Psyc Ch. 4

Stephanie, the woman in the video case, displays which of the following symptoms of OCD?

concerns about contamination and dirt

Severe, persistent, and irrational anxiety about social situations is referred to as _____ disorder. antisocial flooding socialization social anxiety

social anxiety

Surveys suggest that around 13 percent of people in the United States develop _____ at some point in their lifetimes. social anxiety disorder obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) agoraphobia a disassociated phobia

social anxiety disorder

According to the text, the_____ perspective has developed treatments that tend to be effective for compulsions but ineffective for obsessions. cognitive psychodynamic biological behavioral

behavioral

Danny's successful treatment consisted of ______________.

behavioral exposure therapy

Cyan has not left her house in two years. As part of her therapy, her therapist has set up several gradual steps designed to enable Cyan to leave her home. Using a series of reinforcements, Cyan is first rewarded for standing with her front door open, then she is rewarded for standing on her front porch, and then for standing at the bottom of her front porch steps. Cyan's therapist MOST likely is a: humanistic therapist. psychoanalyst. cognitive therapist. behaviorist.

behaviorist

Studies suggest that about _____ percent of the relatives of people with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) display GAD themselves. 9 12 15 18

15

Research suggests that about _____ percent of those suffering from social anxiety disorder are women. 30 40 50 60

60

According to the text, research suggests that approximately _____ percent of those with panic disorder who have undergone some form of therapy will become free of panic. 20 30 90 80

80

rational-emotive therapy

A cognitive therapy developed by Albert Ellis that helps clients identify and change the irrational assumptions and thinking that help cause their psychological disorder.

electromyograph (EMG)

A device that provides feedback about the level of muscular tension in the body.

obsessive-compulsive disorder

A disorder in which a person has recurrent and unwanted thoughts and/or a need to perform repetitive and rigid actions.

body dysmorphic disorder

A disorder in which individuals become preoccupied with the belief that they have certain defects or flaws in their physical appearance. The perceived defects or flaws are imagined or greatly exaggerated.

hoarding disorder

A disorder in which people feel compelled to save items and experience significant distress if they try to discard them, resulting in an excessive accumulation of items and possessions.

trichotillomania

A disorder in which people repeatedly pull out hair from their scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes, or other parts of their body. Also called hair-pulling disorder.

serotonin

A neurotransmitter whose abnormal activity is linked to depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and eating disorders.

norepinephrine

A neurotransmitter whose abnormal activity is linked to panic disorder and depression.

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

A neurotransmitter whose low activity has been linked to generalized anxiety disorder.

_____ refers to a fear of being in a public place or situation where escape might be difficult or help unavailable. Acrophobia Arachnophobia Agoraphobia Claustrophobia

Agoraphobia

_____ proposed that many people are guided by irrational beliefs that lead them to act and react in inappropriate ways. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Mary Ainsworth Carl Rogers Sigmund Freud Albert Ellis

Albert Ellis

agoraphobia

An anxiety disorder in which a person is afraid to be in public places or situations from which escape might be difficult (or embarrassing) or help unavailable if panic-like symptoms were to occur.

panic disorder

An anxiety disorder marked by recurrent and unpredictable panic attacks.

neutralizing

Attempting to eliminate thoughts that one finds unacceptable by thinking or behaving in ways that make up for those thoughts and so put matters right internally.

exposure treatments

Behavioral treatments in which persons are exposed to the objects or situations they dread.

_____ theory suggests that, as a species, humans are preprogrammed to fear certain things. Phobic reactions to animals, heights, and darkness are more common than phobic reactions to meat, grass, and houses. Behavioral Behavioral-evolutionary Cognitive Biological

Behavioral-evolutionary

Danny traces his phobia to a very early childhood experience in which a dog jumped toward him, causing a fear reaction at that time and from that point forward. This explanation is pointing to ______________.

Classical conditioning

metacognitive theory

Developed by Adrian Wells; suggests that people with generalized anxiety disorder implicitly hold both positive and negative beliefs about worrying.

Danny's mother believes her own fear of big dogs may have led to his phobia. This explanation is pointing to ______________.

Modeling

Who is MOST likely to develop a specific phobia? Natalie, an African American Douglas, an Asian American Cassie, a European American Joseph, a Native American

Natalie, an African American

Which is NOT a symptom of obsessive-compulsive disorder? One's obsessions and/or compulsions feel excessive. One's obsessions and/or compulsions cause great distress. One's obsessions and/or compulsions interfere with daily functions. One's obsessions and/or compulsions seem similar to ordinary tasks.

One's obsessions and/or compulsions seem similar to ordinary tasks.

panic attacks

Periodic, short bouts of panic that occur suddenly, reach a peak within minutes, and gradually pass.

caudate nuclei

Structures in the brain, within the region known as the basal ganglia, that help convert sensory information into thoughts and actions.

fear

The central nervous system's physiological and emotional response to a serious threat to one's well-being.

anxiety

The central nervous system's physiological and emotional response to a vague sense of threat or danger.

According to the sociocultural model, who is MOST likely to develop generalized anxiety disorder? Charles, an educated businessman who lives in an affluent neighborhood Verna, who lives with her two children in post-earthquake Haiti Sandor, who works a minimum-wage job, but receives subsidized income because of a disability Keela, a college student working part-time

Verna, who lives with her two children in post-earthquake Haiti

client-centered therapy

The humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers in which clinicians try to help clients by being accepting, empathizing accurately, and conveying genuineness.

basic irrational assumptions

The inaccurate and inappropriate beliefs held by people with various psychological problems, according to Albert Ellis.

benzodiazepines

The most common group of antianxiety drugs, which includes Valium and Xanax.

generalized anxiety disorder

a disorder marked by persistent and excessive feelings of anxiety and worry about numerous events and activities

family pedigree study

a research design in which investigators determine how many and which relatives of a person with a disorder have the same disorder

mindfulness-based cognitive therapy

developed be Steven Hayes, therapist help clients to become aware of their stream of thoughts, including their worries, as they are occurring and to accept such thoughts as mere events of the mind.

Carlie is studying for her final exams on a daily basis. Unfortunately, she is finding it harder and harder to concentrate. She has not been sleeping very well, and even when she is confident she knows the material, she constantly doubts herself and thinks that she is not capable of doing well. Furthermore, she is finding that her anxiety and self-doubt have begun to affect other aspects of her life. She struggles to keep up with other parts of life, such as laundry and grocery shopping. Carlie's situation is an example of: panic disorder. generalized anxiety disorder. posttraumatic stress disorder. obsessive-compulsive disorder.

generalized anxiety disorder.

The neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine, _____ play a key role in the operation of the orbitofrontal cortex. norepinephrine, and acetylcholine glutamate, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) glutamate, and norepinephrine norepinephrine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

glutamate, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Desmond has been diagnosed with social anxiety disorder, and he has certain beliefs about himself that are a part of his anxiety. According to cognitive theorists, Desmond MOST likely believes that: he does well with meeting new people. if he messes up, no one will notice. he is attractive. he has no social skills.

he has no social skills.

. In the video, Danny displayed a physical reaction when he saw a dog. What was that reaction?

his heart rate doubled

A person with _____ disorder has recurrent and unwanted thoughts, a need to perform repetitive and rigid actions, or both conditions. panic obsessive-compulsive generalized anxiety posttraumatic stress

obsessive-compulsive

Ariel spends much time each night preparing her home for the next day. She goes far beyond the usual household chores that need to be done. She cleans her home extensively and lays out all of the dishes, silverware, and nonperishable food she will use in the next day. When she wakes up the next morning, she always feels overwhelmed with the detailed housework she will need to do in the coming day. Ariel would MOST likely be diagnosed with: generalized anxiety disorder. social anxiety disorder. obsessive-compulsive disorder. agoraphobia.

obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Surveys suggest that approximately _____ of individuals with panic disorder in the United States are currently in treatment. two thirds one-third one-quarter half

one-third

Brandi has been diagnosed with social anxiety disorder, and she has certain beliefs about herself that are a part of her anxiety. According to cognitive theorists, which belief does Brandi NOT hold about herself? "I must perform perfectly in social situations." "I am unattractive." "If my social behavior is not perfect, terrible consequences will follow." "I am socially skilled, but no one notices."

"I am socially skilled, but no one notices."

exposure and response prevention

A behavioral treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder that exposes a client to anxiety-arousing thoughts or situations and then prevents the client from performing his or her compulsive acts. Also called exposure and ritual prevention.

systematic desensitization

A behavioral treatment that uses relaxation training and a fear hierarchy to help clients with phobias react calmly to the objects or situations they dread.

excoriation disorder

A disorder in which persons repeatedly pick at their skin, resulting in significant sores or wounds. Also called skin-picking disorder.

phobia

A persistent and unreasonable fear of a particular object, activity, or situation.

obsession

A persistent thought, idea, impulse, or image that is experienced repeatedly, feels intrusive, and causes anxiety.

stimulus generalization

A phenomenon in which responses to one stimulus are also produced by similar stimuli.

preparedness

A predisposition to develop certain fears.

biological challenge test

A procedure used to produce panic in participants or clients by having them exercise vigorously or perform some other potentially panic-inducing task in the presence of a researcher or therapist.

modeling

A process of learning in which a person acquires responses by observing and imitating others. Also, a therapy approach based on the same principle.

classical conditioning

A process of learning in which two events that repeatedly occur close together in time become tied together in a person's mind and so produce the same response.

orbitofrontal cortex

A region of the brain in which impulses involving excretion, sexuality, violence, and other primitive activities normally arise.

compulsion

A repetitive and rigid behavior or mental act that persons feel driven to perform in order to prevent or reduce anxiety.

specific phobia

A severe and persistent fear of a specific object or situation (does not include agoraphobia and social anxiety disorder).

social anxiety disorder

A severe and persistent fear of social or performance situations in which embarrassment may occur.

locus coeruleus

A small area of the brain that seems to be active in the regulation of emotions. Many of its neurons use norepinephrine.

biofeedback

A technique in which a client is given information about physiological reactions as they occur and learns to control the reactions voluntarily.

anxiety sensitivity

A tendency to focus on one's bodily sensations, assess them illogically, and interpret them as harmful.

social skills training

A therapy approach that helps people learn or improve social skills and assertiveness through role playing and rehearsing of desirable behaviors.

flooding

A treatment for phobias in which clients are exposed repeatedly and intensively to a feared object and made to see that it is actually harmless.

relaxation training

A treatment procedure that teaches clients to relax at will so they can calm themselves in stressful situations.

stress management program

An approach to treating generalized and other anxiety disorders that teaches clients techniques for reducing and controlling stress.

sedative-hypnotic drugs

Drugs used in low doses to calm people and in higher doses to help people sleep. Also called anxiolytic drugs.

Jacqueline was driving home from work when she approached a traffic jam that came to a standstill on a bridge. The traffic did not move, and she began to feel anxious that she could not escape the traffic or the bridge. Last week, she experienced something similar when she stood in a long line at the grocery store. She now has developed an extreme fear of leaving home to risk facing one of these "inescapable" situations. Jacqueline is MOST likely suffering from: flooding. social anxiety disorder. agoraphobia. modeling.

agoraphobia.

unconditional positive regard

an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

Social anxiety disorder is no longer referred to as "social phobia" because social: phobia only defined anxiety as a specific social situation. phobia did not allow clinicians to diagnose those who feared eating in public. phobia only defined anxiety when the situation involved speaking in public. anxiety is a better indicator of the disorder's wide-ranging scope of application.

anxiety is a better indicator of the disorder's wide-ranging scope of application.

Julie was MOST likely prescribed which benzodiazepine for her generalized anxiety disorder. Valtrate Ativan Zoloft Prozac

ativan

Vicktor spends an enormous amount of time on his appearance. He will often wake early in the morning to perfectly groom his hair, in some cases rewashing it when he cannot achieve the hair style that he desires. Even when he feels confident that his hair is perfect, he will constantly check it in any available mirror and correct any perceived flaws. Vicktor would MOST likely be diagnosed with _____ according to the DSM-5. excoriation disorder hoarding disorder body dysmorphic disorder trichotillomania

body dysmorphic disorder

Walda is a sociocultural theorist, so she does NOT believe that _____ is a factor in generalized anxiety disorder. a lack of job opportunities poverty childhood spanking a lack of educational opportunities

childhood spanking

Keona holds unrealistically high standards about herself and her ability to speak in public. She constantly judges herself as poorer than she really is and, as a result, she either makes excuses not to speak in public or flatly refuses to do so. Which theory best supports Keona's diagnosis of social anxiety disorder? humanistic biological cognitive behavioral

cognitive

Natasha has been diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder. Her therapist has been working with her to educate her about the role of worrying. Natasha is trying to understand what triggers her worrying and how worrying is a bad way to control her life. The techniques of Natasha's therapist are rooted in which theoretical perspective? cognitive humanistic psychodynamic sociocultural

cognitive

Zulfa thinks about the cleanliness of her face, and compulsively washes her face many times a day. Her therapist has diagnosed her with obsessive-compulsive disorder. He has begun to educate Zulfa about the ways in which her unwanted thoughts about cleanliness and her compulsions to wash her face are counterproductive. Zulfa is now trying to identify, challenge, and change her obsessions and compulsions. Her therapist's strategies are rooted in the_____ perspective. biological behavioral psychodynamic cognitive

cognitive

The MOST common theme for people troubled by obsessive thinking appears to be: violence or aggression. orderliness or neatness. religion and sexuality. dirt or contamination.

dirt or contamination.

Constantine suffers from obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). He spends multiple hours cleaning and recleaning various areas of his house to the point that he cannot carry out other daily tasks such as cooking or taking care of his family. Constantine is aware of the amount of time he engages in his compulsions; however, every time he attempts to stop, he MOST likely: experiences overwhelming depression. experiences an increase in anxiety. becomes obsessed with something else. becomes distracted by dirt.

experiences an increase in anxiety.

According to the textbook, Stephanie is most likely to be helped by which treatment?

exposure and response prevention

Carson was hiking through Yosemite National Park when he rounded a corner and saw a big black bear. Which of the following would be an appropriate response? anxiety posttraumatic stress disorder fear generalized anxiety

fear

Benzodiazepine receptors ordinarily receive_____, a common neurotransmitter in the brain. gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) serotonin dopamine acetylcholine (ACh)

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

According to the textbook, each of the following biological variables may be contributing to Stephanie's disorder, except: caudate nucleus hippocampus orbitofrontal cortex low serotonin activity

hippocampus

Fadil has been visiting a therapist for the treatment of his generalized anxiety disorder. Fadil realizes that his anxiety may stem in part from the fact that he is too self-judgmental. He is not sure if the therapy is affecting his anxiety, but he does feel that his therapist genuinely cares about him and his recovery. His therapist's techniques are MOST likely rooted in the_____ perspective. psychodynamic cognitive sociocultural humanistic

humanistic

Jewel is often critical of herself and her ability to perform even the most basic tasks. She has tried to change her negative views about herself but self-deprecating thoughts always seem to break through and her anxiety increases no matter the situation. Jewel's therapist believes that this is the root of her generalized anxiety disorder. Jewel's therapist is MOST likely following the_____ perspective. psychodynamic cognitive humanistic biological

humanistic

Phobias are

irrational fears

Therapists believe that social anxiety disorder has two key features: sufferers have overwhelming social fears, and they: possess behaviors that are classified as deviant. lack social recognition. lack skill at starting conversation, communicating their needs, or meeting the needs of others. possess delusional beliefs.

lack skill at starting conversation, communicating their needs, or meeting the needs of others.

_____ theory suggests that people with generalized anxiety disorder implicitly hold both positive and negative beliefs about worrying. The intolerance of uncertainty Cognitive Basic cognitive Metacognitive

metacognitive

Instead of gradually exposing Felix to the object that he fears, his therapist confronts the object while Felix watches. Felix's therapist is using: systematic desensitization. flooding. role-playing. modeling.

modeling

Miriam has been experiencing recurring periods of shortness of breath, sweating, trembling, faintness, and a feeling of unreality for more than a month. Miriam may be suffering from: panic disorder. flooding. generalized anxiety disorder. obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

panic disorder.

Although cognitive therapy tends to benefit those with social anxiety disorder, it does NOT address: performance in social settings. the sufferer's deviant behavior. maladaptive thinking. long-term anxiety.

performance in social settings.

According to the text, which of the following is NOT an identified contributor to social anxiety disorder? biological abnormalities traumatic childhood experiences overprotective parent-child interactions phobias

phobias

Professor Panasiuk is trying to condition monkeys to have phobias. He finds it easy to condition monkeys to fear snakes but difficult to condition monkeys to fear pieces of green string. An evolutionary-behavioral theorists would say this is MOST likely because of: flooding, systematic desensitization. stimulus generalization. preparedness.

preparedness.

Matika is a therapist who is treating a client with generalized anxiety disorder. She believes that her client's anxiety stems from overprotective parents. During their therapy sessions, Matika uses methods such as free association and dream interpretation. Matika's beliefs and strategies for generalized anxiety disorder stem from the_____ perspective. psychodynamic humanistic sociocultural cognitive

psychodynamic

According to the psychodynamic perspective, children experience_____ anxiety when they face actual danger, and _____ anxiety when they are repeatedly prevented by parents or circumstances from expressing their id impulses. neurotic; realistic neurotic; moral realistic; moral realistic; neurotic

realistic; neurotic

Behavioral theory suggests that compulsions act as reinforcements because they tend to: stop intrusive thoughts. reduce anxiety. distort perceptions. involve behaviors that are pleasant.

reduce anxiety.

According to the psychodynamic perspective, id impulses are_____ and ego defenses are_____. related to obsessions; related to compulsions images; feelings imaginary; real voluntary; involuntary

related to obsessions; related to compulsions

Helga is participating in a therapy session in which she is role-playing and rehearsing desirable behaviors that she can perform when dealing with other people. Helga is engaging in _____ training. social skills rational-emotive skills vocational skills exposure skills desirability

social skills

Margo is a psychological theorist who is conducting research with low-income people who have been diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder. She has found that anxiety problems in this group of people are related to problems related to poverty and poor job and educational opportunities. Margo's findings support the_____ perspective. cognitive humanistic psychodynamic sociocultural

sociocultural

Trent is afraid of dogs. He is receiving a type of treatment developed by Joseph Wolpe called: flooding. systematic desensitization. cognitive restructuring. free association.

systematic desensitization.

Ruth suffers from agoraphobia. She is MOST likely to avoid: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. the grocery store. her bathroom. her backyard. her car.

the grocery store.

In the United States, the rate of generalized anxiety disorder is _____ higher among people with low incomes as among those with higher incomes. two times four times six times eight times

two times

In this video case, Stephanie does not display which of the following compulsions?

verbal compulsions