PSYCH 101 Exam 2 (Chapters, 7,6,9,10)

Gaetha is using two words to indicate an entire sentence. She says, "tie shoe" when she is really asking if her mother would tie her shoe. This stage is indicative of a child who is approximately __________ year(s) old. 1 3 4 2

2

In Elizabeth Loftus's "lost in the mall" study, approximately what percentage of people distinctly remembered being lost in a shopping mall after being told that this had happened to them, even though it did not really happen? 10 percent 25 percent 67 percent 32 percent

25 percent

What does the popular (but scientifically mythical) term "midlife crisis" refer to? A time of "re-nesting" and "feathering" that many parents go through in their 50s. A reflective period of evaluation as people enter their 70s. A developmental stage characterized by exploration of alternatives and heightened social achievement. A period of emotional distress regarding the aging process and an attempt to regain one's youth.

A period of emotional distress regarding the aging process and an attempt to regain one's youth.

When Kaya's mother hides the ball out of sight, Kaya now looks for it until she can find it. According to Jean Piaget, how old is Kaya? Between 4 and 6 months of age Between 8 and 12 months of age Between 18 and 24 months of age Between 1 and 3 months of age

Between 8 and 12 months of age

Which of the following examples of "popular psychology wisdom" turns out to actually be true? The teenage years are full of turmoil, marked by mood swings and acting out. Children grow in spurts rather than at a constant, steady rate. Playing Mozart for a baby will greatly increase her or his IQ. When adults reach midlife, they go through a period of trying to capture their lost youth.

Children grow in spurts rather than at a constant, steady rate.

Stacie is 35 and works hard as a doctor at a local hospital. Which of the following physical challenges is she most likely to experiencing at this age? A failure in cognitive processing Difficulty becoming pregnant A loss of her sense of smell Loss of muscle tone

Difficulty becoming pregnant

__________ allows you to remember auditory stimuli for up to 5 or 10 seconds. Eidetic memory Echoic memory Iconic memory Recovered memory

Echoic memory

ZAK, BOL, GID, YAF, and other nonsense syllables were used in some of the earliest studies of memory, conducted by __________. Arnold Swanson Martin Barre Hermann Ebbinghaus Herman von Helmholtz

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Which of the following statements is true? It is easier to implant a false memory that is plausible than one that is implausible. Recovering repressed memories is like rewinding a videorecording of one's life events. It is nearly impossible to implant a false memory in a person unless the person is high in suggestibility. It is easier to implant a false memory from the recent past than a false memory from the distant past.

It is easier to implant a false memory that is plausible than one that is implausible.

Who was the subject of the ethically questionable study of classical conditioning in which an infant was conditioned to fear white, furry objects? Baby Jane Little Walter Little Albert Baby Huey

Little Albert

What is the general progression of memory loss for patients with Alzheimer's disease? Older memories are more easily corrupted, whereas recent memories remain intact. Memory for recent events fades first, with distant memories usually being the last to go. Memory loss is random, haphazard, and unpredictable. Short-term memory disappears within a month of diagnosis.

Memory for recent events fades first, with distant memories usually being the last to go.

As they develop, children's memories become increasingly sophisticated. Which of the following is not a reason why this occurs? Conceptual understanding increases with age. Memory improves when more siblings are born into the family. Memory spans increase with age. Meta-memory develops over time.

Memory improves when more siblings are born into the family.

Which of the following situations is an example of a bidirectional influence in developmental psychology? Parents influence their children's behavior, but the children's behavior also influences their parents' reactions. Children seek out stimulating activities in their home and school environments. Genes cause certain traits to be manifested. A child's environment contributes to her or his intellectual

Parents influence their children's behavior, but the children's behavior also influences their parents' reactions.

That frustrating feeling of knowing you know something but cannot pull it out of your brain at the moment you want it is known as the TOT phenomenon, because __________. it was identified by the research team of Tattinger, Osprey, and Thomas TOT stands for Too Old to Think TOT stands for "tip-of-the-tongue" it primarily happens to very young children or "tots"

TOT stands for "tip-of-the-tongue"

What is one likely reason we cannot remember information and events from our own infancy? The hippocampus takes time to develop, and is only partially developed during infancy. Infants operate in a post-conventional state, and only gradually achieve the formal operations necessary for memory formation. Most parents "talk around" their children, rather than "talking to" their children. Fetuses lack ears, and therefore cannot overhear conversations in the external world.

The hippocampus takes time to develop, and is only partially developed during infancy.

Which of the following is a compelling argument against the existence of repressed traumatic memories? There are usually behavioral manifestations of psychic trauma, suggesting that repression has not accomplished its goals in the memory system. Repression has been identified as one of Freud's "lesser defenses" in his writings, and therefore carries little weight in this memory process. There is growing evidence that painful and disturbing memories are actually remembered well, and in fact, too well by the people plagued with them. It is virtually impossible to implant false memories of an event in the mind of an individual, so there is nothing there for the mental system to repress.

There is growing evidence that painful and disturbing memories are actually remembered well, and in fact, too well by the people plagued with them.

When trying to recall an event, which of the following processes best describes how that takes place? We inevitably fall prey to biases, errors, and shortcomings when trying to recall even the simplest information. We actively reconstruct our memories using cues and information available to us. We passively recall information that is stored in long-term memory. We "rewind the tape" to review the details of what we originally stored in memory.

We actively reconstruct our memories using cues and information available to us.

Thuy is an infant who seems to have many problems. She has facial malformation, her physical growth has been delayed, and she has a number of behavioral and learning disorders. The doctor suspects that her mother may have consumed __________ during her pregnancy.

alcohol

Enrique saw his friend suffer an attack by a big, black dog. He was so frightened by the event, and he remembers the fear and the event very well. Which part of the brain is playing a critical role in his remembering this event so emotionally? hippocampus forebrain amygdala thalamus

amygdala

The majority of parenting research indicates that as long as parents provide __________, in which they meet their children's basic needs for affection and appropriate discipline, most kids will turn out just fine. an individualistic environment a collectivist environment an average expectable environment the best possible environment

an average expectable environment

The Strange Situation refers to the first weeks of a newborn's life in a cultural context. an experimental procedure for investigating attachment. an emo rock group. conflicting sources of contact comfort.

an experimental procedure for investigating attachment.

What type of hormone produces the growth of pubic hair in adolescent girls? melatonin androgen progesterone estrogen

androgen

Jean Piaget referred to the process of absorbing new experience into current knowledge structures by the term accommodation. object permanence. assimilation. sensorimotor development.

assimilation.

Dr. Kazme is conducting a longitudinal research study measuring stress levels in people over the lifespan. As the study continues, some people die, and others choose to no longer participate in the study. This loss of participation is known as attribution. attrition. longevity. depreciation.

attrition.

Elke's parents provide her with support in participating in extracurricular activities and allow her to have a flexible curfew on the weekends. However, for her to participate in these activities and to have the flexible curfew, she must have all of her homework complete, her grades must be As and Bs, and she must be contributing to keeping the house clean. Elke's parents appear to have adopted an __________ style of parenting. permissive authoritarian uninvolved authoritative

authoritative

Signs of sexual maturity in girls are the onset of menstruation and the development of __________. Signs of sexual maturity in boys are the growth of body hair and an increase in __________. breasts; muscle strength sexual attitudes; opposite-sex play spermarche; testosterone pubic hair; estrogens

breasts; muscle strength

A "soft" approach to parenting is described as __________, whereas a "hard" approach to parenting is described as __________. community-centered; achievement-centered parent-centered; child-centered achievement-centered; community-centered child-centered; parent-centered

child-centered; parent-centered

Without even noticing that you are doing it, what memory technique do you use to remember larger quantities of information, even though your short-term memory capacity only holds about nine bits of information? elaborative rehearsal the Magic Number technique depth of processing chunking

chunking

Ivan Pavlov discovered __________ while conducting research on digestion in dogs. habituation classical conditioning systematic desensitization sensitization

classical conditioning

Harry Harlow conducted research with monkeys in the 1950s and discovered that baby monkeys preferred an inanimate "surrogate mother" covered in terry cloth to a wire-mesh "mother" that provided milk. Harlow called this phenomenon contact comfort. texture consolation. strange situation. textile preference.

contact comfort

Studies have shown the students perform slightly better on exams if they are tested in the same room where they learned the material. This is evidence for state-dependent learning. context-dependent learning. retrospective bias. encoding specificity.

context-dependent learning.

Jerry sees a bicycle sitting unattended in an alleyway. His first impulse is to take it; he would have a new bike, and that would be pretty cool. However, he reasons to himself that taking the bicycle is against the law, and laws are laws; they are there for a reason. According to Larry Kohlberg's model of moral reasoning, what stage of morality has Jerry achieved? postconventional conventional contractual preconventional

conventional

Dr. Svoboda is conducting research where he is looking at the development of the ability to roll over in children. He looks at children who are one month old, three months old, five months old, and seven months old and during one measure at the same time determines if they can roll over. This is a __________ study. longitudinal design cross-sectional design latitudinal design cohort design

cross-sectional design

Unintentional plagiarism has been attributed to __________, which occurs when someone says they forgot having been exposed to the plagiarized material earlier and thought they had created it themselves. suggested memory cryptomnesia misinformation effect monitoring failure

cryptomnesia

he two primary reasons why short-term memories fade are __________ and __________. substitution; migration intrusion; obstruction decay; interference reversal; proaction

decay; interference

The branch of psychology that considers how behavior changes over the lifetime is called __________ psychology. educational cognitive developmental behavioral

developmental

As a student studying for your next exam, it would be best for you to spread out your learning over long intervals rather than cramming. This is a good strategy that is associated with __________ as discovered by Hermann Ebbinghaus. strategic short-term retention temporal memorization distributed versus massed practice memory sensitivity over time

distributed versus massed practice

There are various techniques available to help people improve their ability to recall material. For example, when you remember something new by connecting it mentally to something you already know, you are using __________. distributed study elaborative rehearsal levels of processing a mnemonic device

elaborative rehersal

Lesedi has five children and the last one has just left for college. Lesedi finds herself struggling to get out of bed, feeling sad much of the time, and struggling to find meaning in her life. Lesedi is likely experiencing empty-nest syndrome. midlife crises. memento mori. moral dilemmas.

empty-nest syndrome

We can use mnemonics to help us __________ information we want to retain in our memories. retrieve store encode comprehend

encode

In the 1920s, Karl Lashley hoped to discover the __________, the actual physical trace of a memory in the brain. He later concluded that memories are not stored this way. assembly hippocampus postsynaptic receptors engram

engram

Scientists devise __________ in order to ensure that the memories elicited in their false-memory-implantation experiments are actually false. statistical estimates plausibility estimates cryptomnesia proofs existence proofs

existence proofs

More than 300 convicted prisoners to date have been released because DNA evidence showed they were innocent, despite confident testimony from __________. eyewitnesses prosecutors forensic specialists psychologists

eyewitnesses

The fact that people usually correctly remember where they were when they learned of the September 11th, 2001, attacks but are less exact about what they were doing or who told them, leads researchers to believe that __________, although not completely reliable, contain "substantial kernels of accuracy." initial recollection recovered memories flashbulb memories source monitoring

flashbulb memories

At which of Jean Piaget's four stages of cognitive development does a child develop the ability to perform hypothetical and abstract reasoning? concrete operations preoperational sensorimotor formal operations

formal operations

What part of the brain does not mature until late adolescence or early adulthood and is responsible for planning, decision making, and impulse control? frontal lobes cerebellum parietal lobe Broca's area

frontal lobes

Chronological age is one way to measure how aging will affect us, especially as we grow older. Which of the following is another way of conceptualizing age? cohort age expectational age functional age intellectual age

functional age

The activation or deactivation of particular genes is called __________ and can be influenced by environmental factors. gene-environment influence gene expression genetic heritage gene-environment interaction

gene expression

A few studies have demonstrated a correlation between low production of the enzyme monoamine oxidase and heightened risk for criminally violent behavior in cases when (and only when) the person also has a history of mistreatment. This is an example of gene-environment interaction. gene expression. genetic destiny. nature against nurture.

gene-environment interaction.

Although it is presented as the most common kind of memory loss in the popular media, with depictions of someone losing all memory of his or her past, __________ is not actually the most common kind of amnesia. retrograde amnesia anterograde amnesia generalized amnesia infantile amnesia

generalized amnesia

In the __________ stage of prenatal development, the zygote begins to divide and double, forming a blastocyst. fetal embryonic germinal preliminary

germinal

Long-term potentiation enhances the release of which neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft, resulting in enhanced learning? GABA glutamate anandamide aspartate

glutamate

Leif is tickling his daughter Inga. As he continues to tickle her, she responds less and less to the tickles. This is known as operant conditioning. habituation. higher-order conditioning. sensitization.

habituation

On simple tasks regarding impulse control, teens __________ compared to adults. participate in fewer research studies respond impressively have a much easier time and get better results have more difficulty and use more brain processing power

have more difficulty and use more brain processing power

Even before we are born, we can show signs of __________ memory through habituation. engrammatic implicit deliberate explicit

implicit

Patrick is asked by his friend if he can remember being a baby and coming home from the hospital after he was born. Patrick admits that he has no memory of that time. Patrick is experiencing juvenile amnesia. retrograde amnesia. infantile amnesia. anterograde amnesia.

infantile amnesia

A crucial ingredient of social development is self-control, or the ability to frustrate ambitions. gratify desires. delay development. inhibit impulses.

inhibit impulses.

Heino is an infant who explores a room independently without needing to check in with his caregiver. He doesn't mind a stranger entering the room or having his caregiver leave the room. He also shows little reaction when his caregiver returns to the room. Heino is displaying a(n) __________ attachment. disorganized insecure-avoidant insecure-anxious secure

insecure-avoidant

The primary cognitive impairments in patients with Alzheimer's disease are related to multiple strokes and short-term memory loss. facial recognition and mathematical calculation. language and memory. long-term memory and problem solving.

language and memory

The connections among neurons gradually strengthen over time, and do so by means of repetitive stimulation. This process is known as __________. long-term potentiation elaborative rehearsal lateral processing connective synchrony

long-term potentiation

Isaac needs to call his teacher. His classmate shouts the number to him as he pulls his cell phone from his pocket. He repeats the number over and over until he is finally able to punch the numbers into his phone. Isaac is using __________ to make sure he gets the number correct. processing level repeating chunking maintenance rehearsal elaborative rehearsal

maintenance rehearsal

Which mental phenomenon can be defined as "the retention of information over time"? memory understanding thinking knowledge

memory

A memory that is actually false but "feels real" and can be triggered by, for example, looking at a list of associated words, is called a(n) __________. representative heuristic paradoxical memory active reconstruction memory illusion

memory illusion

Marsaili is an older woman who has experienced a reduction in estrogen, which is associated with experiencing "hot flashes" and dry mouth. Marsaili has entered a major milestone of physical aging called menarche. genetopause. menopause. andropause.

menopause

Jakob is a young child who is developing some understanding of what he can remember and what kinds of things are difficult to remember. He is beginning to understand learning. meta-memory. comprehension. habituation.

meta-memory

Dee Dee has to remember 4 items that he needs at the corner market, so he visualizes the path he will take to get there. He imagines a bar of soap hanging from a large tree, envisions a roll of paper towels next to a stoplight, "sees" a packet of gum on the newspaper rack, and imagines the fire hydrant spurting out soda. Which memory strategy is Dee Dee relying on? means-end analysis method of loci keyword technique pegword technique

method of loci

During the acquisition phase of classical conditioning, when the pairing of the CS and the UCS are closer in time, learning occurs __________. less reliably more reliably more slowly more quickly

more quickly

Self-initiated bodily movements that activate bones and muscles—such as sitting up, crawling, standing, and walking—are called movement behavior motor behaviors. developmental movements. physical accomplishments.

motor behaviors

Children with certain genetic predispositions often seek out and create their own environments. This observation has been dubbed __________, and illustrates the importance of considering multiple interacting influences on human development. nurture without nature nature over nurture nature versus nurture nature via nurture

nature via nuture

The brains of people with Alzheimer's disease contain senile plaques and __________, abnormalities that contribute to both synapse loss and the death of hippocampal and cerebral cortex cells. amygdala cells beta-adrenergic receptors neurofibrillary tangles propranolol

neurofibrillary tangles

Pietre is learning to speak and has now mastered the word "doggy." He makes the mistake of calling every animal with four legs a "doggy". This is an error called overgeneralization. undergeneralization. conservative generalization. discrete generalization.

overgeneralization.

Gene uses "One is bun, two is shoe, three is flea, and four is pour." He does this to remember his shopping list of buns, shoes, flea and tick killer, and milk. This is referred to as the schema method. pegword method. method of loci. keyword method.

pegword method.

On hot days, ice cream consumption and crime increase. Some people believe that eating ice cream causes people to commit crimes and that the sale of ice cream sales should be prohibited. These people may be believing in a(n) post hoc fallacy. a posteriori fallacy. ad hoc fallacy. ad hominem fallacy.

post hoc fallacy

During an experiment, Hans is exposed to the word "yellow" a number of times. In later trials, Hans can respond faster to the stimulus of a "banana" because of this prior training. This is called habituation. sensitization. conditioning. priming.

priming

Vivica is learning to pack her own lunch. Her mother showed her how to make a peanut butter sandwich. She recalls taking the bread from the loaf, setting the slices down, getting the peanut butter, and gently spreading just the right amount of peanut butter on the sandwich. She even remembers exactly how to cut it in four equal triangles. Vivica is using ___________ to make her sandwich. procedural memory semantic memory explicit memory mnemonic memory

procedural memory

Beyond chronological age, we can consider a person's mental attitude and agility and their ability to deal with the stresses in their environment. This is known as their __________ age. biological functional social psychological

psychological

Under most circumstances, which is a comparatively easier memory retrieval task to perform? recognition response rehearsal recall

recognition

What capacity of memory is being measured by a multiple-choice exam? relearning retrieval recognition recall

recognition

Wilt is using one of the processes of memory as he takes his exam. He reads the question and then must come up with the correct response. He is using __________ to find the information he needs to succeed. retrieval pegword schemas mnemonics

retrieval

Lev Vygotsky developed a comprehensive theory of cognitive development that included __________, the notion that parents provide structure to help their children learn, then gradually remove structure when the children can manage the task on their own. scaffolding structuralism modular construction of learning zone of proximal development

scaffolding

When you are asked to think about a car, you think about a sedan with four wheels that can get you from place to place. In your mind, the sedan is your __________ of a car. mnemonic engram schema reconstruction

schema

Although using __________ can sometimes lead to mistakes, they provide us with a frame of reference for interpreting new situations. schemas storage menus disambiguation tables interpretive expectations

schemas

Zhenya remembers that St. Paul is the capital of Minnesota. Alina remembers that she lived in St. Paul when she was 12 years old. Zhenya is demonstrating __________ memory, whereas Alina is demonstrating __________ memory. episodic; semantic procedural; semantic semantic; episodic semantic; procedural

semantic; episodic

George Sperling's partial report method studies from the 1960's demonstrated that when a display of 12 letters was viewed, participants retained all of the letters in __________ but not all of them could be transferred to short-term memory. explicit memory sensory memory semantic memory episodic memory

sensory memory

Which of the following lists places the types of memory in order from the memory that is shortest to the memory that is longest? long-term memory: sensory memory; short-term memory short-term memory; sensory memory; long-term memory sensory memory; long-term memory; short-term memory sensory memory; short-term memory; long-term memory

sensory memory; short-term memory; long-term memory

What type of graph would be used to illustrate the primacy and recency effects? forgetting curve serial position curve Ebbinghaus curve histogram

serial position curve

Chronological age is not necessarily the best way of measuring the impact the changes of aging will have on a person's life. Which of the following refers to whether people behave in a way that is age-appropriate? functional age psychological age social age biological age

social age

David has recalled a memory, though he is not sure where that memory came from. He is not sure if he dreamed it or if it happened. He begins using cues like how vivid the memory is and how detailed the memory is to try to determine where the memory came from. He is using __________ to determine if this memory is real. initial recollection cryptomnesia source monitoring considered recollection

source monitoring

Moira believed she had removed her keys from the desk and now could not find them. In actuality, she had watched her boyfriend, Derek, take the keys from the desk. This error in memory is due to eidetic imagery error. ego enhancing fantasy. source monitoring failure. memory retrieval error.

source monitoring failure.

The major milestones of motor development in children include (in this order) sitting up, crawling, __________, and walking. rolling over running two-footed jumping standing unsupported

standing unsupported

Geraldo's teacher, Mario, realizes that his students have been conditioned to know that when the school bell rings, they are to sit down and be quiet so that class can start. Mario receives an email that tells him the school bell is out of order and will not be ringing at all today. Mario grabs an alarm clock out of his desk and at the right time makes it ring. His students all sit down with their hands clasped on their desks and await instructions from Mario on what to do next. The students responding to the alarm clock as though it was the school bell is known as acquisition. stimulus generalization. spontaneous recovery. stimulus discrimination.

stimulus generalization.

Seo takes her daughter to lunch with friends. Jung is only eight months old and has not met any of Seo's friends. When they arrive at the restaurant, Seo quickly passes Jung into the arms of one of her friends. Jung immediately starts screaming and reaching for her mother. Jung is demonstrating stranger danger. temperamentalism. novelty avoidance. stranger anxiety.

stranger anxiety

An environmental factor—such as alcohol, cigarettes, and certain drugs—that has a negative effect on the development of a baby in utero is called a brysosome. teratogen. genetic disorder. blastocyst.

teratogen.

Because younger children have not developed their meta-memory skills to the extent that older children have, younger children can be mistaken about eyewitness accounts. their own memory abilities. reports of abuse. conditioning experiences.

their own memory abilities.

Having the ability to reason about what other people know or believe, we are said to have a capacity called intuitive physics. theory of mind. object permanence. general cognitive account.

theory of mind.

Lawrence Kohlberg argued that people operating at a preconventional stage of moral development obey rules because they know it is the right thing to do. they fear being punished. they understand the larger moral principles behind the rules. they have an innate understanding of morality.

they fear being punished

Carlos sees a small wren in the bushes by his house and proudly pronounces to his mom, "Bird!" When they are walking by a lake, an enormous eagle flies overhead and once again, Carlos pronounces to his mother that it is a bird. Carlos has learned to categorize. scaffolding. to create modular accounts. object permanence.

to categorize

When someone witnesses a crime in which a gun was involved, her or his description of the perpetrator's appearance can be flawed. This is often due to __________, a psychological process demonstrated in many experiments. sequentializing weapon focus segmentation forced testimony

weapon focus

Lev Vygotsky identified the __________ when children are receptive to learning something new but have not yet succeeded at it. zone of proximal development conservation tasks egocentric reasoning stage preoperational stage

zone of proximal development

Which of the following sequences summarizes the correct order of prenatal development? zygote - embryo - blastocyst - fetus zygote - blastocyst - embryo - fetus embryo - zygote - blastocyst - fetus blastocyst - embryo - zygote - fetus

zygote - blastocyst - embryo - fetus