Psyc- Q6

stereotype

A _____ is a generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any variations from one individual to another.

obedience.

A classic series of experiments by Stanley Milgram demonstrated the profound effect of ____

overt aggression

A man who slaps his wife during an argument is most likely exhibiting __

the foot-in-the-door technique

According to _____, people who have first agreed to a small request tend to comply later with a larger request.

social exchange theory

According to _____, the most important predictor of relationship success is having both partners feel that each is doing his or her "fair share."

internal/external causes

According to attribution theory, attributions vary along which of the following dimensions?

low levels of conscientiousness

According to research on aggressive behavior, which of the following personality factors is mostly associated with aggression?

equity

According to social exchange theory, the most important predictor of relationship success is____>

self-perception theory

According to the ___ , behaviors can cause attitudes.

They perceive their behavior.

According to the self-perception theory of attitudes, what do individuals do to make inferences about their attitudes?

task-oriented cooperation.

An important feature of optimal intergroup contact that involves working together on a shared goal is known as ___

internal attributions.

Attributions that include causes inside and specific to a person, such as his or her traits and abilities, are called _____,

relational aggression.

Behavior that is meant to harm the social standing of another person through activities such as gossiping and spreading rumors is known as ____.

frontal lobes

Deficits in the functioning of the _____ are associated with aggression.

social comparison theory

Festinger's ____ provides an important rationale for how individuals come to know themselves.

observer

In attribution theory, the person who offers a causal explanation of the actor's behavior is called the

selecting an impartial leader.

In the context of group decision making, groupthink can be prevented by _____

pressure for unanimity

In the context of group decision making, what is a symptom of groupthink.

conformity.

In the context of social influence, Solomon Asch's experiment demonstrates ____.

psychological well-being.

Individuals who have positive illusions about the self tend to show high levels of ___.

agreeableness

It is related to greater volume in the posterior cingulate cortex in the context of prosocial behavior.

give people anonymity.

One explanation for the effects of deindividuation in groups is that groups

competitive and cooperative activities.

Sherif's Robbers Cave study showed that perceptions of the out-group are affected by

romantic love/affectionate love

Social psychologists believe that _____ is particularly strong during the early stages of a relationship, and that _____ increases as the relationship grows and matures.

deindividuation.

The Stanford prison experiment provides a dramatic example of how social situations and the roles we take on in life can influence ___

bystander effect

The ____ is most likely to occur when someone is witnessing an emergency and there are several other people present.

false consensus effect

The _____ is the overestimation of the degree to which everybody else thinks or acts the way we do.

social cognition.

The area of social psychology that explores how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information is called ____

social contagion

The effects of others on our behavior can take the form of _____, imitative behavior involving the spread of behavior, emotions, and ideas.

testosterone

The hormone that is typically implicated in aggressive behavior is ____

proximity

The mere exposure effect provides one possible explanation for why _____ increases attraction.

social comparison.

The process by which individuals evaluate their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to others is known as ____

attribution

The process by which we come to understand the causes of others' behavior is known as

risky shift.

The tendency for a group decision to be riskier than the average decision made by the individual group members is known as

the fundamental attribution error.

The tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the external situation and overestimate the impact of inner traits when they seek explanations of another person's behavior is called ___.

35

The volunteer participants in Solomon Asch's experiment on conformity conformed to group pressure to select the incorrect answer approximately _____ percent of the time.

crowdsourcing

What is most likely to reduce the kinds of group biases that exist in face-to-face groups?

social identity theory

What theory best explains why individuals like to think of their group as an in-group?

affectionate love.

When individuals desire to have another person near and have a deep, caring affection for the person, they are displaying ____.

informational social influence.

When members of a group know something that a person doesn't, the person will follow the group to be right. This explains the concept of ___.

the investment model

Which theory of attraction suggests that long-term relationships are likely to continue when both partners are committed and put a lot into the relationship and when there are few attractive tempting alternatives around?

Central route persuasion

____ involves engaging someone thoughtfully with a sound, logical argument.

Cognitive dissonance theory

____ states that in order to reduce dissonance, individuals try to align their attitudes and behavior.

Attribution theory

____ views people as motivated to discover the underlying causes of their behavior as part of their effort to make sense of the behavior.

Positive illusions

_____ are favorable views of the self that are not necessarily rooted in reality.

Attitudes

_____ are people's opinions and beliefs about other people, objects, and ideas, and how they feel about the world.

Romantic love

_____ involves strong components of sexuality and infatuation, and is often predominant in the early part of a love relationship.

Stereotype threat

_____ is an individual's fast-acting, self-fulfilling fear of being judged based on a negative idea about his or her group.

prejudice

_____ is an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individual's membership in a group.

Normative social influence

_____ is based on a person's desire to be liked by a group.

Explicit racism/implicit racism

_____ is reflected in a person's conscious and openly shared attitude, which might be measured using a questionnaire, whereas _____ refers to attitudes that exist on a deeper, hidden level, thus they must be measured with a method that does not require awareness.

Cognitive dissonance

_____ is the psychological discomfort caused by two inconsistent thoughts.

Social psychology

_____ is the scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people.

egoism

_____ means helping another person for personal gain, such as to feel good, or avoid guilt.

Effort justification

_____ refers to rationalizing the amount of work we put into getting something by increasing its value.

Groupthink

_____ refers to the impaired decision making that occurs in a team when making the right decision is less important than maintaining harmony.

Person perception

_____ refers to the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others.

Self-serving bias

_____ refers to the tendency to take credit for one's own successes and to deny responsibility for one's own failures.

Social identity

_____ refers to the way individuals define themselves in terms of their group membership.

Self-perception

_____ theory is Daryl Bem's take on how behaviors influence attitudes.

Self-fulfilling prophecy

______ effects show the potential power of stereotypes and other sources of expectations on human behavior.

social exchange theory

`According to _____, social relationships involve an exchange of goods, the objective of which is to minimize costs and maximize benefits.

conformity

a change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard

Social loafing

refers to the tendency for people to exert less effort when working in groups than when working alone.

elaboration likelihood model

the ___ identifies two ways to persuade: a central route and a peripheral route.

deindividuation

z`The reduction in personal identity and erosion of the sense of personal responsibility when one is part of a group is known as _____