reflects the basic idea of social constructivism? Four students in a study group divide the day's reading assignment into four sections. Each student reads a section and then teaches the material to the other group members. When a student borrows a classmate's marker without asking and then forgets to put the cap back on, leaving it dried out and useless by the following morning, her teacher reminds her of one of the class rules: "Respect other students' property." Two students discuss possible interpretations of the proverb "A stitch in time saves nine." A teacher assigns a laboratory activity using cumbersome equipment that students can only use successfully by working in pairs.

Two students discuss possible interpretations of the proverb "A stitch in time saves nine."

A revision of Bloom's taxonomy published in 2001 (described in the textbook) can help teachers consider not only the various types of cognitive processes that should be encouraged but also the: Specific instructional methods most effective in fostering each process Forms that those processes might take in literacy, mathematics, science, and social studies Types of knowledge to which those processes might be applied Environmental contexts in which each process is most suitable

Types of knowledge to which those processes might be applied

If you were interested in how a child's culture influences cognitive development, you would be most likely to consider approach to cognitive development. information processing theorists' Piaget's neo-Piagetian theorists' Vygotsky's

Vygotsky's

Which one of the following students is definitely demonstrating automaticity in word recognition? When Samantha reads aloud, her voice lacks expression. When Kristen reads, she recognizes words by sight and recalls their meanings instantaneously. When Roland reads, he has to sound out most of the words. When Werner listens to someone say a new word, he closes his eyes and tries to imagine how it might be spelled.

When Kristen reads, she recognizes words by sight and recalls their meanings instantaneously.

Which one of the following teachers is using reciprocal teaching? When students ask questions about things they don't understand, Ms. Cromwell asks if classmates can answer those questions before answering them herself. Mr. Armando has students work in pairs, testing each other's knowledge about a topic. Working with a small group, Mr. Bromley gives each student a chance to ask questions of other group members regarding a section of text they are reading. Before a test, Ms. Dievers has each student describe the strategies he or she plans to use while studying.

Working with a small group, Mr. Bromley gives each student a chance to ask questions of other group members regarding a section of text they are reading.

From Piaget's perspective, why might it be wise to postpone the teaching of complex fractions until middle school or high school? Younger students don't know their math facts well enough. Younger students haven't attained conservation Younger students haven't aquired proportional reasoning. Younger students can't learn complex equations.

Younger students haven't acquired proportional reasoning.

To remember the four states that come together at a single point (Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah), Marcia remembers "CANU" (pronounced like "canoe"). Marcia's technique illustrates the use of: the keyword method a superimposed meaningful structure the pegword method the method of loci

a superimposed meaningful structure

Louis receives a new soccer ball and begins to dribble it in the same way he dribbles his basketball. His dribbling of the new ball reflects Piaget's notion of: cognitive structure assimilation concrete operations accommodation

assimilation

Naomi wakes up several hours after a severe blow to her head has rendered her unconscious. She can remember nothing about events leading up to the incident, reflecting the importance of ________ in learning and memory. a critical period neurogenesis the corpus callosum consolidation

consolidation

Randall is trying to remember how to spell the word separate. He retrieves the first three letters (S E P) and the last four (R A T E) and assumes that the fourth letter must be E because he usually pronounces the word like this: "SEP-ER-ATE." Randall's process of remembering how to spell the word (in this case, incorrectly) illustrates the use of: encoding cue a script a retrieval cue construction in retrieval

construction in retrieval

Albert grew up in Germany but now lives in England. He recalls more about his childhood in Germany when he's speaking German than when he's speaking English. Which one of the following concepts best explains this fact? encoding specificity flashbulb memory spreading activation fan effect

encoding specificity

A student reads the statement, "To be or not to be, that is the quastion," and fails to notice the typographical error in the word question. This proofreading error can best be explained by considering the role of in long-term memory storage. expectations rehearsal similarity closure

expectations

Nora was thinking about something else the day her teacher explained the difference between the words between and among, so she has trouble using these two prepositions correctly. Nora's problem "remembering" the difference between the words can probably best be explained as: construction error failure to retrieve repression failure to store

failure to store

After a severe head injury, Mary has exceptional difficulty setting goals and in other ways planning her actions. Without knowing anything else about Mary's injury, you might reasonably conclude that it affected her: hindbrain forebrain reticular formation midbrain

forebrain

Olivia understands why 3/4 and 9/15 are equivalent fractions. Based on this information, Olivia is probably in Piaget's ___________ stage of development. preoperational concrete operations formal operations sensorimotor

formal operations

Occasional review of previously learned material helps our memory for that material by: increasing assocations with other things we know promoting controlled processing increasing the precision of our visual images limiting the spread of activation

increasing assocations with other things we know

Robert does not recognize the police officer that came to the door last month to tell him that his dog had been killed by a car. Robert's lapse of memory can probably best be explained in terms of: the fan effect interference construction error repression

repression

What device did Benjamin Franklin invent to help people read better? It may take you a long time to think of the answer--bifocal lenses--because Ben was responsible for so many other inventions as well. In this situation, your lengthy retrieval time can best be explained in terms of: the fan effect repression construction errors Too many retrieval cues

the fan effect

To remember that the capital of Maine is Augusta, Bart pictures a lion with a gust of wind blowing through its mane. Bart's technique illustrates: the keyword method an external retrieval cue the method of loci verbal mediation

the keyword method

William is shopping at a convenience store when a man rushes in, shoots the store clerk in the arm, hurriedly cleans out the cash register, and then speeds away in a pickup truck. Later, a detective asks William to describe the woman who was waiting for the thief in the truck. The fact is, William didn't see a woman in the truck, but after the detective urges him to "think hard and try to remember her," he begins to recall seeing a blonde woman sitting in the passenger side of the truck. This situation illustrates: spreading activation encoding specificity a retrieval cue the misinformation effect

the misinformation effect

Sharon has learned that her language arts teacher answers her questions willingly but that her biology teacher discourages questions. Sharon therefore asks questions in language arts but not in biology. In behaviorist terminology, Sharon is: showing generalization on a differential rate of low responding schedule under stimulus control on a fixed interval schedule

under stimulus control

Norman is studying Chinese and needs to remember that the word for "exit" is chu, so he remembers the sentence The choo-choo train is exiting from the station. Norman's technique illustrates the use of: verbal mediation an external retrieval cue the pegword method the keyword method

verbal mediation