PSYC Ch. 4

b. optic chiasm.

The point where axons cross over from the inside half of each eye to the opposite half of the brain is the a. optic disk. b. optic chiasm. c. visual solenoid. d. optic nerve.

d. a perceptual constancy.

The tendency to experience a stable perception of an object even though the sensory input we receive is continually changing is a. a visual illusion. b. feature analysis. c. a possible figure. d. a perceptual constancy.

b. citrus

Which of the following is NOT one of the four basic tastes? a. salty b. citrus c. sweet d. bitter

d. brightness

If the human eye were not responsive to differences in the amplitude of light waves, we would not be able to perceive differences in a. saturation. b. purity. c. color. d. brightness.

a. opponent-process

The __________ theory of color vision holds that we perceive colors because of pairs of receptors that make antagonistic responses. a. opponent-process b. trichromatic c. color mixing d. binocular

a. occipital lobes.

The primary visual cortex is located in the a. occipital lobes. b. temporal lobes. c. parietal lobes. d. frontal lobes.

a. gate-control theory.

A theory that can account for the fact that attention and expectations affect people's perception of pain is a. gate-control theory. b. sensory adaptation theory. c. perceptual constancy theory. d. cognitive control theory.

b. motion and depth

After visual input has been processed in the primary visual cortex, signals are processed further along a number of pathways. The dorsal stream processes information about a. form and color. b. motion and depth. c. brightness and contours. d. complexity and contrast.

b. interposition.

Gabriella was looking for shelter from the sudden cloudburst, but she had difficulty judging whether the old barn or the farmhouse was closer. However, when she noticed that the barn partially obscured the corner of the house, she headed for the barn. She was able to judge which building was closer based on a. texture gradient. b. interposition. c. relative size. d. linear perspective.

d. 20-20,000 Hz.

Humans can hear sounds ranging in frequency from a. 10-120 dB. b. 20-2,000 dB. c. 200-2,000 Hz. d. 20-20,000 Hz.

a. Place

If Professor Trong were to argue that we discriminate different pitches because sound waves of different frequency displace different regions on the basilar membrane, which theory of auditory perception would Dr. Trong be arguing? a. Place b. Frequency c. Volley d. Opponent process

c. amplitude

If a piano player softly taps a key and then hits the same key with a lot of force the second note will sound louder because of a difference in the ____ of the sound wave. a. frequency b. wavelength c. amplitude d. timbre

c. color

If the human eye were not responsive to differences in the wavelength of light, we would not be able to perceive differences in a. brightness. b. saturation. c. color. d. purity.

b. trichromatic; opponent-process

In explaining color vision, contemporary researchers claim that at the level of the cones, color vision occurs via a(n) ____ process, but along the neural pathway from the LGN to the visual cortex, the process is a(n) ____ one. a. opponent-process; trichromatic b. trichromatic; opponent-process c. trichromatic; additive d. opponent; subtractive

d. inattentional blindness.

Meg was talking on her cell phone while driving to work. After hitting a parked car, she told the police officer that she did not even see the car before she hit it. Meg seems to have experienced a. bottom-up processing. b. top-down processing. c. perceptual set. d. inattentional blindness.

a. rods; cones

Night and peripheral vision depend mainly on ____, while daylight and acute vision depend mainly on ____. a. rods; cones b. cones; rods c. rods; bipolar cells d. bipolar cells; cones

d. olfaction

Of the following, the only sensory system that does NOT project upward to the cerebral cortex through the thalamus is a. vision. b. hearing. c. gustation. d. olfaction

c. many vegetables.

One health disadvantage identified for supertasters is that they respond negatively to the taste of a. most fruits. b. dairy products. c. many vegetables. d. whole-grain products.

d. a perceptual set.

Our past experiences and current expectations often influence the way we perceive sensory information because they create a. bottom-up processing. b. a phi phenomenon. c. feature detectors. d. a perceptual set.

a. fades to less than half its original strength within about four minutes.

Our sense of smell shows evidence of sensory adaptation. The perceived strength of an odor usually a. fades to less than half its original strength within about four minutes. b. increases to more than twice its original strength within about four minutes. c. fades to less than half its original strength within a few seconds. d. slowly increases over time, reaching a maximum in about 15 minutes.

c. sharp pain; a longer-lasting aching pain

Pain messages transmitted to the brain through the fast pathway are associated with ____, while messages transmitted through the slow pathway are associated with ____. a. external; internal b. internal; external c. sharp pain; a longer-lasting aching pain d. a longer-lasting aching pain; sharp pain

d. complementary colors.

Pairs of colors that produce gray tones when mixed together are known as a. sedentary colors. b. grayscale colors. c. complex colors. d. complementary colors.

b. pleasant pictures.

Recent research suggests that pain is experienced as less intense when looking at a. unpleasant pictures. b. pleasant pictures. c. pictures of men. d. pictures of women.

a. wave; vibrating molecules

Sound is a ____ form of energy and is the result of ____. a. wave; vibrating molecules b. particle; photons c. chemical; molecular breakdowns d. moving; vibrating photons

c. somatosensory cortex, which is located in the parietal lobes.

Stimulation of sensory receptors of the skin is processed by the a. septal cortex, which is located in the cerebellum. b. limbic system, which is located in the hypothalamus. c. somatosensory cortex, which is located in the parietal lobes. d. medial forebrain bundle, which is located in the temporal lobes.

d. trichromatic theory.

Television sets are able to recreate the entire visible spectrum by additively mixing three primary colors. This process is similar to the view of human color vision called a. opponent-process theory. b. saturation theory. c. complementary color theory. d. trichromatic theory.

d. objects nearer to each other are seen as forming a unit.

The Gestalt principle of proximity refers to the idea that a. people tend to gravitate toward a common interaction distance. b. center-surround cells that are closer fire more often. c. perception occurs in discrete time frames. d. objects nearer to each other are seen as forming a unit.

a. top-down processing.

The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends MOST on a. top-down processing. b. bottom-up processing. c. bottom-to-top processing. d. lateral processing.

c. hair cells.

The actual, direct receptors for hearing are the a. ossicles. b. cochleas. c. hair cells. d. basilar cells.

b. decibels; hertz

The amplitude of sound waves is measured in ____; the frequency of sound waves is measured in ____. a. hertz; wavelengths b. decibels; hertz c. centimeters; nanometers d. wavelengths; hertz

b. retinal disparity.

The binocular depth cue that relies on the fact that objects within 25 feet project images to slightly different locations on the right and left retinas, so that the right and left eyes see slightly different views of the object, is known as a. convergence. b. retinal disparity. c. accommodation. d. relative size.

c. where the optic nerve exits the back of the eye.

The blind spot in the eye is a. where photoreceptor cells do not "bleach." b. the point at which ganglion cells synapse with bipolar cells. c. where the optic nerve exits the back of the eye. d. what leads to color blindness.

c. sexual; achievement

The color red tends to have positive effects in ________ contexts and negative effects in ________ contexts. a. academic; athletic b. athletic; musical c. sexual; achievement d. achievement; dating

c. eardrum ossicles oval window cochlea.

The correct order that auditory information travels as sounds enter the ear is from the auditory canal to a. cochlea oval window ossicles eardrum. b. cochlea ossicles oval window eardrum. c. eardrum ossicles oval window cochlea. d. eardrum oval window ossicles cochlea.

a. cochlea.

The fluid-filled tunnel that contains the receptors for hearing is the a. cochlea. b. ossicles. c. middle ear. d. basilar membrane.

c. visual acuity; cones

The fovea is the area of the retina where ____ is best in large part because the fovea contains only ____. a. peripheral vision; cones b. peripheral vision; rods c. visual acuity; cones d. visual acuity; rods

a. the phi phenomenon.

The lights around the movie marquee flashed on and off in succession. However, Jerome did not perceive them as separate lights flashing, but instead saw a continuous band of light moving around the edge of the marquee. Jerome's perception illustrates a. the phi phenomenon. b. bottom-up processing. c. feature detection. d. preattentive processing.

b. optic nerve optic chiasm thalamus occipital lobe.

The main pathway visual signals travel from the eye to the visual cortex is a. optic nerve optic chiasm thalamus temporal lobe. b. optic nerve optic chiasm thalamus occipital lobe. c. optic nerve thalamus optic chiasm temporal lobe. d. optic nerve thalamus optic chiasm occipital lobe.

a. larger; size constancy

The moon illusion is that the moon appears ____ when near the horizon than when overhead and is explained by ____. a. larger; size constancy b. larger; texture gradient c. smaller; size constancy d. smaller; texture gradient

a. proximity.

The perceptual tendency to group together objects that are near each other is called a. proximity. b. similarity. c. continuity. d. common fate

b. are chemical substances that are soluble in water.

The physical stimuli for the sense of taste a. are chemical substances that are insoluble in water. b. are chemical substances that are soluble in water. c. are the vibrations of molecules. d. are tactile stimulation.

b. feature analysis.

The process of detecting specific elements in visual input and assembling them into a more complex form is a. accommodation. b. feature analysis. c. feature detection. d. sensation

d. retinal area that affects the firing of the cell.

The receptive field of a visual cell refers to the a. range of wavelengths of light the cell reacts to. b. length of time necessary for the cell to integrate information at the ganglion level of the retina. c. cell's degree of sensitivity or receptivity. d. retinal area that affects the firing of the cell.

d. retina

The structure of the eye that absorbs light, processes images, and sends visual information to the brain is the a. fovea. b. lens. c. rods and cones. d. retina

c. opponent process theory.

The theory that best explains visual afterimages is the a. trichromatic theory. b. center-surround theory. c. opponent process theory. d. reconciliation theory.

c. linear perspective.

Timothy was painting a picture of a jet on a runway; however, in his painting, the sides of the runway are parallel to each other. Timothy's picture will seem to lack depth because he has failed to make use of the monocular depth cue of a. convergence. b. motion parallax. c. linear perspective. d. height in plane.

d. bottom-up processing.

Vanessa describes a new melody that she heard at a concert by telling you each of the individual notes in the order that they were played. In providing this type of description, it appears that Vanessa processed the melody using a. top-down processing. b. figure-ground processing. c. opponent-processes. d. bottom-up processing.

c. dark adaptation

When you walk into a dark room your vision gradually improves so you can see more of your surroundings. This is an example of a. feature detection. b. center-surround processing. c. dark adaptation. d. retinal specialization.

a. receptive field.

Cells in the nervous system that respond to touch sensation convey touch information from a specific area of skin or from a a. receptive field. b. focal point. c. target area. d. tactile trigger.

b. feature detectors

Cells in the visual cortex that respond selectively to specific features of complex stimuli are called a. ganglion cells. b. feature detectors. c. selective detectors. d. hypocomplex cells.

b. The physical stimulus for taste is any molecular substance.

Which statement about the gustatory system is NOT accurate? a. Taste cells are concentrated in taste buds on the tongue. b. The physical stimulus for taste is any molecular substance. c. Taste cells live only about ten days. d. Taste cells are not distributed evenly across the surface of the tongue.

c. frequency theory

Which theory of hearing states that the perception of pitch depends on the rate at which the entire basilar membrane vibrates? a. gate theory b. place theory c. frequency theory d. opponent-process theory

b. sensation; perception

While ____ involves the stimulation of sense organs, ____ involves the selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input. a. perception; sensation b. sensation; perception c. activation; sensation d. activation; perception

a. timbre.

You can detect the difference between a musical note played on a trumpet and the same note played on a trombone because the two instruments have a different a. timbre. b. key. c. pitch. d. loudness.

d. the figure-ground distinction in reversible figures is often ambiguous.

Zachary is looking at a reversible figure, which first appears to be a vase and then appears to be two faces. His perception of the figure keeps switching between these two interpretations. This switching perception is caused by the fact that a. reversible figures cause people to experience the phi phenomenon. b. the Gestalt principle of simplicity doesn't work for reversible figures. c. the Gestalt principles of proximity and closure are both at work in reversible figures. d. the figure-ground distinction in reversible figures is often ambiguous.