Psyc Exam #3 CH. 6 Part 1
why is the Conditioned Response and Unconditioned Response being quite different a problem for Pavlov's stimulus substitution theory?
,
Steffi wants to teach her son to say "thank you." Every time he says "thank you," Steffi praises him and gives him a hug. What kind of "reinforcement schedule" is this?
Continuous
what is generalization
after conditioning has occurred, stimuli similar to the Conditioned Stimulus may elicit the Conditioned Response
If the Unconditioned Stimulus occurs before the Conditioned Stimulus, will the animal acquire a Conditioned Response to the Conditioned Stimulus
no
In contrast to classical and operant conditioning, in which learning occurs only through direct experience, _____ learning is the process of watching others and then imitating what they do.
observational
Does classical or operant conditioning involve acquiring voluntary behaviors due to their consequences
operant conditioning
While _____ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities, _____ reinforcers have no inherent value and only have reinforcing qualities when linked with other reinforcers.
primary; secondary
When an organism learns to respond differently to various stimuli that are similar, it is called _____.
stimulus discrimination
Pavlov thought that, during acquisition, the Conditioned Stimulus became a ____________ for the Unconditioned Stimulus
substitute
Behaviors that are followed by consequences that are satisfying to the organism are more likely to be repeated, and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences are less likely to be repeated. This principle, which was first proposed by Edward Thorndike, is called _____.
the law of effect
Define learning
the process by which enduring changes in behavioral potential occur due to experience
define unconditioned response (UR)
the unlearned response to the US ADD EXAMPLE
define conditioned stimulus (CS)
a stimulus that evokes a response because it has been repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus (A stimulus that causes a response that is learned) ADD EXAMPLE
However, sometimes, the Conditioned Response and the Unconditioned Response are quite ______________ from one another
different
Learning must result from _______
experience
suppose that, while training your dog, you wish to convert the sound of a clicker into a conditioned reinforcer. How would you do this?
1. Have your dog sit in front of you. 2. Next, click the clicker and give a treat. Repeat several times. 3. You know your clicker has become a conditioned reinforcer when you notice a conditioned response, meaning that your dog will automatically look for a treat the moment you click. 4. Now the click has become a cue that a treat is coming and you can start using your clicker to mark behaviors you like so they repeat.
what is an operant chamber (aka Skinner Box//page 257)
A box with a bar (a lever) that an animal presses (or a key [a disc] the animal pecks) to release a reward of food or water. It also has a device that records these responses.
Define Classical conditioning
A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.
5. What are the various processes in classical conditioning
Acquisition, Extinction, "Rapid Reacquisition", Generalization, & Discrimination
Which of the following is an example of "vicarious reinforcement"? A. Doug wants to avoid detention, so he follows the school rules and does not swear while he is on the playground. B. Lana wants to receive a candy bar, and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she earns enough "good behavior tokens." C. Sofia saw Todd receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list, too, because she saw Todd get a reward for doing so. D. Ryan observes Jenna being scolded and sent to her room for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw this, Ryan does not spit out his own carrots, even though he hates them.
C. Sofia saw Todd receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list, too, because she saw Todd get a reward for doing so.
What are the applications of classical conditioning that are discussed on Page 253-254 of the textbook
Drug counselors can advise their clients to steer clear of people and settings that may trigger their drug cravings. Classical conditioning even works on the body's disease-fighting immune system.
Change in behavioral potential must be __________
Enduring (long-lasting)
what happens to the Conditioned Response during extinction
Extinction suppresses the Conditioned Response, but it does not eliminate the Conditioned Response
how could you train an animal to discriminate between the Conditioned Stimulus and other, slightly different stimuli
Need to continue receiving Conditioned Stimulus -Unconditioned Stimulus pairings, but also need to have experiences where stimuli similar to Conditioned Stimulus are NOT followed by Unconditioned Stimulus
Explain Thorndike's research involving cats and puzzle boxes
Thorndike placed cats in a box that had an escape route that they had to find in order to get to the food outside the box. The cat has to step on a peddle and switch a lever to open the box and the reward was the food therefore urging the cat to escape from the box.
what is discrimination
Learn to distinguish between the Conditioned Stimulus and other, similar stimuli
Suppose that, after being stung by several wasps in your life, you now fear wasps because you have learned to associate the sight of a wasp with being stung. In other words, the sight of a wasp is now a "conditioned stimulus" that you associate with being stung (the "unconditioned stimulus"). Then, you notice that wasps can often be found near trash bins. As a result, you begin to fear trash bins, too, because you now associate the sight of a trash bin with the sight of a wasp. This is most clearly an example of _____.
higher-order (or "second-order") conditioning
True/False: Extinction is not Synonymous with forgetting or unlearning
true
how does the intensity of the Unconditioned stimulus affect the acquisition process
with a more intense Unconditioned Stimulus, acquisition may be faster
Define Unconditioned stimulus (US)
a stimulus that elicits a response without any prior learning. ADD EXAMPLE
define neutral stimulus (NS)
a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning
according to preparatory response theory, the animal learns that the Conditioned Stimulus is a _______________ for the Unconditioned Stimulus, and it performs the _______________ in preparation for the Unconditioned Stimulus
.
why is learning defined as a change in "behavioral potential"?
Because learning may not always be apparently in outward behavior
how does the preparatory response theory explain classical conditioning
Preparatory-Response Theory - A theory of classical conditioning that proposes that the purpose of the Conditioned Response is to prepare the organism for the presentation of the Unconditioned Stimulus - Ex. Rat can either freeze when light is shown, or jump if it senses a predator
how do primary reinforcers differ from conditioned (secondary) reinforcers
Primary reinforcers involve a reward that fulfills a biological need. Secondary reinforcers are learned and work via association with primary reinforcers.
what are some examples of primary and conditioned reinforcers
Primary-water, food, warmth Conditioned- money
in what ways are classical and operant conditioning similar? How are they different?
Similar: both are forms of associative learning. both involve acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, and discrimination. // Different: Classical we associate different stimuli we do not control, we respond automatically. Operant we associate our own behaviors -which act on our environment to produce rewarding or punishing stimuli - with their consequences.
define conditioned response (CR)
The response that comes to be elicited by the Conditioned Stimulus
how was generalization evident in Little Albert's behavior? (recall the video from class, where a baby heard a loud noise after seeing a white rat.)
after the conditioning to make Little Albert fear the white rat, Little Albert became afraid of multiple animals that were small and white.
does classical or operant conditioning involve acquiring reflexive responses to stimuli
classical
Suppose that your pet has learned to associate the sound of an electric can opener with the arrival of its food. This example best illustrates:
classical conditioning
What is rapid reacquisition
if additional Conditioned Stimulus - Unconditioned Stimulus pairings are presented after Conditioned Response has been extinguished, animal will require Conditioned Response more quickly than it originally acquired it.
The term "_____" refers to learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it
latent learning
What is latent learning
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
what does an animal experience during acquisition
linkage of a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggered the conditioned response.
After watching her father put batteries into her toy phone, Gabrielle is now able to put the batteries in the phone herself without any further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a(n) "_____."
model
Suppose that a child has learned to associate pushing a vending machine button with the delivery of a candy bar. This example best illustrates:
operant conditioning
If the Conditioned Stimulus is withheld for a period of time, and then presented again, a previously extinguished Conditioned Response may reappear. This phenomenon is known as "______________ ________________"
spontaneous recovery
In Pavlov's studies on classical conditioning in dogs, "spontaneous recovery" occurred when:
the conditioned stimulus was reintroduced following the extinction of the conditioned response and a rest period
what does an animal experience during extinction
the diminishing of a conditioned response
Review the experiment where some rats began getting food at the end of a maze on Day #11 (after not getting food for the first 10 days) what happened to these rats' performance when food was added?
when the rats started to be given food as a reward at the end of the maze, rats ran the maze as quickly and sometimes quicker than rats that were always rewarded