PSYC 602 Exam 1

2. While sitting in class, Brianna first noticed the loud ceiling fan but after a while, she did not even notice the sound. This is an example of what cognitive process? A) Sensory habituation B) Systematic desensitization C) Sensory generalization D) Availability Heuristic

Answer: A) Sensory habituation

1. Which is NOT a definer of costly signals? A) Hard to fake B) Hard to rationalize C) Come with a price D) Hard to produce

Answer: B) Hard to rationalize

3. According to the DeWaal article cruelty depends on ___________ A) Ignorance B) Spite C) Empathy D) Belligerence

Answer: C) Empathy

1. Which of the following is an example of the Environment of Evolutionary Adeptness? a. The way humans store fat b. Our preference for visual senses c. Drive for sexual reproduction d. Humans being social creatures

-The correct answer is A. The EEA suggests that since adaptations occur so slowly, many adaptations that were advantageous to our ancestors are not longer needed today. Since food is so readily available, we do not need the ability to store fat for long periods of time and this can not be disadvantageous.

3. According to the Gaulin and McBurney reading, what is our most important sense? a. visional sense b. sense of smell c. sense of sound d. chemical sense

-the correct answer is D

3. There are two species of frogs in a lake, one is black and the other is green. A local sewage plant has been dumping into this lake for a while, resulting in the darkening of the water. What is most likely to happen to the two species of frogs? a. The black frogs will become more common over time b. The green frogs will become more common over time c. All of the frogs will die from pollution d. A third species of frog will develop from the new environment

. A. Evolution/Natural Selection lecture slides. The green frogs will become easier to see by predators and will most likely have a more difficult time passing on their genes to their offspring. Therefore, the black frogs will become more common.

3. What is the correct definition of evolution? 2 Theory that organisms today did not develop from anything 3 Theory that organisms developed from one simple species 4 Theory that organisms developed from simple life forms and have changed over time 5 Theory that organisms appeared out of nowhere

1 Answer: C We know this because the planet has changed and, through fossils, discovered organisms changed, as well

2. In regards to the human brain having two systems of thought, System One is what? 2 Brilliant 3 Flawed 4 Considers 5 Calculates 6 Answer A and B

1 Answer: D • System—one is quick, working without our conscious awareness. Therefore it is brilliant and flawed because it goes by the simple rules of thumb and it is flawed because the same rules of thumb can generate irrational conclusions. • The Science of Fear (Gardner Ch. 1)

Who used garden peas to study genetics? A James Watson B Francis Crick C Gregory Mendel D Fredrick Griffith

1 C; G & McB-Ch 3

9 What is known as the mistaken idea that an evolutionary approach excuses many of the evils in society on the basis that they are natural? A) Realistic Fallacy B) Genetic Fallacy C) Naturalistic Fallacy D) Evolutionary Fallacy

1) Answer: C The mistaken idea that an evolutionary approach excuses many of the evils in society on the basis that they are natural is known as the Naturalistic Fallacy

1 According to reading group 6's article "Testosterone and Self-Reported Dominance Interact to Influence Human Mating Behavior)", testosterone secretion has been found to modulate all of the following behaviors except _______________. 1 Territoriality 2 Sexual motivation 3 Heightened aggression 4 Protectiveness of offspring

1) Answer: D The behaviors linked to testosterone and mate competition are listed on the first page of the article

7 According to Gardner in Fear, humans have two thought processes. What does he label these as? 1 the gut & the head 2 the caveman & the modern man 3 instinct & reason 4 all of the above

2 A; Gardner-Ch 1

1. Which one of the following is NOT used to solicit individual qualities to others? 2 One's qualities can solicit parental Care 3 One's qualities can solicit intelligence 4 One's qualities can solicit care and investment from genetic relatives 5 One's qualities can solicit social support 6 One's qualities can solicit sexual partners

2 Answer: B 2 The four main reasons for displaying individual qualities is to solicit parental care, kin investment, social friends, and sexual partners 3 Spent (Miller Ch. 6)

6 What did Jean Lamark hypothesize? 1 Variation is vital for organisms to change over time 2 Organisms have adapted to their particular environments 3 Organisms can change their traits during their lifetime by use or disuse

2 C B is Darwin's hypothesis and A is part of his theory of evolution

2) According to the principle of Natural Selection, over time, have black moths or white moths become more common? A) Black moths, because they became harder to see. B) White moths, because they became easier to see. C) Both are present in fairly equal quantities D) Neither have become more common

2) A (Black Moths, because they became harder to see) --> White moths became easier to see, while the black moths became harder to see. The black moths were more likely to survive and pass on the gene for dark color to their offspring. Over time, the black moths have become more common

9 What was the name of Charles Darwin's book where he first explained his theory of evolution? A) The Theory of Evolution B) The Origin of Species C) The Theory of Natural Selection D) The Origin of Evolution

2) Answer B The name of Darwin's book is the Origin of Species

1 Which of the following is a behavior that individuals with a fast life history strategy would likely engage in? 1 High calorie dieting 2 Planning a retirement fund 3 Submitting projects on time 4 Making a pros and cons list

2) Answer: A In group 5's reading on Life History Strategy, the last paragraph lists risk taking, financial risk management, high calorie dieting, and unstable intimate relationships as being associated with fast LH's

2) Which of the following is FALSE regarding formation of a new group? a) Humans tend to stay put in one place and slow the pace of other groups moving in b) An advantage of forming a new group is your offspring will inherit surrounding lands and use them to reproduce c) Generally, humans practice open swapping of culture traits more frequently than they do passing down culture traits from the culture which they descended from d) Where humans are most closely packed together, the most number of different societies are found

2) C (from Pagel's "The Occupation of the World") -Humans tend to mate within their own group more than mix with other groups (although this does occur), evident in the differences natural selection has produced over tens of thousands of years vs. a more homogenous population.

2. Who benefits most from handicapping? a. Lower-quality animals that do not have an excess of energy. b. Lower-quality animals who are looking to mate with high-quality animals c. High-quality animals who have an excess of food and mating partners d. High-quality animals who have an excess of time and energy

2- D, Miller chapter 6 states that the animal with the most time and energy are able to flaunt behaviors and physical traits so that others notice them.

2. The phenomenon whereby small cultures lose contact with those around them, thus causing them to fall behind in cultural evolution, is known as a) isolationism b) cultural avoidance c) random drift d) none of the above

2- c) random drift (chapter 1: the occupation of the world)

2. Why are females better at taking care of other creatures? a. Throughout history, females had the innate capability to nurture children and men were the providers. b. Males are built too strong to care for children, specifically infants. c. Females communicate with other animals better than males. d. all of the above

2. A The role of female humans throughout history has been to take care of offspring, while the males were often the hunters.

2. What is one advantage the human race seems to have over other species (Pagal)? A. Mating B. Environmental Integration C. Power Issues D. Cultural Learning

2. According to Pagal's "The Occupation of the World" reading, humans have the advantage of a more advanced ability of cultural learning over other species of animal.

2. Which of the following represents a pair of homologous structures? A. Human leg and arm B. Wing of a bat and the flipper of a whale C. Wings of a butterfly and the wings of a bird D. Cat tail and dog ear's

2. B. Wings of a bat and the flipper of a whale have a similar origin and common ancestor. The wings of a butterfly and the wings of bird evolved from different lines and did not originate from the same primitive structure.

2. All of the following provide evidence for evolution EXCEPT: A. homologous structures B. similar embryonic development across species C. Lamarck's acquired characteristics D. the fossil record

2. C Acquired characteristics, as described by Lamarck, are not heritable (not encoded into DNA), and are hence not passed down to offspring. These do not provide evidence for evolution. A, B, and D are evidences for evolution described in lecture on 1/18.

2. We use ______ of the visual image to avoid collision with objects. A. the degree of the reflected light B. the prediction of action C. the rate of expansion D. the variation of color

2. C --- consider that happens as we approach an object on a collision course and at a steady speed. The image that the object projects onto our retina grows larger. It grows at a rapidly increasing rate as we get nearer.

What are the two components that make up the root of irrational fears? Feeling & reason Sensation & perception Personality & environment When 2 cars pull up to a stoplight at once, and one car Moralistic aggression

2. Feeling & Reason are the two roots of irrational fears found in notes.

2. In a recent article that was mentioned during class a female shark was able to reproduce without the presence of a male. A. True B. False

2. True, this was mentioned on the first or second day of class with a link to the article located in the forum.

3. Which of the following is the most important benefit of signaling, according to Natural Selection? a. Signaling dominance b. Signaling to a mate to reproduce c. Signaling that you have excess time and energy d. Signaling that you have high quality physical traits and behaviors

3- B- The most important part of natural selection is the ability to survive and reproduce.

3. Which of the following differentiates humans from other species and has ultimately caused their unparalleled success? a) communication b) social learning c) reproduction d) the invention of fire

3- b) social learning. This is what really differentiates us as a species. (chapter 1: the occupation of the world)

3. Which of the following situations describes a male who is tolerated around food in bonobo society? A. A male bonobo with a influential mother in the hierarchy. B. A male bonobo who is good at sex. C. A male bonobo who is hostile towards females and masculine. D. None of the above. Male bonobos do not have access to food whatsoever.

3. A --- Bonobos are matriarchal so males generally have really low rank unless he has a powerful mother.

3. What human cognitive trait is typically dominant after an event in order to provide an explanation to explain an individual's personal action? A. Rationality B. Honesty C. Fear D. Anxiety

3. According to class lecture discussion, the cognitive trait of rationality is used by the human race to justify actions after they occur.

3. Which of the following is evidence in support of Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution? A. Common ancestry B. Homologous structures C. Vestigial Organs and Embryonic Development D. All of the Above

3. Answer D all of the above, from the powerpoint lecture on Darwin.

2. Charles Darwin's studies on Galapagos finches ultimately concluded with what finding? a. All of the finches had similar diets and therefore a similar ancestor b. Certain finches had a higher reproductive rate than others c. Beak shapes were different depending on a finch's location d. Finches were going to become extinct within the next 100 years because of lack of food

C. From lecture slides titled "Voyage of the Beagle- what did Darwin find?"

4. Daniel Garnder's The Science of Fear, highlighted which of the following concepts? a. Our current fears are a byproduct of actual and rational reason b. Humans hold fear as an evolutionary factor for survival, which was once a lot more useful. c. Fear is an evolutionary trait that was never useful for the human species. d. none of the above

4. B Fear once was key to survival for humans, now it does not play as large of a role in survival, but is still necessary.

5. Which is an example of "signaling" according to Geoffrey Miller? a. buying an expensive car b. Doing well in school to make your parents proud c. Trying to solicit social support d. Buying L'Oreal to look younger e. all of the above

5 E Miller describes the many ways of signaling that humans and other creatures do to obtain a certain result.

1 According to Darwin, music __________________. 1 Developed through natural selection as part of human or paleohuman mating rituals 2 Aided in the survival of human beings by providing a creative outlet 3 Is not evolutionarily adaptive because it serves no purpose for mating 4 Can only be evolutionarily adaptive if it is at a certain frequency

5) Answer: A Levitin Chapter 9 reading

Why would a person value possession of a luxury and/or unique good such as the original Mona Lisa? [Miller '09] a) Possession of expensive items increases one's value to all potential mates as it signals optimal fitness for strictly environmental challenges b) Her enigmatic smile evokes passion in the viewer and compels reverence c) Possession of a unique item presents an opportunity to profit through mimicry d) Possession of expensive items increases one's fitness in the context of sexual selection [mate choice]

D

8 Which of the following statements is correct? A) Taste is both a contact sense and a distance sense. B) Smell is a chemical sense, while taste is not. C) There are only four different types of smells, while there are innumerable types of tastes. D) Smell is both a contact sense and a distance sense.

D à According to G & McB Chapter 4, "Although smell is partly a distance sense and partly a contact sense, taste is entirely a contact sense."

1 Which of the following is a vestigial organ? a hind leg bones of a whale b appendix of a human c pelvic bone of a snake d all of the above e none of the above

D; Lecture 2 ppt-Evolution & Natural Selection

What specializations can be studied using evolutionary psychology? A. Cognitive Psychology B. Fear response C. Motivation D. Sensation and perception E. All of the above

E

True or false: All species are inherited from a common ancestor

true

1. Homo sapiens sapiens are a species of modern humans that evolved from chimpanzee. A. True B. False

1. False, we are more like cousins that branched from the same ancestor long ago.

1. What is the science that is being used to prove that Lamarck's ideas about evolution were not totally wrong? a. Epigenetics b. Radioactive dating c. Microbiology d. Fossil studies

1. a: The study of epigenetics shows that things that occur during our lifetime can change our genes and the genes of our direct offspring.

1. Which of the following is NOT an assumption of the Standard Social Science Model? a) Human psychology and more broadly the human mind is a blank slate that is changed and morphed by experience. Humans are not naturally inclined toward any behaviors or tendencies. b) Human learning occurs through at most a few general-purpose learning mechanisms that generate novel outputs (in the form of learned behaviors) from a wide variety of inputs. c) Psychological research is conducted empirically using the scientific method. Conclusions drawn via other means cannot be considered psychologically valid d) Biological constraints on human behavior are few in number and limited in their capacity. Genetics and innate drives like hunger play a subservient role to experience in guiding human behavior. e) None of the above

1. c. While the statement is true, it is not an assumption of the model.

The belief that evolutionary traits are fixed and inflexible is an example of: Darwin Theory Genetic fallacy Fixation theory Behaviorism

1. genetic fallacy- mentioned in the first chapter of the readings, this shows that evolutionary beliefs are not always fixed

1) Rachel is willing to risk getting a ticket for honking to increase the chance that someone who almost crashed into her will get a ticket for running a red light. According to one of the articles discussed in our reading groups, what type of behavior is Rachel showing? A) Selfish Behavior B) Spiteful Behavior C) Aggressive Behavior D) Immoral Behavior

1) B (Spiteful Behavior) --> Spiteful behavior carries a cost to the actor and a cost to the recipient. Choice A (Selfish Behavior) is wrong because with selfish behavior, you are more concerned about pleasing yourself, and the result of that is imposing a cost on to someone else. Choice C (Aggressive Behavior) and D (Immoral Behavior) were not discussed in the article.

1) Which of the following is NOT a core tenet of evolutionary psychology? a) All behavior is a function of psychological mechanisms and input to them from the environment b) Psychological mechanisms are instantiated in the brain c) Evolved mechanisms are functional, as they are designed to solve recurrent problems in the EEA d) All of the above are core tenets e) None of the above are core tenets

1) D - (from Power Point Lecture 2) The core tenets of evolutionary psychology are: 1. All behavior is a function of psychological mechanisms + input to those mechanisms 2. All psychological mechanisms, at some basic level, originate from evolutionary processes 3. Natural and sexual selection are the most important evolutionary processes responsible for creating psychological mechanisms 4. Evolved psychological mechanisms can be described as information processing devices 5. Evolved psychological mechanisms are instantiated in the brain 6. Evolved psychological mechanisms are functional: Designed to solve statistically recurrent adaptive problems

1. All of the following are examples of the signaling theory except? a. Wearing a wedding ring b. Tattoos c. Driving around campus playing loud music d. None of the above

1) none of the above, notes from 1/30 covering the signal theory

1. Which of the following is a core tenant of Evolutionary Psychology? a. All behavior is a of function psychological mechanisms and the input to the mechanisms. b. Evolved psychological mechanisms can not be used to describe information process devices. c. Natural selection and Sexual selection are the most important processes in psychological mechanisms. d. A&C

1- D, Both A and C are correct. According to the lecture 2 PowerPoint, the function of psychological mechanisms and their inputs are a core feature of evolutionary psychology. C is also correct because according to Darwin, natural and sexual selection are the base of evolution.

1. Which is not a major key to natural selection? a). inheritance b). variation c). differential reproduction d). identical reproduction

1- d) identical reproduction. Variation allows us as humans to either thrive or fail. (Lecture 2 slides).

1. Which of the following correctly describes the naturalistic fallacy? A. the mistaken idea that an evolutionary approach excuses many of society's evils on the basis that they are "natural" B. the mistaken idea that evolved traits are inflexible C. the mistaken idea that all mutations are beneficial D. the mistaken idea that all organisms are derived from a common ancestor

1. A B describes the genetic fallacy, not the naturalistic fallacy, and both C and D are incorrect statements. This question was generated from chapter 1 of the G&McB reading.

1. According to the DeWaal Reading what, next to death would be the worst punishment for the human species? A. Starvation B. Group Imprisonment C. Solitary Confinement D. Physical Labor

1. According to the Dewaal reading "Our Inner Ape" solitary confinement is the worst punishment besides the death penalty for the human species due to the negative psychological and physical effects that it causes.

1. Most small animals do not respond to ______ frequency because they are most likely incapable of getting out of the way of a big animal such as an elephant stomping towards them. A. High B. Low C. Medium D. None of the above. They could respond well to all frequencies.

1. B --- Because the reception of sound is an adaption. Since large animals make lower frequencies, small animals who could not respond to that range of frequencies would be eliminated.

1. Why has observing other animals been a really adaptive trait throughout human history? a. humans require entertainment to live b. humans get their traits from watching other animals c. humans avoided being eaten and ate through watching the actions of other animals d. humans needed to companionship of animals when they were isolated from humans

1. C Humans survived through knowing what the actions of other animals were going to be, whether how to eat them or how to avoid being eaten by them.

1. Which of these is not necessary for natural selection to occur? A. Differential Survival B. Heritability C. Genetic Variation D. Isolation of populations

1. D. Isolation of population is necessary for speciation, not natural selection. The other three are necessary for natural selection to occur.

2. Why might one say that natural selection is a process that typically equilibrates with sexual selection? a) Traits derived in order to enhance reproductive success are normally trade-offs that also decrease survivability b) Sexual selection acts unevenly on the two sexes, leading to sexual dimorphism c) Sexual selection is a form of disruptive selection that limits the directional nature of natural selection d) a and b

2. a. Sexually selected traits typically involve some sort of survival trade-off. This might mean that while the trait may enhance reproductive success, it could be costly to maintain or increase their susceptibility to predation. B is a factually accurate statement, but it is not a reason why one might say that sexual and natural selection equilibrate.

2. What is an example of sexual selection? a. Male seahorses giving birth to offspring b. A female horse choosing whether to reproduce or not c. A male peacock's brightly colored plumage d. A female elephant having a gestation period of 18 to 22 months

2. c: Sexual selection is the idea that some species have traits that could be dangerous, such as making them more visible to predators, but help the animal reproduce.

7 What is the main idea of Signaling Theory? 1 Animals, including humans, send signals to each other to convey information about themselves. 2 Humans enjoy looking at signals because it tells them about their environment. 3 Animals learn from signals in their environment.

3 A Miller's Signaling Theory is about communication between and among species.

5 According to de Waal, cruelty depends on ______________. A aggression B empathy C motive D hate

3 B; de Waal-Ch 1

3) Which of the following statements regarding Miller's signaling theory is FALSE? a) Individuals work hard for the good of the group b) Individuals communicate information about the self, not the environment, to others c) Animals send signals in order to receive food/care from parents, threaten rivals, and/or attract mates d) Signals are typically costly, hard to produce, and hard to fake

3) A (from Miller's "Spent") -Individuals work hard to show off to others (in order to eventually reproduce or solicit social support/alliance), rather than for the good of the group

7 According to evolutionary psychology what is a key feature of a module? A) The Peacock Effect B) Prosopagnosia C) Natural Selection D) Domain Specificity

3) Answer D A key feature of the modular mind according to evolutionary psychology is domain specificity

1 During his presidential campaign, Donald Trump used anti-immigration rhetoric to win over supporters. This is an example of _______. 1 Mate competition 2 Tribalism 3 Slow life history strategy 4 Natural selection

3) Answer: B Tribalism is defined as any behavior or attitude that stems from loyalty to one's own tribe or social group. This is an evolutionarily adaptive behavior we talked about in class.

3) If animals evolved from a common ancestor, then they should share common structures. These structures are called: A) vestigial organs B) fossils C) homologous structures D) embryos

3) C (homologous structures) --> Choice A (vestigial organs) is incorrect because vestigial organs are structures or organs of an organism that no longer have a useful function. Choice B (fossils) is incorrect because fossils are the preserved remains or traces of animals, plants, and other organisms from the remote past. Choice D (embryonic development) is incorrect, because it does not relate to the topic.

3. Which of the following is a reasonable evolutionary mechanism that explains why humans might be so interested in visiting zoos? A. Zoos allow humans to escape the cities and serve as a reminder of the wilderness humans thrived in 10,000 years ago. B. 10,000 years ago, it would have been evolutionarily adaptive for humans to take an interest in the animals around them. Such an interest might have provided early humans with insight that increased their chances of reproduction and survival. C. Humans are evolutionary descendants of some animals found within zoos. D. The human brain is intensely stimulated by the novelty of the exotic animals found in zoos.

3. B This answer was discussed in class on 1/25. A, C an D are incorrect and do not provide the basis for an evolutionary mechanism.

3. Why do humans still get sick? a. Our environment is constantly changing. b. Humans do not evolve as fast as the environment. c. Pathogens are also evolving. d. all of the above

3. D Due to everything else evolving (the environment and other pathogens) the human body is not able to catch up in evolution and become immune to all diseases.

3. Who was the French naturalist who proposed that evolution resulted from the inheritance of acquired characteristics during the organism's lifetime? A. Charles Darwin B. David Attenborough C. Napoleon Bonaparte D. Jean-Batiste Lamarck

3. D. Jean Batiste Lamarck proposed the theory of Inheritance of Acquired Traits. Napoleon wasn't a naturalist. Charles Darwin proposed the Theory of Natural Selection.

A car honks at another car when they run a stop light so that they draw attention to the person in the wrong- this is an example of: Social Loafing Moralistic aggression Spotlight affect Reciprocal altruism

3. Moralistic Aggression- example from reading the article on Spite

3. A human male lifting extra heavy weights in front of a female at the gym is an example of what? a. Sexual selection b. Signaling theory c. Lamark's theory of evolution d. Epigenetics

3. b: Signaling theory is the idea that animals, including humans, signal each other to show information about themselves, especially their fitness. The man at the gym is signaling to the woman that he is strong and can protect her.

3. Which of the following is not an example a polygenic trait in humans? a) Height b) Hair Color c) Skin Color d) Freckles e) Weight

3. d. Freckles are controlled by one gene. All of the others involve multiple genes

Which of the following is NOT a pre-Darwinian belief? A Earth is only a few thousand years old B Organisms can change their traits during their lifetime by use or disuse C The planet & the species on it have been the same since the beginning of time D Organisms with the most adaptive traits for an environment will thrive

4 D; Lecture 2 ppt-Evolution & Natural Selection

7 Which of the following is evidence for common ancestry? 1 Homologous structures 2 Embryo development 3 Fossils 4 A and B 5 All of the above

4 E Common ancestry is the idea that species evolved from a common ancestor and all of the items listed are evidence for it.

1 Why are individuals with fast LH more likely to engage in procrastination? 1 They don't care about their grades because there were no schools in the EEA 2 Procrastination is a mechanism to deal with an unpredictable environment 3 Humans are evolutionarily adapted to procrastinate 4 Procrastination is advantageous to mating

4) Answer: B In group 5's reading on Life History Strategy, the article says that "procrastination serves to hedge against an unpredictable environment in which a person's survival effort may not evoke the intended fitness gains"

Which of the following is the best evolutionary explanation for why young males go around playing music with very loud bass? A. To appear to be dominant like the big animals which make bass-heavy noises in order to attract mates B. To distance themselves from their parents C. Because very loud noises remind them of a primal physiological pleasure D. Because we developed a liking to very loud bass noise having been around big animals at the beginning of our evolution

A

Which statement best supports Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection? [see G_McB Ch 2] a) The fittest organism is the one that most successfully reproduces organisms that successfully reproduce in turn b) The fundamental units of genetic material are unique to each species in keeping with the specificity of the niche each fills c) The evolutionary imperative of each species is to completely consume all resources and populate the earth d) 'Survival of the fittest' fully encapsulates Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection

A

2. The purpose of human perception is to? a. Guides not only our movement but thoughts b. Paying attention to the constant stimuli around us c. Sensing change in our environment d. A & C e. All of the above

A & C, notes from 2/8 covering human perception

6 Which of the following is an example of intrasexual selection? A) Two male rhinoceroses fighting each other for access to fertile females. B) Peahens choosing peacocks based on their brightly colored tail feathers. C) A female deer choosing a male deer based on the amount of resources he can provide her. D) All of the above.

A à Intrasexual selection occurs when members of the same sex compete with one another for access to mates of the opposite sex (see Lecture 2 PowerPoint.)

1) Signals that are hard to produce, have a high expense, and threaten life are known as: a - role symbols b - costly signals c - evolutionary skills d - status techniques

B

1. Since what time period has the SSSM been the prevailing orthodoxy in psychology? A. 1980s B.1940s C.1950s D. 1960s

B

3. Which of the following is the best example of spiteful behavior? A. Andrew takes one of Dustin's oreos because he is hungry B. William honks at others when he sees them breaking traffic laws, even though this puts him at risk for getting a ticket C. Mary teases Sarah because she likes seeing her get annoyed D. Eric parks behind Mike even though he knows he will be blocking him in and inconveniencing Mike

B

Which functional explanation for perception in the form of vision best suits the perspective of an evolutionary psychologist? [see G_McB Ch 4] a) Sight is a tool for representing the world in a way that is accessible to thought. Ultimately, seeing allows one to form a perceptual belief b) Sight is used for the control of movement in order to attain an optimum environment as efficiently as possible c) Sight provides sensory information for modulation of our hypothalamic drives [food, sleep, sex] d) Sight is used primarily to judge distance in order to help us avoid collisions as we learn about our perceptual environment

B

Which is not one if the assumptions of the SSMM model? A. Genetic influence is very limited B. All traits are inherited C. Both are true D. None are true

B

3. Which human ancestor is responsible for our empathetic quality towards others? a. Apes b. Bonobos c. Chimpanzees d. Monkeys

Bonobos, DeWaal article

2) Humans have a complicated duality of personality, influenced by which two species? a - elephants and giraffes b - gorillas and orangutan c - chimpanzees and bonobos d - tigers and mandrills

C

8 Which of the following statements is correct? A) System 1 is Reason; it works slowly, carefully considers evidence, and tends to come to rational decisions. B) System 2 is Feeling; it works quickly, unconsciously, and makes decisions based on rules of thumb. C) System 2 is Reason; it works slowly, carefully considers evidence, and tends to come to rational decisions. D) None of the above.

C à According to Gardner, "System Two is Reason. It works slowly. It examines evidence. It calculates and considers. When Reason makes a decision, it's easy to put into words and explain."

2. Which is not one of the criticisms of evolutionary psychology towards the SSSM? A. The SSSM offers no general unifying framework for all of psychology B. The SSSM erects an artificial wall between the natural and social sciences C. General-purpose learning mechanisms cannot explain the wide array of known environmental effects. Learning mechanisms are evolved and are shaped to serve particular narrow functions D. The SSSM focuses too much on the idea that development depends the interaction between the environment and genes

D

3) Arguably, a great deal of the fear in society stems from what media outputs and individuals take in. As humans, we tend to generalize a situation from information that is constantly given to us, despite data that is contradictory to our generalizations. This generalization is known as: a - fear reaction b - evolutionary salience c - generalization capacity d - availability heuristic

D

Which of these early evolutionary theorists predicted that psychology would one day be based off of the theory of evolution? A. Jean-Batiste Lamarck B. David Attenborough C. Napoleon Bonaparte D. Charles Darwin

D

1. What is the best definition of a hominid? a. Any human-like species b. A bipedal species; walks on two legs c. An intelligent species; large brain, uses tools d. All of the above

D. From lecture slides titled "What is a hominid?"

Why is the inability to feel pain dangerous? A. It leads to adrenaline seeking behavior. B. Pain allows us to know when a behavior is detracting from our fitness. C. Pain builds character. D. Pain contributes to our fitness by encouraging high fecundity.

The correct answer is B. Pain is adaptive and without it a person could continue behavior that is destructive to their own body. Pain contributes to risk-aversion, which is adaptive in particular circumstances.

2. What was Lamark's Theory of Evolution and is it still relevant into today's theory of evolution? a. His theory states that traits change based on disuse and the environmental conditions; no it isn't relevant because it was proven incorrect by Darwin's theory of evolution. b. His theory states that traits are fixed by genetics due to how favorable they are in the environment; yes, it is relevant in the field of epigenetics. c. His theory states that traits change based on disuse and the environmental conditions; yes, it is relevant in the field of epigenetics. d. His theory states that traits are fixed by genetics due to how favorable they are in the environment; no it isn't relevant because it was proven incorrect by Darwin's theory of evolution.

The correct answer is C

Individuals who score high on Machiavellian traits are/do NOT: A. Perceived as more intelligent and charming. B. More likely to be good, convincing liars. C. More successful in short-term social interactions. D. Score high on empathetic and compassionate traits.

The correct answer is D. High-Mach's may try to be seen as empathetic and compassionate but have been shown to be less likely to be empathetic with others and less likely to help others in need.

Q: "Adaptations may be out of date" -Explain this phrase. a. Evolution is an outdated theory; it is no longer relevant. b. Environments change quicker than the process of evolution. c. Evolution is no longer occurring, thus our adaptations are out of date. d. Evolution can only take place in "natural" conditions, we cannot adapt to modern conditions.

b: The environments of Earth change more quickly than evolution occurs. There is bound to be some products of evolution that are not as fit in current environment as they were when the selection process for that adaptation began. Example: Due to the high amounts of car and factor exhaust in the atmosphere, an ideal adaptation would be able to breath-in such gasses as well as oxygen. However, the exhausts that come from cars and factories are poisonous to our bodies. This is because our respiratory systems were designed before human exposure to large amounts of car and factory exhaust.

Q: Fill in the blanks: Sexual selection favors ______ that provide benefits in context of ________. a. traits, fitness b. individuals, mating c. traits, mating d. individuals, gene pool Correct answer

c: Sexual selection favors traits that provide benefits in context of mating. Although a male peacock's tail is biologically costly, the complexity, vividness, and size of the tail's design greatly impact the likelihood of attracting and mating with a female peacock. Thus Sexual selection favors fabulous tails in male peacocks.

Q: What is the Nature-Nurture Dichotomy? Is it true or false? a. A gene can only be explained by "nature" or "nurture" but not both, it is true b. A gene can only be explained by "nature" or "nurture" but not both, it is false c. A trait can only be explained by "nature" or "nurture" but not both, it is true d. A trait can only be explained by "nature" or "nurture" but not both, it is false

d: The assumption that a trait can only be explained by genetic makeup or environmental influences but not both. It is false, both genetic makeup and environmental influences work together in our expression of traits.