psyc study

How will you calculate the test-retest correlation?

By graphing the data in a scatterplot and computing Pearson's r

_____ validity is the extent to which people's scores on a measure are correlated with other variables that researchers would expect them to be correlated with.

Criterion

_____ is the primary computer database that catalogs research in psychology.

PsychINFO

Which of the following is a necessity for a researcher to get the research approved?

The researcher should write a protocol that describes the purpose of the study.

Who is a confederate in a psychology research process?

The researcher's helper who pretends to be a real participant

Confirming a hypothesis:

strengthens a theory

In the context of ethical codes, deception is ethically acceptable only if:

there is no way to answer a research question without deception.

The problem of knowing whether two variables, X and Y, are statistically related because a different variable, Z, causes both X and Y is known as the _____.

third-variable problem

The _____, published in the year 1953, includes about 150 specific ethical standards that psychologists and their students are expected to follow.

APA ethics code

_____ is a property of research questions that is based in part on the extent to which the answer is in doubt, fills a gap in the research literature, and has important practical implications.

Interestingness

Which of the following describes the principle of parsimony?

It holds that a theory should include only as many concepts as are necessary to explain or interpret the phenomena of interest.

Which of the following is a disadvantage of Pearson's r?

It is not a good measure for nonlinear relationships.

Which of the following defines autonomy?

It is the people's right to make their own decisions and take their own actions free from coercion

_____ exposes participants to risks that are no greater than those encountered by healthy people in daily life or during routine physical or psychological examinations.

Minimal risk research

_____ is a correlation between quantitative variables in which the points on the scatterplot are better approximated by a curved line than by a straight line.

Nonlinear relationship

Who among the following implements the clinical practice of psychology?

Paul, a marriage and family therapist, counsels people who show tendencies to go over the edge.

Which of the following measures participants' reception to the fact that they are being measured?

Reactivity

In the context of the type of theoretical approaches, the _____ theory contains a series of steps that people pass through as they develop or adapt to their environment.

stage

In the context of the type of theoretical approaches, how is a mechanistic approach different from a functional approach?

A mechanistic approach focuses on the theory' specific variables, while a functional approach focuses on the purpose of the phenomena.

The _____ became the basis of a set of laws—the Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects—that apply to research conducted, supported, or regulated by the federal government.

Belmont Report

Interrater reliability is assessed using _____ when the judgments are categorical.

Cohen's κ

In the context of a psychology measurement process, which of the following precedes the step of operationally defining the construct?

Conceptually defining the construct

Which of the following steps follows immediately after the step of making a prediction about some new phenomenon that should be observed if the theory was correct?

Conducting an empirical study to test the hypothesis

Which of the following resulted in the formation of the Nuremberg Code?

Cruel research on concentration camp prisoners during World War II by the Nazi physicians

Which of the following is an example of applied research? A) Ron, a market analyst at Troy Inc., carries out an online research to learn more about customer preferences. B) Miz Inc., a shoes manufacturer, plans to diversify its product line. C) Nitro Inc., a laptop manufacturer, enters into a partnership with one of its offshore suppliers. D) Fur Inc., an exotic furniture distributor, carries out a research to find reasons of its high employee turnover rate. E) Trey Inc., a shoes manufacturer, carries out a research on an emerging trend in the market.

D) Fur Inc., an exotic furniture distributor, carries out a research to find reasons of its high employee turnover rate.

_____ involves not informing participants of the full design or true purpose of the research even if they are not actively misinformed.

Deception

In the context of the different types of ethic codes, the _____ was created by the World Medical Council in 1964. It added a standard to the Nuremberg Code which stated that research with human participants should be based on a written protocol.

Declaration of Helsinki

_____ are the features of the study that cues to how the researcher expects the participants to behave.

Demand characteristics

Which of the following defines split-half correlation?

Dividing the items into two sets, such as the even- and odd-numbered items

In the context of psychological constructs, which of the following is a physiological measure?

Galvanic skin response

Which of the following defines tolerance of uncertainty?

It is a critical thinking attitude that involves withholding judgment about whether a belief or claim is true when there is insufficient evidence for it.

Which of the following describes a protocol?

It is a detailed description of the research.

Which of the following is true of a bar graph?

It is a graph that is used to show differences between the mean scores of two or more groups.

Which of the following defines a model?

It is a precise explanation or interpretation of a specific phenomenon

Which of the following defines peer review?

It is a process in which new research submitted for publication is reviewed by two or more experts before an editor decides whether to publish it.

Pat, a child counselor, works with children who exhibit violent tendencies. Typically, psychologists like Pat are expected to hold a _____ degree in psychology.

Ph. D

Sharon, a psychologist, while conducting her study wanted to observe the behavior of the research's respondents after letting them know that they are being watched. What exactly did Sharon want to measure?

Respondents' reactivity

What does the number and diversity of the phenomena explained in a theory represent?

Scope

Which of the following is a psychological construct?

Self-esteem of a participant

Mark groups the behavior of his customers under four distinct categories before approaching them for a second sales call. In the context of the different types of theoretical approaches, which of the following is being followed by Mark?

Typology theory

Skepticism is:

a critical thinking attitude that involves considering alternatives and searching for evidence before accepting that a belief or claim is true.

Which of the following is measured as a categorical variable? a) The sex of each student in a psychology class b) The depression level of each male student in a psychology class c) The noise level of the male students in a psychology class d) The weight of each female student in a psychology class e) The height of each female student in a psychology class

a) The sex of each student in a psychology class

A(n) _____ is a scientific research that is conducted primarily to solve some practical problem

applied research

Which of the following is measured as a quantitative variable? a) The students who are receiving psychotherapy in a psychology class b) The height of each student in a psychology class c) The nationality of each student in a psychology class d) The occupation of each student in a psychology class e) The students who are not receiving psychotherapy in a psychology class

b) The height of each student in a psychology class

In a scatterplot, a positive relationship is a statistical relationship:

between two variables in which higher scores on one tend to be associated with higher scores on the other

Applied research differs from basic research in that applied research is

conducted primarily to address some practical problem

In a psychology research process, to satisfy the condition of privacy researchers must maintain _____.

confidentiality

Kevin, a 5th grade student at Houston Kids, takes a different approach to learning. When something is put on the board, Kevin analyzes the subject on the board in detail and compares it to his understanding about the subject. He always ends up arguing with his moral science teacher because of the way he goes about understanding the subject. The behavior exhibited by Kevin is an example of _____

confirmation bias

_____ is the tendency to notice and remember evidence that is consistent with what we already believe and to ignore evidence that is inconsistent with what we already believe.

confirmation bias

In the context of a psychological construct, reliability is the measure of _____.

consistency

When psychologists use multiple operational definitions of the same construct, they are using _____.

converging operation

Once a researcher settles on a research design, the researcher should:

create the participant's informed consent and debriefing procedures.

The process of informing research participants after a study of the purpose of the study, revealing any deception, and minimizing any harm that might have occurred is called _____.

debriefing

Privacy is the people's right to:

decide what personal information about them is revealed to others.

A research participant whose attitude toward exercise is measured immediately after he is asked to read a passage about the dangers of lung disease might reasonably conclude that the passage was meant to improve his awareness on smoking. This is an example of a(n) _____ in a research study.

demand characteristic

The conceptual definition of a physical construct:

describes the internal processes that make up that construct.

Raymond created a research question that focused on whether smoking as an addiction was mathematically related to an individual's depression levels. What exactly did the research question focus on?

directionality problem

The problem of knowing whether two variables, X and Y, are statistically related because X causes Y or because Y causes X is known as the _____

directionality problem

A psychology problem is better treated with the help of a meta-analysis than with the help of a medical intervention. Meta-analysis is an example of _____.

empirically supported treatment

A treatment for a psychological problem that has been shown by scientific research to be more effective than no treatment, a placebo, or some alternative treatment is called _____.

empirically supported treatment

In the random sampling method, _____.

every population member has an equal chance of being selected for the sample

A theory differs from a phenomenon in that a theory:

explains the factors observed indirectly.

A claim is _____ if there is an observation that would—if it were made—count as evidence against the claim

falsifiable

The extent to which a research question can be answered with available resources is called _____

feasibility

Roy believes in correlating human tendencies to the work productivity levels for achieving better organizational profitability. Roy believes in _____.

folk psychology

A perspective is a(n):

general broad approach to explain and interpret phenomena.

A hypothesis always has the _____ relationship.

if-then

Exempt research varies from minimal risk research in that the exempt research:

includes surveys of a non-sensitive nature.

In his research, David studied the effects of personality traits on driving habits by varying the levels of masculinity. In this scenario, masculinity is an example of a(n) _____.

independent variable

A(n) _____ is appropriate in the early stages of research when the phenomena of interest have not yet been described in detail.

informal theory

_____ is the process of obtaining and documenting participants agreement to be in a study, having informed them of everything that might reasonably be expected to affect their decision.

informed consent

In the context of the levels of measurement, the _____ level of measurement involves assigning scores to represent the precise magnitude of the difference between individuals. In this scale a score of zero does not actually represent the complete absence of the characteristic. From Section: Section 5.1 Understanding Psychological Measurement

interval

Skepticism differs from tolerance of uncertainty in that skepticism:

involves considering alternatives and searching for evidence.

An informal theory varies from a formal theory in that an informal theory:

is less precise in its prediction.

A perspective differs from a theory in the sense that a perspective:

is more general and broad than a theory.

Systematic empiricism means:

learning based on observation.

At the formal end of the formality dimension, a theory is described in the form of a(n)

mathematical equation

If there are 60 ways to divide a set of twelve items into two sets of six, Cronbach's α is the:

mean of the 60 split-half correlations.

In the context of the scales of measurement, the _____ of measurement uses category labels to communicate whether any two individuals are the same or different in terms of the variable being measured.

nominal level

Using others' words or ideas without giving them appropriate credit is called _____.

plagiarism

In the context of the types of theoretical approaches, a typology approach:

provides organization by categorizing people or behavior into distinct types.

_____ is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

psychology

In the context of the levels of measurement, the ordinal level differs from the nominal level in that the ordinal level uses:

quantitative labels

In the context of the levels of measurement, the _____ level of measurement involves assigning scores in such a way that there is a true zero point that represents the complete absence of the quantity.

ratio

Folk psychology is:

referred to as the people's intuitive beliefs about human behavior and mental processes

Test-retest reliability:

refers to consistency over time.

Pseudoscience differs from science in that pseudoscience:

refers to nonscientific activities that appear to be scientific in nature

Heat Inc. brought out a research report that focused on the effect of alcohol abuse on withdrawal symptoms for different demographic groups. This report is the only published open source available on the Internet. What is the report known as?

research literature

The _____ in any field is all the published research in that field

research literature

The Standards 8.10 to 8.15 of the APA ethics codes talk about researchers not fabricating or making up data. Standards 8.10 to 8.15 are about _____.

scholarly integrity

A theory explains the difference between males and females with the help of three phenomena: driving habits, addictions, and the love shown toward their children. The number of explanations in the theory is an example of the _____ in the research.

scope

Deborah, a project manager, while choosing projects always looks out for contingency plans and searches for alternatives before accepting the project. The behavior exhibited by Deborah while choosing projects is an example of _____.

skepticism

According to the hierarchy of needs theory, an individual focuses on his/her social needs once security and physiological needs are attained. In the context of the different types of theoretical approaches, the hierarchy of needs theory is an example of the _____ theory.

stage

In an experiment, which of the following is manipulated by the researcher?

the independent variable

A hypothesis is:

the prediction about a new phenomenon based on a theory.

Pearson's r measures:

the strength of the correlation between two quantitative variables.

Stephen, a psychologist, was having second thoughts about a hypothesis created by his students. He wanted the students to give him more concrete observations on the hypothesis before giving out an opinion on it. The behavior exhibited by Stephen is an example of _____.

tolerance of uncertainty

A scatterplot is

used to denote a correlation between two quantitative variables.

Once the risks of the research have been identified and minimized, the researcher should:

weigh the risks against the benefits.