Psych 001 ch 8 & 9

One-year-old Ainsley learned the schema for trucks because his family has a truck. When Ainsley sees trucks on television, she says, "Look mommy, truck!" This exemplifies ________. accommodation acquisition assimilation attainment

assimilation

Forgetting anything good that happened on your trip to France because you just broke up with your French fiancée and now can't bear the thought of anything French is a good example of ________: Memories are distorted by your current belief system. bias blocking suggestibility transience

bias

Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories? amygdala cerebellum hippocampus primary cortex

cerebellum

Theorists who view development as ________ believe that development takes place in unique stages. continuous discontinuous progressive regressive

discontinuous

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall? explicit memories implicit memories sensory memories short-term memories

explicit memories

For many in the baby-boom generation, the Kennedy assassination represents a ________, an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event. flashbulb memory flashpoint hyperthymesia sensory memory

flashbulb memory

Which part of my brain is probably damaged if I am unable to recognize basic objects around my house? amygdala cerebellum hippocampus prefrontal cortex

hippocampus

When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory. explicit implicit semantic sensory

implicit

What is episodic memory? information about events we have personally experienced knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts storage of facts and events we have personally experienced type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

information about events we have personally experienced

What is semantic memory? information about events we have personally experienced knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts storage of facts and events we personally experienced type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

What are the two components of declarative memory? implicit and explicit procedural and implicit semantic and episodic short-term and long-term

semantic and episodic

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________. immediately applying new information to a practical problem organizing information into manageable bits or chunks sleeping immediately after learning new information to allow your mind to process it thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

What is procedural memory? information about events we have personally experienced knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts storage of facts and events we personally experienced type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

Who believed that moral development, like cognitive development, follows a series of stages? Erik Erikson Jean Piaget Lawrence Kohlberg Sigmund Freud

Lawrence Kohlberg

What did a researcher identify by timing participants on how long they took to name colors when the semantic meaning of the word differed from the color it was presented in? engrams equipotentiality hypothesis Stroop effect visual encoding

Stroop effect

Which of the following does not occur during the concrete operational stage? Children begin to use language. Children employ memory strategies. Children have a firm grasp of numbers. Children think logically about real events.

Children begin to use language.

________ is a long-standing connection or bond with others. attachment nourishment regard security

attachment

Francis takes his six-month-old daughter to daycare. A substitute provider is there, and his daughter begins crying. She clings to her father and hides her face. What does this exemplify? conservation egocentrism pretend play stranger anxiety

stranger anxiety

Which concept describes the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories? anterograde amnesia misinformation effect paradigm reconstruction suggestibility

suggestibility

According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use language? concrete operational formal operational preoperational sensorimotor

preoperational

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory? Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness. Explicit memories are memories we have directly experienced, while implicit memories are memories that someone else directly experienced. Explicit memories are memories we unconsciously remember, while implicit memories are those that we consciously remember. Implicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while explicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

Which parenting style is most encouraged in modern America? authoritarian authoritative disorganized permissive

authoritative

________ development involves emotions, personality, and social relationships. mental physical psychological psychosocial

psychosocial

What is the main idea of levels of processing theory? Aerobic exercise promotes neurogenesis. If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful. In order to remember information, you should build a web of retrieval cues to help you access material when you want to remember it. Overlearning can help prevent storage decay.

If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful.

Which of the following is a good example of anterograde amnesia? John Doe can provide detailed autobiographical information for every day of his life over the past 30 years, including what he wore and ate every day. John Doe emerges from a collapsed building with no idea who he is. John Doe is in a car accident. Every day he wakes up with no memory of what he did the day before, feeling as though no time has passed because he is unable to form new memories. John Doe remembers his third birthday more clearly than any other birthday because his dog died on the day of his birthday party.

John Doe is in a car accident. Every day he wakes up with no memory of what he did the day before, feeling as though no time has passed because he is unable to form new memories.

Which of the following illustrates conservation? Deirdre believes that five pennies have more value than two nickels. Joseph saves his energy by brushing his teeth in the shower. Rebekah recycles her glass bottles but not her cell phone batteries. Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices.

Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices.

Which of the following statements about the amygdala is correct? Communication among neurons via the amygdala is critical for developing new memories. The amygdala is a processing area for explicit memories. The amygdala is involved in normal recognition memory as well as spatial memory. The amygdala is involved in the process of transferring new learning into long-term memory.

The amygdala is involved in the process of transferring new learning into long-term memory.

18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies ________. accommodation assimilation exclusion inclusion

accommodation

Pan finds it difficult to learn the alphabet until he hears the alphabet song. Then he can easily remember it. This is an example of ________ encoding. acoustic semantic sensory visual

acoustic

Quincy is struck on the back of the head and finds, while she can remember her life up to the time she was struck on the head, she can no longer make new memories. Quincy has ________ amnesia. anterograde flashbulb graduated retrograde

anterograde

Children whose parents have an authoritarian parenting style can be ________. anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy creative, moody, and flexible disorganized, undisciplined, and sloppy quiet, shy, humble

anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy

Early maturing girls are ________. at a higher risk of depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders less likely to drop out of high school more confident more likely to go to college

at a higher risk of depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders

Encoding information occurs through ________. automatic processing and effortful processing automatic storing and effortful retrieving processing and storing storing and retrieving

automatic processing and effortful processing

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Long-term memory has two parts: semantic memory and episodic memory. change the word "episodic" to the word "implicit" change the word "long-term" to the word "declarative" change the word "parts" to the word "components" change the word "semantic" to the word "short-term"

change the word "long-term" to the word "declarative"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The step of recall, which is the conscious repetition of information to be remembered in order to move it from STM into long-term memory, is called memory consolidation. change the word "conscious" to the word "unconscious" change the word "long" to the word "short" change the word "recall" to the word "rehearsal" change the word "repetition" to the word "recognition"

change the word "recall" to the word "rehearsal"

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________. chunking elaborative rehearsal mnemonic device persistence

chunking

Annaliese knows that her friend is paying an online service to write a term paper. This bothers her, but she knows that if she tells the teacher everyone will think she is a snitch. She decides her friends' approval is more important, so she says nothing about the cheating. What stage of moral reasoning does this exemplify? conventional formal operational post-conventional pre-conventional

conventional

Specific normative events are also called ________. age-related standards averages benchmarks developmental milestones

developmental milestones

Benigno wakes up in the middle of the night. He dreamed that he left the oven on, and he is now convinced that the oven is on. He can't go back to sleep until he turns the oven off. Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified? distortion forgetting imposition intrusion

distortion

What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate? biology environment and culture genetics sexual preference

environment and culture

Grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of ________ motor skills. fine gross hand manipulative

fine

Once children reach the preschool stage (ages 3-6 years), they are capable of originating activities and asserting control over their world through social interactions and play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? autonomy vs. shame/doubt generativity vs. stagnation initiative vs. guilt intimacy vs. isolation

initiative vs. guilt

In order for a memory to go into storage (i.e., long-term memory), it has to pass through three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and ________ memory. encoded long-term sensory visual

long-term

Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify? egocentrism object permanence reversibility stranger anxiety

object permanence

Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this? authoritarian authoritative Freudian permissive

permissive

________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness. cognitive learning physical psychosocial

physical

Engram refers to the ________. emotional focus of a memory mental trauma that creates a memory physical trace of a memory sensory component of a memory

physical trace of a memory

Kenethia enjoys knitting. When she begins college, she has less time for knitting and finally stops altogether. After graduation, she wants to knit again, so she practices with her needles until she is good at it again. This is an example of ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system. effortless processing encoding an engram relearning

relearning

Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells "the man with the blue shirt did it." Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in flowered dress. This is an example of ________: the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories. sexism suggestibility recognition reconstruction

suggestibility

Felipe looks over his presentation, and he notices that some of the words are written in bold and some are written in italic. His ability to remember these differences is an example of ________ encoding. acoustic semantic sensory visual

visual