PSYC GENDER EXAM 1

Paul has naturally higher levels of oxytocin than Penelope. Based on research investigating the role of oxytocin in romantic relationships, which statement is TRUE?

Paul is more likely to successfully stay in a long-term relationship.

Which statement regarding the development of gender identity in adolescence is TRUE?

Adolescents typically return to familiar stereotypical expressions of gender.

Which statement regarding androgenic hormones is TRUE?

Androgenic hormones are found at higher levels in men than in women.

Who was one of the first to challenge the single bipolar dimension of masculinity and femininity?

Anne Constantinople

What did Losonczy-Marshall's (2008) research reveal regarding female and male infants' responses to displays of emotion in social situations?

Female infants had quicker responses than males ones.

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding societal allowances for gender expression among men and women in Western societies?

In most Western societies, women are allowed a greater amount of societal and cultural flexibility in their expression of gender.

__________ occurs when personal biases influence the way in which researchers collect or analyze data.

Subjectivity

All of the following social factors have been found to impact testosterone levels EXCEPT: fatherhood. marriage. divorce. number of daughters

number of daughters

Cause-and-effect conclusions can:

only be drawn in experimental designs.

Using median splits, researchers can divide participants' scores on the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) into all of the following categories EXCEPT: feminine. androgynous. masculine. sex-typed.

sex-typed.

Both the kernel of truth theory and the social role theory of sex and gender stereotypes suggest that:

stereotypes are based on observations of reality.

The social role theory of sex and gender stereotypes suggests that:

stereotypes stem from the observation of women and men in differing social roles in daily life.

A(n) __________ interview occurs when the researcher has specific and direct questions that lead the participant to specific topics and answers.

structured

Based on Gini and Pozzoli's (2006) research examining sex and gender roles as they relate to bullying, which factor is MOST associated with the experience of victimization of bullying?

the feminine gender role

Quasi-experimental designs are used when:

the independent variable has already been manipulated.

Oringher and Samuelson's (2011) study on the role of masculinity in male same-gender partner violence suggests that:

there is a strong possibility of a pattern of bilateral IPV occurrence among male same-gender partners.

Which concept did Karen Horney propose?

womb envy

Which question best illustrates the style of questioning found in unstructured interviews? "Can you tell me about your day?" "What did you eat for lunch?" "What time did you get up in the morning?" "How many hours did you spend working?"

"Can you tell me about your day?"

During the second half of pregnancy, male fetuses are exposed to __________ times as much testosterone as female fetuses.

10

Which of the following questions does NOT illustrate the focus and approach of most research on the topic of sex and gender? Are men better at math than women? Do women talk more than men? Are some men more expressive than other men? Are women more emotional than men?

Are some men more expressive than other men?

According to the research on ways in which parents influence their children's gender socialization, which statement is FALSE?

Direct shaping of gendered behaviors begins as soon as a child is born. Mothers are more likely to encourage and allow gender-flexible behavior in children than fathers are. Parents can have an impact on the socializing of gender development by being absent. Indirect shaping of gendered behaviors begins even before a child is born.

__________ is the primary female steroid hormone, whereas __________ is the primary male steroid hormone.

Estrogen; testosterone

__________ research examines behaviors in animals as a means of identifying parallel patterns of behaviors.

Ethological

In Bohart and Terrell's (2014) study of volunteers (allegedly) competing to complete a reaction-time task, how did sex and gender affect the way participants rated their opponents' aggression levels?

Gender mattered more, so that masculine males and females were rated more aggressive than feminine males and females.

__________ refers to an incompatibility between expectations of a gender with an individual's natural tendencies or behavior that results in negative consequences for oneself or others.

Gender role conflict

__________ refers to the psychological strain or stress that occurs when gender roles and stereotypes provide inconsistent expectations.

Gender role discrepancy strain Median split - Statistical technique of organizing data from smallest to largest and then splitting that data in the middle, with numbers above the midpoint considered "high" and below the midpoint considered "low." Sexism - A form of prejudice/discrimination that is based on the characteristic of sex or gender.

According to Kahlenberg and Hein's (2010) research on gender stereotypes in toy commercials, which statement is TRUE?

Gender role stereotypes continue to be widespread in toy commercials.

__________ is the degree to which a person experiences cognitive stress when adhering to the prescribed roles for their sex.

Gender role stress

Which of the following is an example of proactive aggression? Proactive aggression - Aggressive acts that are deliberate and goal directed. This type of aggression is commonly associated with a lack of emotion or physiological arousal.

Gwen spreads a rumor about Duncan after seeing him at the mall. Reactive aggression - A defensive aggressive response to the perception of being provoked or from being frustrated. This type of aggression is associated with a high emotional response and physiological arousal. Relational aggression - The type of aggression that includes damaging social relationships, feelings, or peer acceptance through actions such as spreading rumors or social exclusion. This type of aggression is typically displayed by girls.

According to the textbook, there are several dangers associated with the way in which most research, as well as popular culture, has focused on sex differences. Which of the following is NOT one of the potential dangers described in the text? Men and women tend to be broadly categorized. Differences within the sexes and overlap between the sexes are overlooked. The focus tends to be on differences rather than on similarities between sexes. Individual differences are overemphasized.

Individual differences are overemphasized.

Which study is an example of quantitative research?

Jang and Lee's (2014) investigation of the effects of popular music on public opinion regarding same-gender sexuality, in which participants were given surveys asking them to rate their attitudes and perceptions

Juliet has always wanted to have children, but the circumstances in her life have not allowed for it. Janice has never desired to have children and has decided that it is not for her. According to McQuillan and colleagues (2012), who is less likely to be concerned about social messages associated with deciding not to have children?

Janice, because she chose to be child-free

__________ feminism is focused on ending discrimination based on the sex of individuals by integrating women into current societal structures.

Liberal feminism Cultural feminism - Form of feminism that promotes the idea of social change focused on women's rights and issues. Locational feminism - An approach to feminism that underscores the interconnectedness of oppressions and privileges associated with multidimensional and complex social identities. Radical feminism - Feminist view that human history is characterized by male dominance and female oppression, and thus the entire structure of the social system needs to change to move women out of their deferential role to men.

How do the findings from Wells et al. (2016) compare to the findings from Parmley and Cunningham (2014)?

Parmley and Cunningham found that women were faster than men at identifying emotions but less accurate, whereas Wells at al. found that women were both faster and more accurate than men at identifying emotions.

Based on research on the topic of brain differences in women and men, which statement is FALSE? Males have greater total brain volume than females. Males have greater cerebrospinal fluid volume than females. Males have greater gray matter volume than females. Males have greater white matter volume than females.

Males have greater cerebrospinal fluid volume than females.

Which of the following statements accurately describes how maximalists explain the differences between the sexes?

Maximalists can fall on either side of the nature versus nurture debate.

Which statement regarding perpetrators of gender prejudice is TRUE?

Men are more likely to be the perpetrators of gender prejudice against both women and men.

What are the implications of Cohn and Zeichner's (2006) study on the effects of masculine identity on participants' choice to shock a bogus opponent in a competitive activity?

Men who experience high gender role stress are likely to exhibit aggressive behavior even if they do not see themselves as particularly masculine.

Nia was diagnosed with Turner syndrome. Which statement is TRUE?

Nia is likely to experience difficulty conceiving.

__________ is(are) critical for high-quality research.

Objectivity

Which statement is FALSE about the feminist movement and its proponents? Men can be feminists. At its core, feminism is about valuing women and wanting equality for women and men. Research has shown that feminists report higher levels of hostility toward men than nonfeminists. Men who identify themselves as feminists may face different challenges than women face.

Research has shown that feminists report higher levels of hostility toward men than nonfeminists.

Identity, in the context of your textbook, consists of all of the following EXCEPT: emotional experience. SSN sense of humor. intelligence.

SSN

Which statement regarding the nature of sex and gender stereotypes is TRUE?

Sex and gender stereotypes can have both positive and negative effects on our understanding and interactions with others.

Trang knows she is a girl because she has long hair. She thinks her best friend is also a girl, because he also has long hair. According to Kohlberg's model of gender development, how old is Trang, and which task has she mastered?

She is 3 years old and has mastered gender labeling. gender constancy. Gender constancy occurs when children understand that gender (or sex) is a permanent attribute tied to biological characteristics, and not affected by superficial characteristics gender stability, or the understanding that gender, or sex, remains stable across the life span. 6-7yo

What did Kaiser (2012) believe was important to consider when attempting to understand the neurological differences between women and men?

Social experiences can affect changes in the brain.

Which is NOT a benefit of doing survey research? Surveys allow researchers to determine causation from the data collected outside of experimental design. Large amounts of information can be gathered quickly. Surveys can allow for sensitive topics to be investigated in a less invasive manner. Surveys offer flexibility in how they are utilized.

Surveys allow researchers to determine causation from the data collected outside of experimental design.

Based on Bluhm's (2013) review of research using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to study emotional responses, which statement is TRUE?

The use of biological measures to study emotional responses is not clear-cut and is prone to bias and the misinterpretation of results.

What type of relationship did Rogers and colleagues (2015) find between the strength of racial identity and the strength of gender identity in adolescent Black males?

These two variables were positively correlated.

Which statement does NOT describe one of the limitations of quantitative research? Variables cannot be operationally defined when conducting quantitative research. Researcher bias can occur at any stage when conducting quantitative research. Numerical data and statistical analysis do not guarantee objectivity. Researcher bias can occur in any form when conducting quantitative research.

Variables cannot be operationally defined when conducting quantitative research.

Which statement regarding the impact of social and biological factors on gender and sex-specific behavior is TRUE?

When social factors influence gender and behavior, those characteristics are typically changeable.

Which statement regarding the experience of gender prejudice is TRUE?

Women are the direct targets of gender prejudice more often than men are.

Based on research by Steffensmeir et al. (2006), which statement regarding aggression in adulthood is FALSE?

Women become more violent in adulthood. Expressions of violence and aggression are generally not condoned in adulthood. Aggression and violence continue into adulthood. Men continue to perpetrate homicide and rape/sexual assault at a higher rate than women.

Which statement accurately describes one of Parmley and Cunningham's (2014) findings about collegians' ability to quickly and accurately identify emotions?

Women identified sadness faster in females than in males, but for men the sex of the person being observed made no difference.

Which of the following is NOT one of the findings from Fitzpatrick et al.'s (2004) study on the relationship between gender role ideology and feelings toward intimate partner violence (IPV)? Women who held nontraditional gender ideology beliefs were less likely to be victims of psychological and physical IPV. Women who held nontraditional gender ideology beliefs were less likely to be victims of psychological and physical IPV. Men who held nontraditional gender ideology beliefs were less likely to be victims of both psychological and physical IPV. Women who held nontraditional gender ideology beliefs were more likely to perpetrate psychological and physical IPV.

Women who held nontraditional gender ideology beliefs were less likely to be victims of psychological and physical IPV.

Naomi identifies as a transgender female. She describes her parents as her biggest advocates, who encourage her to express the gender with which she identifies. She feels comfortable discussing her struggles and anxieties with them and never feels judged when doing so. Her parents genuinely accept her for who she is. According to Ehrensaft (2011), what type of family does Naomi likely come from?

a transformer family Transphobic parents are not secure in their own gender identity and see their child's struggles as an extension of themselves and their own issues. These parents tend to experience and express anxiety about their child's nonconformity and may ultimately disavow their child. Transporter parents appear to have purged themselves of transphobic concerns and fully embrace their child who is gender nonconforming; however, they may not have fully processed the realities associated with parenting a child with these needs.

When multiple case studies exist within a given topic with a particular population, case study research:

allows researchers to look for trends that would support generalizing their findings.

A potential problem associated with an essentialist viewpoint is:

an increased risk of prejudice and ingroup bias.

Which emotion is NOT one of the six basic universally recognized emotions?

apathy fear happiness/joy surprise sadness disgust anger

Whereas learning theories explain gender development through the context of __________, cognitive theories explain gender development through the cognitive construct of __________.

behavior; understanding

The __________ model examines the biological, psychological, and social factors that influence characteristics of sex and gender.

biopsychosocial

Changes that occur during the experience of puberty affect:

both primary and secondary sex characteristics.

Physical aggression is more commonly associated with __________, whereas relational aggression is more commonly seen among __________.

boys; girls

Albert Bandura and colleagues' famous "Bobo doll experiment" demonstrated that a behavior __________ be learned through observation of __________ of behavior in others.

can; reinforcement or punishment

When conducting interviews for research, asking leading questions instead of open-ended questions can increase the likelihood of __________ bias.

confirmation

The cognitive developmental task of gender __________ is achieved when children understand that women can have short hair and wear suits and men can have long hair and wear jewelry, without changing the fact that they are women and men.

constancy

Hyde (1984) suggested that the reduction of sex differences in aggression since 1974 could be related to any or all of the following factors EXCEPT: changes in perceptions and observations of children's behaviors. demographic changes, related to average age and male/female ratio. increased publication of findings demonstrating no sex differences beginning in 1974. changing trends in socialization and cultural norms.

demographic changes, related to average age and male/female ratio.

Based on stereotypes, femininity is often:

described as communal.

A concern regarding the focus of research on the male and female brains is that such research focuses primarily on:

differences

According to Chaplin and colleagues (2005), males are socialized to exhibit __________ emotions that convey a motivation to achieve one's personal goals or take satisfaction in success over another.

disharmonious

Gender __________ is a diagnosis found in the DSM-5 that is not restricted by age parameters and involves distress associated with the incongruity of one's assigned sex at birth and gender.

dysphoria

When do sex differences in aggression first appear?

early childhood

An understanding of gender development that is based on multiple theoretical approaches is described as:

eclectic

The intent of ethnography is to gain an __________ perspective.

emic

Oxytocin plays a role in all of the following EXCEPT: lactation. emotion detection. the presence of autistic spectrum behaviors. production of testosterone.

emotion detection.

According to Clifton Watkins Jr., in today's world fatherhood has been reenvisioned as more __________ than in the past.

emotionally flexible

The __________ system consists of glands throughout the body that produce and release hormones, which regulate the activities of cells and organs.

endocrine

Freud is considered a(n):

essentialist.

As exemplified in Kara Smith's (2005) narrative case study using her own pregnancy, gender socialization begins:

even before the child is born.

According to Byrd-Craven and Geary (2007), Darwin's sexual selection theory would explain the rough-and-tumble play often seen in boys as an example of:

exerting dominance.

Which quantitative research method involves manipulating an independent variable to see how it affects a dependent variable?

experimental design Ex post facto study - Research that is conducted on a variable that has already been manipulated. Correlational research - Research design and analysis that allows for the investigation of systematic relationships between variables.

Treating masculinity and femininity as opposites or binary concepts in gender research is an example of __________ bias.

experimenter Sampling bias - Type of research bias that occurs when participants are selected in a way that can create inaccurate or unrepresentative results. Interviewer bias - Research bias that occurs when an interviewer consciously or unconsciously displays subtle cues or reactions which may influence participants' responses to be in line with the interviewer's own opinions or beliefs. Confirmation bias - Type of bias that can occur when researchers attend to information that supports their opinions, beliefs, or expectations.

Self-socialization theory suggests that young children's knowledge about gender motivates them to establish a basic gender identity that is:

fairly rigid.

Kimiko is a sex-typed female. Into what category does her score on the Bem Sex Role Inventory fall?

feminine

When seeking to define your "truth" and understanding of gender development, all of the following are important EXCEPT: considering both historical and current methods of understanding gender development. understanding that perhaps no single theory describes how gender is developed. focusing more on explanations than on methodology. closely evaluating the research techniques of current applications.

focusing more on explanation than on methodology.

Which field of psychology emphasized evolutionary explanations for behavior and sex differences?

functionalism

Rosie chooses to wear her hair long and wears makeup and jewelry. Rosie always chooses to wear jeans and T-shirts and never wears dresses and skirts. In her free time, she chooses to play sports and write poetry. These choices represent Rosie's:

gender expression.

Your __________ is the way in which you perceive yourself as male or female.

gender identity

In Kohlberg's theory of gender development, which of the following are components involved in the realization that sex is a permanent feature tied to biological characteristics?

gender stability and gender consistency

According to Wells et al. (2016), the emotion most quickly and accurately identified by both women and men was __________, whereas __________ was the least accurate emotion identified.

happiness; fear

Which of the following is a secondary sex characteristic in males? secretion of hormones related to sperm production growth of penis increase in muscle mass growth of scrotum and testes

increase in muscle mass primary secretion of hormones related to sperm production growth of penis growth of scrotum and testes

Primary sex characteristics are __________ and secondary sex characteristics are __________.

internal; external

Recent research by Yu et al. (2017) on the gender intensification hypothesis suggests that:

it applies across cultures less today than in the past.

Joel believes that women truly are emotional and men truly are aggressive, but that stereotypes of these characteristics are exaggerated representations of reality. Joel subscribes to the __________ theory.

kernel of truth

Males diagnosed with 47, XYY are at increased risk of:

learning disabilities.

Natasha's responses on the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) were scored using median splits. She was categorized as undifferentiated, meaning that she scored:

low-low.

DiMuccio et al. (2017) suggested that the socialization of males in Denmark to embrace their feminine side is associated with the significantly __________ in Denmark as compared to the United States.

lower degree of violence

Essentialists are a subgroup of:

maximalists

The Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) was the first scale to:

measure the notion of masculinity and femininity on a bipolar continuum.

A gendered explanation of violence is that females are less likely to exhibit violence and aggression because females are:

more likely to identify as feminine.

Bohart and Terrell (2014) investigated the distinction between sex and gender by having participants rate the level of aggressiveness of a supposed opponent in a competitive game. The study findings emphasize the impact of the __________ on participants' perceptions of aggression.

participants' perception of their opponents' gender role

Sex is determined by all of the following EXCEPT: genetics. chromosomes. personal experiences. hormones.

personal experiences.

Khaled believes that his neighbor, Mrs. Johnson, is boring because she is elderly. This is an example of:

prejudice. Harassment - Discrimination toward an individual or group that is aggressive or includes intimidation. Discrimination - The differential or negative treatment of a group of people or individuals within a group based on prejudicial beliefs.

Jordan tells his girlfriend with whom she can and cannot be friends. She must ask him permission before she goes out with friends, and when she does go out, he gives her a curfew. This is an example of:

psychological abuse.

Parisa is expressing anger. Her coworker, Jesse, misinterprets Parisa's anger, thinking she is experiencing a different emotion. Which emotion does Jesse most likely think Parisa is experiencing?

sadness

Omission bias and inclusion bias are two types of __________ bias.

sampling