Psych 101 Exam 1

What is one reason why scientific psychologists follow a specific set of guidelines to help them make decisions when doing research?

To ensure they protect research participants from potential harm

The principle of ________ states that memory is better when the test taps the same type of knowledge as the original encoding activity

Transfer Appropriate Processing

Memory performance is enhanced if the type of test at encoding matches the type of test at retrieval. This is called:

Transfer-appropriate processing

Dru is reading about the different types of research. If he reads, "This type of research has the primary advantage of allowing a scientist to determine cause and effect relationships," what kind of research method is he studying?

a laboratory experiment

A researcher wants to make sure that her assistants did not give any hints regarding which participants are in which treatment groups and to also make sure the participants did not know which group they were in. She should use (a):

double-blind procedure

The ability to arrive at broad conclusions based on smaller ones is known as ________. It requires that the sample under investigation be representative of the larger population from which it was drawn.

generalizability

Having more knowledge about a subject

helps your ability to learn new related information

Dr. Hart is interested in the role of relationships in preventing heart disease. As her patients come into her office in Bluebell, Alabama, she asks them two questions: Are you a in a relationship? Have you experienced any heart problems in the last 8 years? Based on her findings, she concludes that relationships cause cardiovascular (heart) problems. One issue with her methodology is that the results are not generalizable. What does this mean?

her results may not be true for the entire population

The hypothesis in a research study is defined as the

idea, or prediction, that can be tested

In an experiment testing the effect of caffeine on alertness in students with attention deficit disorder, the caffeine is the

independent variable

The degree to which a study allows unambiguous causal inferences has __________.

internal validity

Which of the following is an example of an empirical question that could be tested using systematic observation?

Do native English-speaking Canadians take longer to learn Chinese to learn Spanish?

Dr. Morabian is conducting research that was inspired by studies published 10 years before he got his doctorate. He reads those studies, thinks about how they can be improved, and designs research that will extend their findings. Dr. Morabian's work demonstrates that science is:

Cumulative

Which of the following is NOT helpful in learning new material?

Anxiety

Which of the following is the major problem involved in conducting a correlational study?

Cause-and-effect conclusions cannot be drawn

Which of the following is the major problem involved in conducting a correlational study?

Cause-and-effect conclusions cannot be drawn.

Which kind of research allows us to passively observe exactly two variables to determine a relationship between them without drawing cause-and-effect conclusions?

Correlational research

Dr. Sharma wants to study the extent to which stress is related to suicidal ideation in people who suffer from depression. She gathers information about the level of stress, depressive symptoms, and suicidal thoughts a set of participants experience the day after they attend the funeral of a loved one. Because this study is assessing people under conditions that are not typical of everyday life, it is lacking in __________ validity.

Ecological

The degree to which the effect, or findings, have been obtained under conditions that are typical for what happens in everyday life and daily routines

Ecological validity

________ methods in psychological research are approaches to data-gathering that are tied to actual measurement and observation.

Empirical

The purpose of using a placebo in research is to:

Evaluate the effect of participant expectations

For Lindsey's dissertation, she has e-mails sent out to people 4 times a day for 4 weeks. In these e-mails, she asks about current emotional experiences and activities. What method is she using?

Experience sampling

Which of the following is an example of an empirical question that could be tested using systematic observation?

How does race impact voting trends in a political election?

Taylor walked into the psychology lab and was welcomed by the researcher. The first document given to him by the researcher described the research experiment and what it was to entail, which also required his signature. What was this ethical document?

Informed Consent

Katie and Lise are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days during a 10:30-11:30 class period. Both intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, and Lisa will study three hours the day before the exam.What could you predict about their performances?

Katie should preform better bc she has spaced her studying over the three days before the exam.

What type of research highlights causality, allowing the cause to be separated from the effect?

Laboratory experiments

Sarah is part of a study that requires her to travel to the laboratory for an interview once every 10 years for an experiment that tracks her physical activity. This type of design is a(n):

Longitudinal study

Operational definitions are encouraged in research in order to:

Make terms used in a study as explicit as possible

You want to study the effects of gender on math achievement. However, you know that you cannot randomly assign some people to male and others to be female, so you cannot have a true experiment. In this scenario, what type of research design would you use?

Quasi-experiment

Of the following examples, which is the best way to encode material that you want to learn?

Reading a word thinking about how it relates to you

How does a researcher know which methods she should use to test her hypotheses in psychological research?

The best method depends on the question being asked as well as the resources that are available to the researcher.

Working memory capacity is related to:

better reasoning, better attentional control, better reading comprehension

Maritza is in a study testing if almond milk slows the development of brittle bones. She's in the study for 3 months but doesn't know that her milk allergy is causing her body to block nutrients, so it doesn't help her. Maritza's allergy is an example of a(n):

confound

The value of random assignment is that it:

ensures the equivalence of the experimental and control groups.

Operational definitions are encouraged in research in order to:

make terms used in a study as explicit as possible

The primary weakness of the case study method is

nongeneralizability

Personal experience is associated with ____________, whereas, scientific method is associated with ________.

opinion, fact

When you instructor finishes reviewing a new topic in lecture, she often gives a clicker quiz. Clicker quizzes can serve the purpose of:

retrieval practice

An effective way to make sure that you will remember something a long time from now (such as in an uncapping exam) is to:

review the material at regular intervals

Science is described as a cumulative process. This means that:

science builds on prior discoveries

As soon as class is over, Karen goes to the Mountainlair, gets a cup of coffee and reviews the material from class, asking herself what she remembers, and then checking to see if she is correct from her e-text. Karen us utilizing _______ to enhance her learning.

self-testing

As a researcher, you decide that you are very interested in peoples' everyday behavior. Therefore, you decide to use an Electronically Activated Recorder, or EAR device, to capture the acoustic diary of participants' days as they naturally unfold. In this scenario, you are:

studying daily behavior

What does the term "working memory capacity" refer to?

the amount of information than an individual can store for a limited amount of time.

In an experiment on the effect of light on reading speed, which of the following is the dependent variable?

the measured reading speed

The definition of psychology is generally considered to be the

the scientific study of behavior and mental process

Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if:

the type of encoding matches the type of retrieval task

When we develop ________ (groups of closer related phenomena or observations) in science, we must do so in a way that can be tested. Otherwise, their is no way to prove (or disprove) them.

theories

Researchers that study the online behavior of people focus on their:

virtual language behavior

Students who have problems with anxiety so that it affects their learning, can be helped if they?

write about their anxiety