Psych 1-5 units

David is a sixty-year-old man. He has suffered from pain in the joints for several years now. As a result, he finds it difficult to get sleep. He is further troubled by autonomic activity and muscle tension when he tries to consciously fall asleep. And now, he simply tries to relax his body without the effort of trying to fall asleep. David most likely suffers from__________.

insomnia

On his first day as a school psychologist, Daniel took a trip to the school ground and quietly sat in the corner watching the children play. He noticed several patterns in the way children behaved with each other, especially when they were playing games. Occasionally one of the children would look up to see him, but he would smile and encourage the child to carry on with his or her activities. The term that best describes what Daniel's study methods is ___________

naturalistic observation

When Anna moved to her new apartment, she often used to wake up from her sleep because of the traffic noise in the neighbourhood. However, she gradually became accustomed to the sound of the vehicles as days progressed, and the disturbance outside failed to disturb her sleep. This scenario illustrates _____.

negative adaptation

Sean believes that many of our unconscious ideas and impulses stem from our childhood conflicts. Based on his beliefs, it can be said that Sean is a__________.

psychoanalyst

On a bright, sunny day, Manny leaves a dimly-lit movie theater, which exits into the courtyard of a mall. The__________in his eyes adjust to the sudden increase in light.

pupils

​Darryl first had an alcoholic drink when he was 17 years old. He recalls "feeling tipsy" right after finishing the first drink. Now, after almost five years of habitually drinking alcohol, he needs to consume four or five glasses of the same drink to get the "tipsy feeling." In other words, Darryl's _________ for alcohol has increased.

tolerance

Dr. Kennett is a neurologist who is conducting research using brain imaging techniques. He wants to study pictures of his subjects' brain while they are speaking or using a language. The pictures will help Dr. Kennett understand the parts of the brain that are being used to speak and other processes that occur simultaneously in the brain. Based on the nature of study, the most suitable technique for Dr. Kennett's research would be to use__________.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging

Jane and Richard decide to go drinking one night. They both had four drinks each after which Jane's speech was a bit slurred and her coordination seemed impaired. Richard was still relatively sober although he felt elated. Richard claimed that alcohol hits women more quickly than it does men. How is Richard's claim, if true, culturally and biologically proven?

It is true that women have more enzymes that metabolize alcohol in the stomach

Emily suffers from insomnia. When she went to see a doctor, she was told that her sleeplessness was caused by the deficiency of a particular hormone. The doctor then gave her sleeping pills containing the same. Which is the hormone in question?

Melatonin

Amy and George were practicing singing for their university cultural program. Their music teacher insisted that Amy sing the verses in a high pitch as it sounded better. Which of the following could be a reason for the music teacher's decision?

The pitch of a woman's voice is usually higher than that of man's voice.

Amelia works as general physician. One of her patients claimed to be suffering from constant stomach aches that would not go away. Upon diagnosis, Amelia could not determine anything wrong with the patient. Her previous records revealed no illness either. Therefore, Amelia gave her a strip of harmless sugar pills and asked her to take them twice a day after her meals. This treatment is known as a _____.

​placebo

​Liz was involved in a car accident that led her to sustain a head injury. When she was fully awake, the doctor approached her and asked her some questions ranging from "What is the last thing you remember?" to "when were you born?" to "what is your mother's maiden name?" Liz was able to answer all of this correctly. Such information constitutes her _________ material.

​preconscious

​While on a bus on the way back home, Jenny overheard a father telling his young son an interesting story to Jenny found the story to be so captivating that she found herself listening intently to it. In fact, she was listening to the story so intently that she missed her stop. This is an example of _____.

​selective attention

​Ray often wakes up at night chattering loudly and incoherently. He is usually pacified for about five minutes after which he returns to sleep. During the morning, he is unable to recall his behavior. However, he vaguely recalls his chest being pressed. Ray seems to suffer from _____.

​sleep terrors

Paul is a fifty-five-year-old man who has been having some difficulty recalling important details. On visiting a doctor, he was told that he was in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease. The deficiency of__________is most likely to be linked to Paul's condition.

acetylcholine

During a survey conducted in a primary school, it was found that most of the students feared snakes, insects, thunderstorms, and darkness. According to Arne Öhman and Susan Mineka, the students might be__________by evolutionary forces to develop these fears.

biologically-prepared

Sharon visited a small group of aborigines while she was in Australia. She interacted with them and understood their cultural heritage, race, and history. Which of the following terms would Sharon use to describe the group of aborigines?

An ethnic group

Phoebe recently suffered a major fall in which she sustained brain injuries. Since then, she has had immense difficulty in communicating with others. She appears to understand what is said to her, but her responses are slow and laborious. Her sentences are always incomplete with important grammatical words missing. Which of the following conditions best reflects Phoebe's case?

Broca's aphasia

Will was driving down a road one night. Suddenly, he noticed a man trying to cross the road just a little away from the car. Will felt an intense fear and immediately became alert and slammed the breaks down hard, missing the man by inches. Which hormone was responsible for this reaction?

Epinephrine

Derek's school socks are green in color. However, one day he wore one red sock and one green sock to school. His friends laughed at him, and his teacher was surprised. His teacher had noticed Derek's difficulty in distinguishing between the two colors on a few previous occasions, and she suspected that Derek had a certain condition. What is the condition that Derek has, and what are the related conditions that people could have?

Trichromat

Bobby was standing in line to purchase a movie ticket. All of a sudden, the man in front of him took a few steps back and stepped on Bobby's foot. Bobby had an immediate sensation of pain. This sensation was transmitted via the spinal cord to the brain through__________.

afferent neurons

Brandon is a psychologist who is studying the relationship between heredity and mood disorders. He strongly believes that behavior and mental processes have a connection with the brain, hormones, heredity, and evolution Brandon's beliefs are consistent with the _____ perspective.

biological

Psychologists with a(n)__________perspective venture into the realm of mental processes such as sensation and perception, memory, intelligence, language, thought, and problem solving to understand human nature.

cognitive

Christine uses an electric can opener to open cans of dog food. Her dog starts to salivate just at the sound of the electric can opener in anticipation of the food. According to the principles of classical conditioning, the electric can opener has become an effective__________for the dog.

conditioned-stimulus

​Jeff's dog barks and growls at the sound of a stranger's car engine pulling into the driveway, yet the dog wags its tail and gets excited at the sound of Jeff's car engine. In the context of conditioning, the reaction of Jeff's dog to the sound of his car's engine is known as _____.

discrimination

Ralph conducted a study to determine the effects of certain visual stimuli on individuals. For his study, he used two groups of students. The first group watched a violent war film, while the other group did not. Later, both groups were asked to write an essay on war. It was found that the essays written by the first group were more strongly opinionated against war. In this scenario, the first group would be considered a(n) _____.

experimental group

Glenn is an accomplished guitarist. He can play a guitar with his eyes closed. When he does this, he is quite aware of which frets his fingers are on. He does this with the aid of his vestibular sense.

false

After being conditioned to fear a white rat due to a childhood incident, Albert began fearing all furry objects, such as rabbits and fur coats. Albert's fear of furry objects is due to__________.

generalization

Erica is part of a research group that is studying a group of software executives. She is trying to determine the relationship between work stress and cancer. As part of the same study, she also advises her subjects on ways to counter work stress. Erica's job is that of a _________ psychologist.

health

​Johnny has always feared going to the dentist as he associated these visits with pain. After repeated visits to the dentist, Johnny also developed the fear of bright lights as he had started associating it with the dentist's cabin. This development of Johnny's fear of bright lights after he started associating it with the dentist's cabin is known as _____.

higher-order conditioning

Alicia recently had a bad car accident. Since then, she cannot recall events that occurred after the accident. However, she can recall events that took place before the accident. She recognizes her family and friends and important dates, such as her birthday and her marriage anniversary, but has to be constantly reintroduced to new people in her life. Alicia has most likely sustained damage to her__________.

hippocampus

Erik works as a counselor. He strongly believes in an individual's capacity for self-fulfillment, self-awareness, and decision making. He works on the principle that people are free to choose their own ethical conduct and are also responsible for choosing their conduct. Erik can be said to be following the__________perspective.

humanistic existential

As a little girl, Dana liked to watch her mother prepare dinner. As an adult, Dana now enjoys preparing gourmet meals for her family. Dana learned to cook by watching her mother cook rather than by means of direct experience. In the context of observational learning, Dana's mother was a__________for her.

model

When Anna moved to her new apartment, she often used to wake up from her sleep because of the traffic noise in the neighbourhood. However, she gradually became accustomed to the sound of the vehicles as days progressed, and the disturbance outside failed to disturb her sleep. This scenario illustrates__________.

negative-adaptation

Stewart is a stage performer who wants to control his weight. He regularly smokes cigarettes and is also addicted to many other tobacco products. He thinks that it helps him relax and improve his performance on stage. In this case, Sandy is likely addicted to__________.

nicotine

Sofia doesn't like eating vegetables. To ensure that Sofia eats vegetables, her mother offers her an extra helping of dessert every time Sofia finishes her vegetables. In the context of behaviorism, this is known as__________.

reinforcement

Carl is conducting a study to determine the effects of new technology-assisted learning methods among students. As part of this study, he has selected a group of university students, male and female, in the age group of 18 to 24 years. These students have been using the new methods of learning. In terms of research methodology, this group best describes a__________.

sample

While sitting in class, Paul heard two people whispering about an upcoming college event. Since this sounded more interesting to him than the lecture that was going on, Paul started listening intently to what the two people were talking about, while completely ignoring the lecture. This is an example of _________.

selective attention

Dolly was taking a nap after her afternoon meal. She was experiencing vivid dreamlike images, but she was aware and not yet fully asleep. When Susie woke her, she apologized to Dolly. However, Dolly claimed that she was not sleeping at all. Dolly is likely to have been at__________sleep.

stage 1

Carl is teaching his dogs to jump through a hoop. At the onset of training, Carl gives the dogs treats for each movement toward the hoop. Then, he gives them treats as they near the hoop. Eventually he gives them treats only when they jump through the hoop. In this scenario, Carl reinforces_____of the goal.

successive approximations

Ashton was struggling to focus on an assignment that was due the next day. This was because he was constantly thinking about a fight that he had gotten into with his friend earlier in the day. However, he consciously tried to push these thoughts away by instructing himself to focus on the assignment. Ashton was using__________to put away the disturbing thoughts.

suppression

​Ashton was struggling to focus on an assignment that was due the next day. This was because he was constantly thinking about a fight that he had gotten into with his friend earlier in the day. However, he consciously tried to push these thoughts away by instructing himself to focus on the assignment. Ashton was using _________ to put away the disturbing thoughts.

suppression

While on vacation, twelve years ago, Benjamin became extremely ill after eating some shrimps. To this day, he feels nauseous at the sight of shrimps and cannot eat them. Psychologists refer to Benjamin's response to shrimps as a__________.

taste-aversion

Joanne is a psychologist and relaxation therapist who believes that by inducing feelings of relaxation, stressful situations can be handled better. She claims that it helps to focus on one's consciousness to alter one's relationship to the world. If Joanne were to help an individual cope with a stressful situation, what technique would she recommend?

transcendental meditation

Michelle is walking on the road when she suddenly hears an intermittent ringing of church bells. She is unable to detect the source of the sound and looks around. She continues to walk ahead and slightly turns her head to the right. The intensity suddenly increases in her left ear. In this case, the sound of the church bells is most likely coming from _____.

​the front