PSYC 602 - Exam 1

2. The genetic code of all living things is the same. a) True b) False

Answer: A) All animals' genes are arranged using the same elements and rules

3. What are some factors that come into play for mate selection? A) Can provide abundant resources B) Can protect offspring C) Can devote, time, energy, and money in us D) All of the above

D

4. Which of the following has to do the most with consciousness? a. Sensation b. Perception c. Both A & B d. None of the above

Perception- Perception is an act of consciousness.

2. Darwin used the finches of the Galapagos Islands to show his theory of natural selection. How did the finches help him come to some key conclusions? a. They had offspring that differed in species. b. Each bird on the island had a different color coat. c. Depending on which area of the islands that the finches resided in, they would begin to naturally select which birds were more successful where. Thus, many species of finch developed. d. The finches went extinct due to their inability to survive the harsh temperatures of the Galapagos Islands.

*C. Darwin's different species of finches developed various beaks to suit the food available in that area of the island.

1.What does it mean when scientists use the term 'blank slate'? a.The Earth began as a 'blank slate' and humans were the first to inhabit it. b.The human mind remains a 'blank slate' throughout their whole life. c.When a new species develops, they are a 'blank slate' without any influence from other species. d.The human mind is a 'blank slate' at birth, experience writes on the slate, and association extracts and adds onto whatever trends there are in the record that experience leaves.

*D. Cognitive scientists express this idea when referring to the human mind at birth.

1.Which is the best definition of Evolution? A) The theory that organisms today developed from more simple life forms and have changed over time. B) Genetic variations are passed on through reproduction C) The theory that states that organisms best adapted to their environment have a better chance of surviving and reproducing. D) The theory that organisms can change their traits during their lifetime by use or disuse.

A

4. For natural selection to occur, there must be at least... a) two varieties of a species. b) two species in competition. c) three variations of the same species. d) one or more natural disaster like a drought or famine. e) human influence on a small scale.

A

4. What are the two forms of sexual selection? A) Competition for a mate B) Short-term mating C) Preferences for a mate D) Both A and C

A

5. What is one of Tinbergen's Levels of Explanation A) Ultimate B) Proximal C) Naturalistic Fallacy D) Explanations

A

According to Gardner, many of our fears are _________ when compared with the actual dangers we face. A) Irrational B) Rational

A

2. Which of the following is true of pre-Darwin beliefs about evolution? A) Organisms could modify features over their lifetime and these acquired traits could be passed genetically to offspring B) Organisms could modify features over their lifetime but these traits would not be passed genetically to their offspring C) The ideas that perpetuated before Darwin's concept of evolution have been completely discredited D) Both A and C E) Both B and C

A) For instance, this belief, largely perpetuated by Lamark, was said to act on giraffe's necks. The giraffe's were able to grow longer necks by stretching to get to taller leaves, and through this growth, they were able to pass on the trait of longer necks to their offspring. In reality, the giraffe's with longer necks were simply surviving better due to the ability to get more food, thus they passed on their genes more. However, this theory is not completely discredited because there are certain traits that our own actions can cause to be expressed differently. For instance, skin tone due to melanin is very dependent on how much time a person spends outside in the sun. This is now known as the field of ethogenetics, and while it cannot pass on traits acquired over the lifetime to offspring, we do see variations of traits based on our own actions, thus not completely discrediting Lamark's ideas.

2. Which of these is an example of Intersexual selection? A) A female peacock choosing a male peacock because of his brightly colored feathers. B) Two lions fighting for access to viable females. C) A boy wearing blue because it's he's crush's favorite color. D) Both A & C

A. Intersexual selection occurs when members of one sex choose a mate based on preferences for particular qualities in that mate.

4. What is an example of another species equivalent to 'conspicuous consumption', which is seen in humans? a. A peacock's feathers. b. A spider's eighth eye. c. A dog's tail. d. A crab's claw.

A. Something that a species has or does that isn't quite understood without science.

Dewaal suggests that the ability to inflict pain on another comes from understanding how another will feel as a result of the pain. This thought process uses... A. Theory of Mind B. Hierarchy of Structure C. Natural Selection D. Costly Signaling

A. Theory of Mind. In order to understand one will feel the pain you intend to inflict, Theory of Mind enables the thinker to understand that another entity has thoughts and feelings not already understood by the thinkers mind.

4. Which of the following is absolutely necessary in order for natural selection to occur? At least 2 varieties of a species. Different ecosystems on a planet. A very humid and hot climate in the jungle. Predators.

A.) In order for reproduction and the passing on of the most effective of genes, at least 2 different varieties of a species have to exist. Without this, the "best" traits would not be passed to offspring, which means the entire species as a whole would die out because of lack of fitness.

2. Which of these statements is not supported by the findings in reading group one's study on mating goals and power? a. Women rated probability of success in mate-attracting and mate-guarding as higher when the conspicuous brand of clothing was worn. b. Low power stimulates self-comparison among mate-attracting women. c. High power stimulates other-comparison among mate-guarding women. d. The main effect of power was significant such that the mating goals of the women did not matter.

All of the following are results of this paper's study (one and two) except D, which is a direct contradiction to the findings of the study. There was no main effect of power on women's conspicuous consumption, but there were interaction effects, which are described above (a., b., and c.).

Which of the following is not one of Darwin's arguments? A) Natural populations can grow linearly. B) Natural populations are relatively stable. C) Those best suited to their environment will have the most offspring. D) Over many generations, natural selection builds individuals that are adapted to their environment.

Answer: A. Darwin argued that populations can grow exponentially, not linearly.

According to the Pagel article, what needs to be present for social learning to take place? A) The ability to copy and imitate B) The ability to speak C) Interaction between two humans D) The ability to listen E) None of the above

Answer: A. The Pagel article states that the ability to copy and imitate needs to be present for social learning to take place.

1. What is one proposed reason for males being more violent across species? a. Intrasexual competition b. Throughout history, males in any given species have had to be more violent in order to provide c. Being violence increases their appeal to possible mates d. They aren't actually violent across species\

Answer: A. because being attracted to the opposite sex and having to beat out the competition causes males to be violent. Even if there is an equal number of females in a population, they are pregnant some of the time and are therefore unavailable for mating. For this reason, males must compete.

3. Jean Pierre Lamar believed which of the following? a) Natural selection leads to evolution b) Animals can change their traits throughout their lifetime c) The changes animals undergo throughout their life do not get passed onto offspring d) Humans are done evolving

Answer: B) He believed organisms can change their traits through use and disuse, and these changes are then passed onto offspring to ultimately change the species as a whole.

2. Which of the following would speed up the rate of evolution if increased? (best answer) A) rainfall B) reproductive rates C) environmental research D) cross-species breeding

Answer: B. Increasing the rate at which species reproduce also increases the rate at which favorable traits get passed from one generation to the next. Cross-species breeding typically results in sterile offspring.

There are two types of peppered moths: a lightly colored and a darkly colored. Due to the environment changing during the Industrial Revolution, all the trees' bark became dark. According to natural selection, which type of peppered moth would be more likely to survive and pass their genes? A) Light-colored moths B) Dark-colored moths C) Both would have an equal likelihood of surviving and mating. D) Both are unlikely to survive.

Answer: B. The dark-colored moths are more likely to survive and pass off their genes because the light trees will be susceptible to predators against the darker bark of the trees.

3. Why would we have allergies? a. Allergies help to clean out the air pollution that results from industrialization b. Our immune systems haven't need to adjust because we have adapted to environments that are too clean c. Allergies continue to be beneficial to the human population d. Having allergies is actually an adaptation to our changes environment

Answer: B. because the hygiene hypothesis basically says that our immune systems have no need to adapt to allergies because they are not detrimental. We continue to have them because our environments are too clean, making our immune system having to work a little less than it might have thousands of years ago.

4. EEA refers to: a) The environment humans live in today b) The most prominent evolutionary research association c) The period that hunters and gatherers lived in d) The universality of the human environment in terms of the adaptations seen

Answer: C) EEA, or the environment of evolutionary adaptedness, refers to the period in which humans were hunters and gatherers

5. Which of the following is NOT an example of costly signaling theory? a) A woman wearing a tank top and skirt out in 40 degree weather b) A person installing subwoofers in their car c) Someone picking flowers for their loved one d) Someone buying Gucci sunglasses

Answer: C) Picking flowers does not cost money and presumably not much time either, so it is not a form of costly signaling

5. Which of the following statements is correct regarding lactose intolerance? A) All humans are lactose intolerant B) After infancy, humans are no longer able to tolerate and digest lactose. C) Up until a few thousand years ago, as a human grew from a child into an adult, the enzyme that breaks down and digests lactase would "turn off," and cause them to be lactose intolerant. D) Lactose intolerance has proven to be unfavorable, and humans that cannot digest lactose are dying off at alarming rates due to lack of nutrition

Answer: C. Although many adult humans today can digest lactase, this was not always the case.

According to the Miller article ("Spent"), humans spend money to signal to others information about themselves. What are some possible reasons to explain why humans do this? A) Much of what people do is for other people (possibly not even consciously). B) Status is a big deal to people, especially if others are aware of their status. C) Both statements are possible reasons. D) Neither statements are possible reasons.

Answer: C. Both of these reasons were reasons discussed in class that can be used to explain why humans may spend money to signal information about themselves.

3. According to evolutionary psychology, the research of _____ is incorrect. A) Darwin B) Freud C) Skinner D) Zimbardo

Answer: C. Evolutionary psychology suggests that Skinner is wrong about the way that we learn

What is an example of intrasexual competition? A) Songbird attracting a female with his song. B) Man courting a female through dating app. C) Two male elk fighting for dominance to win over female. D) All of the above. E) None of the above.

Answer: C. Intrasexual competition is between two of the same sex, so C is the only possible answer.

Which of the following is not true about genes? A) Genes contain the information that codes for proteins. B) Some genes come in variant forms called alleles. C) Mendel's experiments showed that genes blend together when they are passed down to offspring. D) Genes are organized into chains called chromosomes.

Answer: C. Mendel's experiments with plants disproved the previous idea that genes were blended together in offspring.

5. Ron is very excited for his first day at his new school. His goal is to make new friends and even ~hopefully~ attract a love interest. Ron takes all of his lunch money that his mom gave him for the next month and buys some fancy clothes with it instead. Ron shows up to school in his fresh outfits and gets tons of friends because they all love this super fancy clothes. However, poor Ron has to eat granola bars all month because he can't actually buy any food. What idea in evolutionary psychology does this situation demonstrate? a. Ron is not a smart man b. This demonstrates the social learning theory, in which Ron got the that idea wearing nice clothes will help him make friends c. This is the costly signaling theory at it's best d. This is an example of intrasexual competition in which Ron must compete for a love interest

Answer: C. because the costly signaling theory in which an animal wants to signal something about themselves, even if creating this signal comes at a high cost. Ron basically has to starve for the next month so he could attract new friends. This is a huge social benefit for Ron but is costing him in nutrition.

Which of the following is an example of vestigial organs? A) A human hand is similar to a bat wing B) The leg of a dog and flipper of a dolphin have similar structure C) Some flightless birds still have wings D) The embryos of animals look similar

Answer: C. because the wings of flightless birds no longer have a useful function.

According to the article, "Mating Goals Moderate Power's Effect on Conspicuous Consumption Among Women," the researchers found which of the following to be true A) Women do not associate conspicuous brands with higher success in mating goals compared to ordinary brands. B) Women believe that ordinary brands will maximize their attractiveness and signal their partner's loyalty. C) High power appears to increase conspicuous consumption among mate-guarding women. D) Low power appears to increase conspicuous consumption among mate-guarding women

Answer: C. the researchers found that high power increased the mate-guarding women's conspicuous consumption because they are more focused on other-comparison compared with low power women.

2. Which of the following is not categorized as evidence for evolution? a. Common ancestry b. Vestigial organs c. Fossils d. Opposable thumbs e. Embryo development

Answer: D because all other answers were specific categories provided during lecture.

1. Which of the following is true about homology: a) It refers to the fact that many animals have all the same muscle groups b) It explains the biological basis for the existence of homosexual animals c) It refers to the fact that the same structural elements are found in very different types of animals, all of which have the same function d) It refers to the fact that the same structural elements are found in very different types of animals, some of which have different functions

Answer: D) the same structural elements in different creatures can have the same or very different functions

1. Which of these is NOT a discovery that Charles Darwin made on his Voyage of the Beagle to the Galapagos Islands? A) The finches on each different island in the Galapagos had different types of beaks. B) The tortoises had different shaped shells. C) All the finches shared a common ancestor. D) The differences in beak thickness in finches was a direct result of the acidity of the water source the finches were drinking from.

Answer: D. A-C were all discoveries that Darwin made, but D is incorrect. The differences in beak sizes was a result of adaptations to the different types of food on each island, not acidity.

Which of the following is not a criticism of the Standard Social Science Model? A) The blank slate theory of the SSSM demonstrates the idea that the human mind lacks innate tendencies or inclinations. B) The SSSM states that there are only one or few mechanisms for learning to explain human behavior. C) The SSSM mistakenly creates a divide between nature and nurture. D) There are no researchers who support the SSSM.

Answer: D. According to G&McB Ch. 1,"The SSSM has a long history that reaches back to the enlightenment philosophers long before the founding of psychology"

What is an example of the costly signaling theory? A) Bright feathers on a peacock B) Larger sized claw on fiddler crab. C) Young men engaging in risky and dangerous behaviors to impress women. D) All of the above. E) None of the above.

Answer: D. All of these are examples of costly signaling, which is something that is hard to fake and costly to produce.

4. According to research performed by Zhao et al., which condition was predicted to be most successful by the women participating in the study? A) Women attempting to attract a mate wearing an ordinary brand coat B) Women attempting to attract a mate wearing a conspicuous brand coat C) Women attempting to mate guard wearing an ordinary brand coat D) Women attempting to mate guard wearing a conspicuous brand coat

Answer: D. This answer comes directly from the graph on page 4 of "Mating Goals Moderate Power's Effect on Conspicuous Consumption Among Women." The participants in the condition hearing a scenario about a woman in a situation where her relationship might be threatened predicted her to be most successful if wearing a conspicuous brand coat.

4. What trait seems to reveal humans to be the more superior animal species? a. Humans can copy and imitate the actions of others, otherwise referred to as social learning b. Human embryos are far different and more complex than that of other animals c. Human brains are larger in size than other animals d. Humans have complex language

Answer: D. because though other animals species communicate, humans are the only species with complex language. Our embryos are actually incredibly similar to other animals, our brains are not larger in size, and other animals species are able to demonstrate the social learning theory.

5. According to evolutionary psychology, why do women generally have more empathy than men? a. The offspring of women who felt little or no empathy did not survive, thus their genes did not survive. The offspring of women who did feel empathy, on the other hand, survived and passed on their empathetic genes. b. Women must be empathetic to be gatherers, while men did not need this trait to be hunters. c. Women are not more empathetic than men. The opposite is true. d. None of the above.

Answer: a. The offspring of women who felt little or no empathy did not survive, thus their genes did not survive. The offspring of women who did feel empathy, on the other hand, survived and passed on their empathetic genes.

1. Natural selection can also be described as "survival of the fittest", but this phrase is often misunderstood. "Survival of the fittest," when properly interpreted, means _____. a. survival of the biggest and strongest of a species b. survival of those best fit to their environment c. survival of those best matching the others in their species d. none of the above

Answer: b. Survival of those best fit to their environment. Natural selection is the selection of those individuals which have the best chance of surviving and reproducing in their given environment.

5. What is the main purpose of perception according to evolutionary psychology? a. to gain knowledge of our surroundings b. to guide action c. to see other people d. to make up for other senses that aren't as keen

Answer: b.; the main purpose of perception is to guide our actions. We have eyes that perceive objects so that we can move accordingly. Animals that cannot move have no need for a costly organ to take in visual information.

2. According to Jean Pierre Lamarck, organisms... a. never changed. b. evolved via natural selection. c. changed during their lifetime by using or neglecting traits. d. none of the above

Answer: c. change during their lifetime by using or neglecting traits. Lamarck believed that organisms can change their traits over the course of their lifetime by use or disuse and that they would then pass these traits onto their offspring causing a change in the species. While Lamarck was wrong, the recent study of epigenetic has shown that genes can in fact turn on/off during the life course.

3. Humans evolved in a different environment than that in which we currently live (Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness). What does this mean for humans today? a. Humans are adapted to an environment that no longer exists. Some of our current adaptations, such as our preference for fatty/sweet foods, have led to things that harm us, such as obesity. b. This means nothing for humans because we still have all of the adaptations that we acquired in the EEA, so we are well suited to survive anything. This has allowed us to currently be living our safest, longest, healthiest lives in all of human history. c. Humans are still adapting as our environment changes. Future generations will have different traits than we do, but they may also face problems because the traits they develop will also be matched to an outdated environment. d. a and b e. a and c

Answer: e. a and c. The idea of the EEA means that the traits we currently have as humans evolved to fit an environment that we no longer live in. Therefore, c is also correct because it stands to reason that future humans will also have traits that no longer fit their environment, especially as environments change more rapidly.

4. What is an example of homologous structures? a. arms/wings b. embryos c. tailbones/tails d. a and b e. all of the above

Answer: e. all of the above. Between many species these structures are very similar or almost indistinguishable (i.e., human and rabbit embryos and certain points in development) despite the final product being very different species. This suggests that animals evolved from a common ancestor.

2. Evolution is the theory that... a) organisms today developed from more complex life forms and have changed over time b) organisms today developed from more simple life forms and have changed over time c) organisms today have always been the exact same throughout time d) modern humans used to be monkeys e) organisms today can change their traits during their lifetime by use or disuse

B

5. Why is it so challenging to find something that makes humans unique from all other species? a. It isn't. We are completely different from all other species. b. All species began from one single ancestor, so we each have very similar characteristics. c. It is difficult because humans are much more complex than every other species. d. Humans developed from a different ancestor than every other species.

B

5. Why is it that some humans are lactose intolerance? A) Milk was unsafe for us to drink for a long time, so some of us developed a defense mechanism to combat it. B) Actually, it's strange for us to drink milk so late in life, and lactose intolerance is pretty normal. C) Random coincidence D) None of the Above

B

Which one of these is an example of costly signaling A) Eating an apple for breakfast B) Wearing high heels to impress others C) Painting alone D) Going to the doctor

B

Q: While in the jungle, a researcher discovers two clans of baboons. He observes that both within and between clans, violence occurs very rarely. Instead, the baboons live life relatively peaceful. This behavior best describes which prolific thinker's hypothesis? A - Darwin B - Rousseau C - Hobbes D - Lamarck

B - Rousseau

3. Which of the following is NOT a factor that prevents selection from reducing to a single favorable allele? A) Environmental Variation- different environments making different features favorable B) Selective Mating- specific traits being more attractive to the opposite gender C) Heterozygote Superiority- heterozygotes sometimes having more advantages than homozygotes D) Frequency dependent selection- fitness depending on how common a phenotype is in the population E) Mutation- new alleles arising through random mutation

B) Selective mating, certain traits being more favorable to the opposite gender (ex. a bird's song being more complex, a peacock's feathers being bright) would encourage selection for one specific trait, which would encourage reducing the allele to a single favorable one (barring complications from costly signaling). The other choices are talked about in Chapter 1 G&McB.

4. Which of the following traits of adaptation describes a trait that would increase the fitness of neighbors but decrease the fitness of yourself? A) Selfish trait B) Altruistic trait C) Cooperative trait D) Spiteful trait E) None of the above

B) Selfish- increase your own fitness while decreasing neighbors, altruistic- increase neighbor's fitness while decreasing your own, cooperative- increase both your own and your neighbor's fitness, spiteful- decreasing both your own and your neighbor's fitness. Traits explained more in G&McB chapter 2.

1. Which of these is an example of Intrasexual selection? A) A male peacock attracting a female peacock with his brightly colored feathers. B) Two lions fighting for access to viable females. C) A boy wearing blue because it's he's crush's favorite color. D) None of the Above

B. Intrasexual selection occurs when members of the same sex compete with each other for access to members of the opposite sex.

It was originally theorized that evolutionary changes took place over periods of hundreds of years, there is now evidence that it happens ______________ A. Much Slower B. Much Quicker C. As Originally Expected D. A Constant Rate

B. Much Quicker. Evolutionary changes can be see in short periods of time with organisms that have a shorter life span than humans, for example, New York City sewer rats.

Researchers in the 1990s asked people about their concern for nine risks. What did the researchers find about people's perception of risk compared to actual risk? A) When considering actual risk, people are accurate judges of perceived risk. B) People's perceived risk was unrelated to actual risk. C) People's perceived risk was strongly correlated to actual risk. D) People's perceived risk had a strong inverse relationship to actual risk.

B. People's perceived risk was unrelated to actual risk. According to Gardner's chapter on fear, George Loewenstein and Jane Mather found that there was no relationship between perceived an actual risk (page 10).

According to Gardner, we have two systems of thinking. What are they and how do they work? A. Reasoning System works fast and the Gut/Feeling system also works fast B. Reasoning System works slow and the Gut/Feeling system works fast C. Reasoning System works fast and the Gut/Feeling system works slow D. Reasoning System works slow and the Gut/Feeling system also works slow

B. Reasoning system works slow and the Gut/Feeling system works fast. This is because the reason system tends to be evidence or language based while feelings are unconscious, super fast, based on intuitions, snap decisions, based on availability heuristics.

3. Which of these is the correct reason that Darwin hypothesized that organisms were different from one another? Climate change. Different microclimates. Every single animal on earth is a separate species from one another. All of the above

B.) Darwin saw that the Galapagos Islands had very different microclimates from each other, like different terrain, plants and trees, food options, etc., and that these differences caused different traits in the animals to surface in order for them to survive.

4. Which of the following is not one of the key human traits we want to signal to people? A.) Health B.) Style C.) Attractiveness D.) Intelligence

B.) Style is not one of the key human traits, although health, attractiveness, and intelligence - along with fitness, fertility, youth, and personality traits - all are.

3. Which of these was not a type of Darwin's finches? A.) Large ground finch B.) Dull-beaked ground finch C.) Woodpecker finch D.) Medium ground finch

B.) While the others are all types of Darwin's finches, along with many other types, the dull-beaked ground finch does not exist. However, there is a sharp-beaked ground finch.

3. Which of these adaptations is not considered to be costly? A) The human brain B) Male peacock Feathers C) Opposable thumbs D) None of the above

C

5. What is an real world example of a vestigial organ... a) Fish with wing muscles b) Monkey with fin bones c) Whale with hind leg bones d) Humans with opposable thumbs e) Birds with wings

C

Which of these is an example of coevolution? A) The white peppered moth dying out after the Industrial Revolution B) Finches on the Galapagos Islands developing different beaks C) Prey species growing larger in response to predation pressures, and predators in turn getting larger D) A peacock's bright feathers attracting a mate

C

Q: In 3047 AD, an alien species called Glitterbeasts have been found and brought back to Earth. The male Glitterbeasts are distinctive for having asses which shimmer during mating season. In a scientific test, a male glitterbeast's ass was covered in yellow paint. Given what we know about mate selection, what is the most likely outcome of this action? A - The glitterbeast will be attacked more often by competing mates B - The glitterbeast will experience greater attention from females C - The glitterbeast will be less likely to reproduce that mating season D - The glitterbeast will produce offspring with yellow asses

C - The glitterbeast will be less likely to reproduce that mating season

5. Which of the following was evidence that Darwin found in the Galapagos Islands that support his ideas about natural selection? a. The tortoise on each island of the Galapagos had different types of shells b. The finches on each island of the Galapagos had different beaks c. Bothe a and b d. None of the above

C) Both A and B- evidence explained in the lecture 2 slides.

1. What was the primary cause behind Darwin's finches developing into different subspecies? A) Droughts B) Competition for resources C) Different microclimates of each island D) Selective mating E) None of the above

C) Each kind of finch has a different beak because natural selection has selected for the beak that optimizes the most abundant food source in the particular climate that the specific birds live in. Because each of the Galapagos islands had such different microclimates, the same finches were able to develop differently, making it a perfect location for Darwin to study natural selection without far travel.

Mendel's model of heredity did NOT posit which of the following? A) Each normal adult carries a pair of genes for each trait. B) Pairs of genes can influence each other's expression. C) Genes can dilute or be reduced when combined with particles (genes) of the mate. D) Only 1 of a parent's pair of genes, for each trait, are passed on when breeding. E) All of the above are true

C, Mendel's model of heredity posited 4 things. (1) stuff of heredity consists of particles that retain their integrity and are NOT diluted/reduced when combined with particles of the mate; (2) each normal adult carries a pair of genes for each trait; (3) when breeding, each parent gives only 1 of its pair of genes for each trait; (4) pairs of genes can influence each other's expression without diluting/changing each other permanently.

Why is an eye a good example of cumulative evolution? A) The eye must have taken little adaptation and evolved quickly over time. B) The eye allows for sight; the most important sense. C) The eye must have been built on many adaptations and evolved slowly over time. D) None of the above

C. According to Chapter 2, the vertebrae eye is so complex, that it almost certainly did not appear after a random mutation. Instead, it is more likely that the eye build on small changes over time depending on how those changes increased an organisms chances of survival in an environment. The accumulation of these adaptations is why the eye is a good example of cumulative evolution.

Coevolution refers to _______, and an example of how it impacts the senses is ______? A) Two species following a similar evolutionary path ; whales and dolphins evolving from land dwelling mammals to water dwelling mammals. B) A species that needs the help of another species in order to survive ; hyena's relying on lions to kill prey, so they can scavenge. C) Two species impacting each other's course of evolution ; bats using sonar to track moths and moths having the ability to hear the ultrasound waves to avoid the bats. D) None of the above.

C. According to GMC Chapter 4, coevolution is when "two or more species influence the course of each other's evolution" (95). Furthermore, the chapter provides the example of bats using sonar and moths who are predators for bats developing better hearing to defend against the use of ultrasound

For natural selection to occur there must be A. Two separate organisms B. A costly expenditure C. At least two varieties of a species D. A shared environment

C. At least two varieties of a species. This can be seen in organisms such as the peppered mouth or Darwin's finches.

1. Which of these is correct about our understanding of the timing of evolution currently? A) Evolutionary changes are occurring at the rate of over thousands of years. B) Evolutionary changes are occurring every single day. C) Evolutionary changes are dependent on the rate of reproduction and environmental adaptation. D) None of the above.

C.) Evolutionary changes can differ based on how fast the species reproduces and how well they adapt to their environment. Fruit flies, for example, will carry out much faster evolutionary changes than dogs, because they reproduce extremely quickly. The changes and mutations in the gene makeup takes effect after passing on the genes to offspring.

5. Which of the following best describes the hygiene hypothesis as discussed in class? A) A very increased amount of bathing is now being considered necessary in order to find a mate to reproduce with. B) Humans are now the best versions of Homo sapiens because we utilize the best hygiene. C) Allergies are becoming more prominent because our immune systems aren't as robust due to our obsession with cleanliness. D) Our current society is bad because we love hygiene so much; instead, we should cut down the amount of baths we take and how much we brush our teeth and avoid any kind of added scents.

C.) Humans in developed countries often bathe frequently and utilize hand sanitizer and other substances in order to rid themselves of 99% of germs, making their immune system extremely sensitive, and this could lead to the development of allergies.

1. Which of the following is not evidence for evolution? A.) Vestigial Organs B.) Homologous Structures C.) Theory of Mind D.) Common Ancestry

C.) Theory of Mind. All of the other answers, along with embryo development and fossils, show common themes between various organisms that indicate evolution from a distant ancestor.

3. In the article studying the existence of conspicuous consumption among women, what did the term "power" represent? a. How high up you were in your job. b. An individual's superpowers. c. They used power to equate the numbers that resulted from their study. d. Power refers to the ability of a person to influence or prevent influence from others.

D

3. What animal and in which location did Darwin most notably notice evolution? a) Flamingos, Aruba b) Sloths, Costa Rica c) Peacocks, Croatia d) Finches, Galapagos e) Fish, off the coast of Florida

D

Darwin proposed that the finches on the Galapagos Islands came from one original species and diverged because of different environmental pressures. This is the idea of __________ A) Sexual Selection B) Costly Signaling C) Coevolution D) Common Ancestry

D

What is biological evidence that evolution is real? A) People speak different languages B) the existence of vestigial organs C) Embryos from different creatures look really similar D) B and C

D

Q: Which of these options would be the most likely long-term evolutionary effect of modern medicine's practice of c-section births? A - Larger cranial size B - Greater umbilical nutrition efficiency C - Smaller female hip width D - A and C

D - A and C

Q: Order these events of human evolution from earliest to latest: Tools first being used, development of agriculture, transition to bipedalism, evolution of opposable thumbs A - Tools, agriculture, bipedalism, thumbs B - Agriculture, thumbs, tools, bipedalism C - Thumbs, bipedalism, agriculture, tools D - Thumbs, bipedalism, tools, agriculture

D - Thumbs, bipedalism, tools, agriculture

2.Which of the following is not an example of a vestigial organ/structure? Wings on a Kiwi bird Hind leg bones on a whale Appendix in a human Ears of a dog

D) Ears of a dog - dogs still use their ears to hear. Vestigial organs/structures are those that are no longer used by the animal

The idea of "Survival of the fittest" requires what important modifications? A) Reproduction, not just survival, is what makes a difference in evolution. B) "Fittest" refers to the fit between the organism and the environment. C) Life forms can be ordered in a ladder of complexity and sophistication. D) A & B E) B & C

D, Simply "survival of the fittest", is not an accurate summary of natural selection. When defining natural selection you must take into account that it is reproduction that makes a difference in evolution, not just an organism's survival. Also, one must define "fit" organisms as ones best able to cope with local environmental challenges. Thus, "fittest" refers to the fit between the organism and the environment.

What does sexual selection favor in the "fast sex" and "slow sex"? A) It favors quality of matings in both the fast sex and slow sex. B) It favors quantity of matings in the slow sex and quality of matings in the fast sex. C) It favors quantity of matings in both the fast sex and slow sex. D) It favors quantity of matings in the fast sex and quality of matings in the slow sex

D, sexual selection favors QUANTITY of matings in the FAST sex because they need enough matings to realize their full reproductive potential. Sexual selection favors QUALITY of of matings in the SLOW sex because they need few matings to realize their reproductive potential; so, they hold out for the best possible matings.

Which of the following is evidence for evolution? A. Embryo Development B. Fossils C. Vestigial Organs D. All of the above E. None of the Above

D. All of the above. Similar embryo development among unrelated organisms, the discovery of fossils with similar structures to modern humans, and organs, such as the appendix, that we no longer have a known use for are all evidence that the modern human has evolved

Why are vestigial organs evidence for evolution? A) Vestigial organs only exist in species that have changed drastically overtime. B) Vestigial organs are always more archaic than other organs found in the body. C) Vestigial organs are consistent organs between organism's, which shows all organisms are ultimately related. D) Vestigial organs are organs that organism's no longer need to function, so they must only exist now after being useful for an organism at a previous time in that organism's history.

D. Is the correct answer because not only do the other options not make sense but also vestigial organs are evidence that the organism required different organs in a past environment. These organs may be obsolete now, but they give researchers a window into past needs (EX. a whale's hip bone).

What were some of the findings from the article on conspicuous consumption? A) Participants in the high power condition had increased conspicuous consumption for women engaging in mate-guarding. B) More expensive brands were viewed as having a higher likelihood of success in mating goals than other, ordinary brands. C) Power did not have a direct effect on conspicuous consumption. D) Both A and B

D. The article explains both of these claims in the general discussion. Results from Study 1 suggest that women did in fact believe that one would be more likely to succeed in one's mating goals when flaunting a better brand of clothing. Additionally, Study 2 suggested that women in the high power condition had an increase interest in conspicuous consumption. 'C' is the direct opposite of what is mentioned in the discussion. Power does have a direct effect on conspicuous consumption.

2. Compare and contrast pre-Darwin beliefs to our current knowledge thanks to Darwin. A) There are no differences, Darwin is fake. B) Our pre-Darwin beliefs included that the earth was millions of years old, and we now know that it is only thousands of years old. C) Our pre-Darwin beliefs included that the earth was thousands of years old, and we now know that it is millions of years old. D) Our pre-Darwin beliefs included that the earth was thousands of years old, and we now know that it is billions of years old.

D.) Before we knew much about earth, thanks to Charles Darwin, we believed that the earth was only thousands of years old, which is relatively knew. We now know, thanks to evolution and natural selection and the use of fossils, that the earth is actually billions of years old, much older than we thought.

5. Which of the following is an other-oriented reason for changing yourself? A.) Dying your hair because you've always wanted purple hair B.) Buying a better snowboard in order to get down the mountain faster and have more fun C.) Working out because you like how the endorphins make you feel D.) Buying a new bathing suit because everyone has a certain kind, and your friends won't let you go to the beach with them if you don't have it.

D.) Buying a new bathing suit in order to fit in with others is an other-oriented reason for making a change. The other three answers all involve doing something purely for personal enjoyment rather than to gain any sort of social standing.

2. What purpose does Theory of Mind serve with regards to language? A.) It helps you learn language B.) It's universal like language is C.) Language evolved through Theory of Mind D.) Without Theory of Mind, language would make no sense

D.) Theory of Mind is vital for language because if you didn't know that other people could understand you when you talked, there would be no reason to communicate

1. Before Charles Darwin people's views of evolution consisted of the belief that... a) Earth was only a few thousand years old. b) The planet had been the exact same throughout time. c) All the species had been the same throughout time. d) Organisms change traits via use or disuse. e) All the above.

E

Q: Which of these homo species originated in Africa? A - Homo habilis B - Homo ergaster C - Homo sapien D - B and C E - All of the above

E - All of the above

5. Which of the following is an example of a vestigial organ? A) A kiwi's wings B) A whale's hind leg bones C) A human tailbone D) Both B and C E) All of the above

E) A vestigial organ is a structure or organ that used to be functional in the ancestors of a species but over time have evolved to be useless. Therefore, a flightless bird doesn't actually need their wings, whale's don't have legs and don't need leg bones, and humans don't have tails but still have tailbones.

Why is the "The Great Chain of Being" a mistaken idea? A) It implies that evolution proceeds in a linear fashion. B) It implies that "higher" creatures are directly related to "lower" animals. C) It implies progress. D) It implies that "higher" creatures are better and more sophisticated than those below. E) All of the above

E, "The Great Chain of Being" implies a linear progression of evolution, in which those "higher up" are more sophisticated organisms and that all these organisms, "higher" or "lower", are directly related to each other.

Which of the following, about "The Great Chain of Being", is true? A) The idea that life forms can be ordered in a ladder of complexity and sophistication. B) Sequence that rises from inanimate objects, to God C) Humans are placed between animals and angels D) A & B E) All of the above

E, "The Great Chain of Being" is all of the above.

4. True or False. According to Zhao et al., women who are of low-power partake in mate-guarding more than mate-attraction.

False: Women who are of low-power partake in mate-attraction more commonly than mate-guarding.

3. Which pair of comparisons most closely matches Gardner's description of System One and System Two a. System One: Feeling as System Two: Instinct b. System One: Feeling as System Two: Logic c. System One: Instinct as System Two: Fear d. System One: Feeling as System Two: Intuition

Gardner describes System One as fast and instinctual; it produces a feeling about a situation for reasons that be immediately subconscious. System Two is described as producing a slower reaction that relies on logic to regulate how we behave in a given situation. So, the correct answer is "b.".

1.What is the theory that states that those organisms best adapt to their environment have a better chance of surviving and reproducing? Natural Selection Evolution Common Ancestry Homologous Structures

Natural Selection - definition found on slide 4 of the second lecture

3.Which of the tasted are suggested to be the most important occurring to the Chapter 4 reading? Vision The chemical senses (taste and smell) Hearing Pain

The chemical senses (taste and smell) were suggested to be the most important. (Discussed during lecture 2/8)

2. True or False: Homologous structures arise from animals that evolved from a common ancestor

True

1. Which of the following are tenants of the Standard Social Science Model (SSSM) that evolutionary psychologists take issue with? i. The mind is a blank slate and humans have very few innate instincts. ii. Behavior can be thought of as the result of an interaction between nature and nurture. iii. The mind functions as a general-purpose problem solver that enables us to take in many different types of input and produce many variations in behavioral output. iv. The SSSM overemphasizes the importance of biology in producing human behavioral differences. a. i., iii. b. i., ii., iv. c. i., iv. d. ii., iii.

answer: a. i., iii. The SSSM maintains that the mind is a blank slate at birth and experience alone shapes behavior. Evolutionary psychologist, however, argue that this cannot be the case and that our brains are, in many ways, primed to react with certain patterns of behavior. They use the example of language, which every infant is capable of learning easily, whereas infants are not equipped to handle other subjects, such as computer science. Evolutionary psychologists, not the SSSM proponents believe that behavior is a result of the interaction between nature and nurture, and that the SSSM draws a false dichotomy between the two. Statement iii. is a pillar of the SSSM that evolutionary psychologists take issue with because there is no evidence to support this claim; there is no general problem, and humans are equipped to respond with specificity and nuance to a variety of different situations. Statement iv. asserts that the SSSM overemphasizes biology's importance when, in fact, if does the very opposite; evolutionary psychologists argue that it is our biological makeup that allows us to think and behave in the ways that we do and that biology and psychology cannot be divorced from one another.

4. If we breed two heterozygous tall pea plants, how many generations of breeding would it take before a batch of all short offspring would be possible? a. one b. two c. three d. four

c. three; the first cross would yield 3:1 heterozygous tall: homozygous short pea plants; the second cross yields 2:2 heterozygous tall: homozygous short pea plants; the third cross could be between the two homozygous short pea plants from cross two, resulting in a third generation of entirely short plants. This could happen if being short became evolutionarily advantageous somehow and natural selection selected for the shortness gene.