Psych 101 Exam 3 -- Killian
What is orderliness?
Developmental change is orderly; quantitative: changes that we can measure/are obvious/or behavior in a physical system; qualitative: baby moves from not walking to walking; single to married; not measurable
What is mood?
Different than feelings; define as long-lasting feelings
What is important about the frontal lobe of the brain?
"big thinking, planning and processing;" can override the negative outcomes of The Limbic System, specifically the amygdala
What did Bidet, Simon, and Piaget find?
"brighter" children performed like the older children in the study --> gave us the idea of "mental age"
What is repression?
"monster defense mechanism;" ego pushes unacceptable impulses out of awareness and back into the unconscious mind; NOT suppressions, which are active; we do NOT actively repress
Provide information regarding Lev Vygotsky.
(1896-1934) Russian; didn't learn about his work until the 1960s; he reflects much from his own life; development comes via social processes; Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
How many females and males have experienced sexual molestation?
1 in 3 females and 1 in 6 males (which is really much higher, but males are not encouraged to report)
What is Binge Eating and who does it affect?
1 in 35, typically male; eat high fat-content foods in short periods of time; don't purge, and typically do not gain weight; reason for this is usually emotional (unhappy, etc.); think they do not have control over their eating behavior; usually episodic, occurring in a staggered period every couple of weeks)
What are the three primary characteristics of motivation?
1) Activation: the initiation and production of behavior 2) Persistence: ongoing efforts/determination to achieve a goal 3) Intensity: vigor that one has
Describe the three types of competing motivational needs.
1) Approach-Approach Conflict: person needs to decide between two equally great events 2) Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict: two negative events (which bathroom do you clean? both suck) 3) Approach-Avoidance Conflict: One positive and one negative event (avoid studying for an exam you don't like the material of)
What are the two ways sex is defined in our society today?
1) Biological aspects of being male and female 2) The behavioral manifestation of sexual intercourse itself
What are the 8 paraphilias?
1) Exhibitionism 2) Frotteurism 3) Fetishism 4) Transvestic fetishism 5) Pedophilia 6) Voyeurism 7) Sexual sadism 8) Sexual masochism
Who are the three important theorists discussed in lecture in regard to the IQ testing?
1) Gardner (1983) - multiple intelligence 2) Sternberg (1994) - Triarchic Theory 3) Goleman (1995) - Emotional Intelligence
What are the common themes in developmental principles and what are the six developmental principles?
1) Human growth is regular 2) Behavior is at least potentially predictable 1) Orderliness 2) Directionality 3) Differentiation 4) Readiness 5) Critical Periods 6) Individual Differences
What are the 8 categories of sexual dysfunctions discussed in class?
1) Hypoactive sexual desire 2) Sexual aversion disorder 3) Dyspareunia 4) Male erectile disorder 5) Male orgasmic disorder 6) Premature ejaculation 7) Female orgasmic disorder 8) Vaginismus
What was David Goleman's primary focus?
1) Interpersonal skills: relating to and understanding others 2) Intrapersonal skills: personal insight and knowledge of self
Sternberg's books for lay people outlined five reasons why intelligent people fail. What are they?
1) Lack of motivation 2) Lack of perseverance 3) Using the wrong abilities 4) Inability to translate thought into action 5) Inability to complete tasks and to follow through
What is Cognitive-Mediational Theory?
1990s - Richard Lazarus - physiological arousal follows how we initially, cognitively appraise the circumstance; "Oh, I'm angry" and then the physiological aspects present themselves; our body language is so important!
Who was the first person to recognize the need to show the world what psychological treatment was and use a stage?
Carl Rogers
What is Bulimia Nervosa?
Characterized by binges of extreme overeating, typically followed by inducing vomiting; misuse of laxatives to prevent weight gain
Who was Stanley Hall?
Child psychologist; Darwinian thoughts; focus was on child-rearing practices/education
How is a sexual dysfunction defined?
Consistent disturbance in sexual desire, arousal, or orgasm that causes psychological distress and interpersonal difficulties; 45% of women previously experienced this (30% of men)
What is an aptitude test?
Designed to predict one's potential to benefit from instruction (SAT/ACT/GRE/MCAT/etc.); partly an achievement test because if you have no had upper level classes, for example, you will not do as well
Who is Diana Baumrind?
She is the founder of the three parenting styles/prototypes; can be identified across a continuum; outcome has very specific aspects; "no perfect parent;" these parenting types present themselves in social groups, work environments, academic environments, etc.
True or False: At each stage of the psychosocial stages of life by Erickson, we have choices to make. We can move on even if we make the wrong choice (except the first trust step).
True!
True or False: STD's often have no manifestations.
True!
True or False: There is a direct relationship to emotional intelligence and how we adapt to life.
True!
True or False: When you combine objective and subjective testing, you can really assess an individual.
True!
True or false: the likelihood of a positive outcome (not continuing penetrating behavior) is very remote for pedophile treatment.
True!
True or False: All sexual dysfunctions can be addressed and/or psychologically treated and made better.
True! But you need to acknowledge them first!
True or false: All paraphilias are treatable.
True! However, they may not all always have positive outcomes. For example, an investigation is ALWAYS required for pedophilia cases, and awareness of this reached a new level recently with Sandusky.
True or False: Men and women experience the same emotions, but women tend to express those feelings more because of our social culture.
True! Super sad!
True or False: Thoughts and feelings are two different things.
True! Think of the pyramid. Cognitions (thinking) are at the top, and the two sides are behaviors and emotions/feelings
True or False: Whenever you learn new information, you incorporate it into something that already exists (big picture)?
True! This is the basis of accommodation and assimilation
How has publicity helped to stop pedophilia?
helplines flooded with young children after Sandusky, reporting that they have been victims by various individuals; so positive! People are now finally becoming aware of this. Think of the catholic church!
What is hypoactive sexual desire?
little to no sexual desire
What is an achievement test?
measures knowledge in a specific subject (like your psych 101 terms)
What is rationalization?
Justifying our actions/feelings to something hat is more acceptable; ego replaces less acceptable motive with a more acceptable one
What are some basic facts about Erik Erickson and what was his view?
(1902-1994) bullied throughout his life; studied anthropology at Harvard; Sioux Indian field work; worked with WWII soldiers and saw difficulty with adapting back to civilian life View: conceptually buy Freudian theory, but said that we keep growing after the age of 12; created the psychosocial stages of life, which note that life doesn't stop and has many stages; if something does not develop, it can develop later on in life (which is FALSE...things like trust can not always be developed)
What is Drive Theory?
(1920s) Behavior is motivated by the individual's desire/need to reduce internal tensions, caused by biological needs (like thirst, hunger, etc.); the "push" towards internal balance (restore when off); example: homeostasis (needing to restore equity in our bodies
What is Incentive Theory?
(1940s/1950s) Our behavior is motivated by the "pull" to external rewards (money, recognition, etc.)
What is Arousal Theory?
(1940s/1950s) People are motivated to attain optimum amount/level of arousal; varies situationally/personally/etc.
What are Humanistic Theories?
(1950s) Recognizing the grandeur of the human race; recognizes cognitive needs of humans; Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
What is the general formula for the IQ?
(Mental Age)/(Chronological Age) = IQ
What is Instinct Theory?
(late 1800s) Certain human behaviors are innate and due to evolutionary programming; example: fixed action patterns in animals; reflected in our motivation to do anything
What parent behavior is associated with the authoritative parenting style?
- "I must lead my child" - loving, supportive environment - high expectations/standards - awareness of level of appropriateness of child - enforce rules with consistency - provide rationale for why they're doing what they're doing - more interaction - children more involved in decision-making
What are the questions (to which we have assumptions of) of personality/
- Do we assume that we choose our own behaviors freely or are current behaviors determined by previous behaviors and events? - Are people basically good or basically bad? - Are you like everyone else or are you uniquely you? -Is the behavior determined by situational factors or does behavior derive from internal factors?
In Sigmund Freud's States of Consciousness, what is associated with the unconscious mind?
- That which can not be directly brought into consciousness; basic instincts/drives reside here to Freud (aggression/sex) -Id: that part that is the reservoir of all psychic energy; present from birth; specific area of aggression/sex; operates on "pleasure principle;" wants immediate gratification
In Sigmund Freud's States of Consciousness, what is associated with the conscious mind?
- What we are aware of at any particular time - Super Ego: morality (right/wrong); sensors impulses from the Id; equal to a conscience-entering ego - Ego: deals with outside world; gratify wishes of Id (instinctual demands); operates on "reality principle"
What are some attributes of people with high emotional intelligence?
- better in the working environment - have lower levels of anxiety/depression - have longer relationships - are overall healthier!
What child behavior is associated with the permissive indifferent parenting style?
- demanding kids - disobedient - low levels of self-control - low frustration tolerance (LFT) - small stuff becomes big stuff - no long-term goals - loose mid/short-term goals
What child behavior is associated with the authoritative parenting style?
- happy children - self-confident - curious, independent, likable, respectful of others - successful academically - cooperative - sense of responsibility for themselves and for others
What parent behavior is associated with the authoritarian parenting style?
- less emotional warmth - high expectations/standards - establish absolutes - rules obeyed without question - little give and take - "must control child" and "healthy fear" - controlling, critical, harsh parents - physical approach to parenting -- hit kids physically for punishment
What parent behavior is associated with the permissive indifferent parenting style?
- provide little, if any, emotional support - few standards/expectations - little interest in children's lives - overwhelmed by own issues
What parent behavior is associated with the permissive indulgent parenting style?
- provides loving, supportive environment - few expectations/standards - rarely punish/give consequences - allow children to make most decisions
What child behavior is associated with the permissive indulgent parenting style?
- selfish children - unmotivated - dependent on others - demanding attention - impulsive - disobedient
What is the child behavior associated with the authoritarian parenting style?
- unhappy children - higher levels of anxiety and lower levels of self confidence - lacking initiative - dependent on others - lack social skills - tendency to be coercive with other people - disrespectful, rebellious, lacking in self-discipline
What was Atkins and nAch?
-(nAch = Achievement Needs) An internal state that activates behavior and which energizes, sustains, and directs that behavior towards a goal -Best people: more internally motivated, more ambitious, more independent in decision-making, able to delay immediate in order to work for larger rewards in the future, high work performance, definable work goals -will initially take moderate risks because it allows for both personal growth and success (keep incrementally increasing it) -those with a low need for achievement will choose a super easy/impossibly difficult goal
What are Gardner's 8 intelligences?
1) Linguistic: Language-related areas (writers, poets, etc.) 2) Logical-Mathematical: surveyor, scientists, etc. 3) Spatial: Mentally visualize relationships between objects (artist, sculptor, etc.) 4) Musical: Ability to play, create, perform, and to synthesize music (put it together) 5) Bodily-Kinesthetic: Can handle objects (athlete, dancer, crafter, artisan, etc.) 6) Interpersonal: Understanding other's emotions/motives (sales person, clinical psychologist, good politician) 7) Intrapersonal: Understanding yourself and your motives 8) Naturalistic: Ability to see patterns in nature (botanist, ecologist, zoologist, etc.)
What are the individual factors outlined by Atkins?
1) Need to approach success (constant studying for an "A') 2) Need to avoid failure (focusing on anxiety/threat of failure) 3) Expectancy (estimated probability of success/failure) (Influenced by how much we know) 4) Incentive Value (Estimate of goal's worth) 5) Tendency to seek extrinsic rewards (needing to maintain GPA for scholarship) 6) Fear of success (most probable in specific situations)
Describe the five different stages in the lifespan of an individual.
1) Prenatal A) Germinal - first 2 weeks (women don't know even pregnant) B) Embryonic - week 2 to 8 (think might be pregnant) C) Fetal - 3rd to 9th month 2) Stage 2 - infancy - birth to two years old 3) Stage 3 A) Early Childhood - 2 to 6 years old B) Mid-Childhood - 6 to 12 years old 4) Stage 4 - Adolescence - 12 to 18 years old 5) Stage 5 A) Young Adulthood - 18 to 40 years old B) Mid-Adulthood - 40 to 65 years old C) Late-Adulthood - 65+ years old
What are the three functions of emotions?
1) Prepare us for action: link between events in external world and what kind of behavioral response we should have (Darwin first to address functions of emotions) 2) Shape future behavior: make appropriate responses in future 3) Regulate Social Interaction: help us to make appropriate responses to the circumstances we encounter/people we interact with
What are Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?
1) Self Fulfillment Needs -self actualization: achieving one's full potential, including creative activities 2) Physiological Needs -esteem needs: prestige and feelings of accomplishment -belongingness and love needs: relationships, friends, intimate relationships 3) Basic Needs -safety needs: security, safety -physiological needs: food, water, warmth, rest
What were Piaget's four developmental focuses on stages of development?
1) Sensory-Motor Stage 2) Pre-Operational Thought 3) Concrete Operations 4) Formal Operations
The term "don't be so anal" came from Freud and his psychosexual stages. Give just an overview of them, giving age, stage, and what is associated with them.
1) birth to 1 - oral - mouth 2) 1-3 years old - anal - anus 3) 3-6 years old - phallic - genitals 4) 7-11 years old - latency - sexual impulses repressed 5) adolescence - genital - sexual maturation
The Limbic System is part of developmental species. It helped us get to where we are today. Describe the main components of the Limbic System.
1) hypothalamus: maintains homeostasis, fight/flight response, links endocrine system to brain, regulates eating/drinking/sexual activity/sleep 2) Amygdala: emotion and memory; more of an important role in detecting stimuli in environment, which evokes negative responses (processes threats) 3) hippocampus: forming new memories 4) thalamus: processes/integrates information from all sense except for smell, and relays information to higher brain centers
What is the James-Lang Theory?
1920s - we feel the emotion after we notice some kind of physiological response in our body (William James...the father of psychology!)
What is the Facial-Feedback Hypothesis?
1927 - Water Cannon (fight/flight response) and William Bard - we experience the emotion (feel) at the same time that our bodies are reacting/responding; physiological response is the key factor
What is Two-Factor Theory?
1962 - Schechter and Singer - the label (cognitive) that we put on our state of arousal is the essential ingredient; Is this anger? Excitement? etc.; showed the cognitive approach emerging
What percentage of successful people have experiences the imposter phenomenon at some point in their lives?
70%
What are the striking statistics associated with sexually transmitted diseases?
70% of 19 year olds have already had intercourse; 50% of individuals between 15-19 have had oral sex
What are paraphilias and how many types are there?
8 types; nontraditional sexual behavior in which a person's sexual gratification depends on an unusual sexual experience, object, or fantasty
What is the Concrete Operations Stage?
A child learns rules such as conservation (7-11 years old); this is huge developmentally, because conservation is the ability children have to recognize that an object which has been transformed is still the same object (50 mL in a beaker looks different that 50 mL in a graduated cylinder)
What is an emotion?
A complex psychological state which involves: a subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavioral/expressive response; can precipitate action/trigger behavior
What is the old ABC approach to sex?
Abstinence, Be faithful, Condoms
Who is Carl Jung?
Accepts some of Freud's concepts, but the individual has archetypes, which resemble schema today; those archetypes determine who we are as a species; he became "mystical" (or deranged) in his later years, and had many followers
What does intelligence focus on?
Adaptation and function
Who is Karen Horney?
Agreed with Freud about the importance of early life and the parent/child relationship; Disagreed profoundly with Freud's sexist view that whatever went wrong with children was the fault of the mother ("refrigerator mothers"), which enhanced the role of male's psyches; She wondered why if women had "penis envy" that men didn't have "womb envy;" she pointed out the lack of consistency/research Freud had
What is personality testing?
All measurable items applied to intelligence testing are applied to personality testing
What is the LGBTQ?
An acronym which refers to lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and/or questioning individuals
What is a teratogen and what are the six most common?
Any harmful environmental agent 1) Alcohol - during pregnancy, decreases women's chances to conceive; increases risk of miscarriage; low birth weight (lack of full fetal development) 2) Nicotine (with carbon monoxide) - adverse effects on fetus; impact on chances of getting pregnant; can lead to low birth weight; increased likelihood of learning difficulties/behavioral issues 3) Marijuana - currently unaware of marijuana use in fetus development (which is scary) 4) Cocaine - increase risk of miscarriage, potential for low birth weight/birth defects; issues with breast feeding (unable) and bottle feeding; sleep disturbances in children 5) Accutane - effective for individuals with severe acne, but completely damaging to growing fetus; heart issues/eye abnormalities/cleft palate; mental retardation/learning disabilites 6) Thalidomide - drug used a couple of years ago for difficulty with maintaining pregnancy; instead of an arm, might have a "flipper;" cognitively ok, but physiologically not good
What is validity?
Asks the question, "Does an assessment tool measure what is says it's going to measure?"
What are critical periods?
At different times during development, the individual is sensitive to different influences from the environment (seen with first three months of babies with fetal alcohol syndrome, drugs, etc.); also, there is a critical period between a new baby and the primary caretaker
What are the three parenting styles?
Authoritarian, Authoritative, Permissive (Indulgent and Indifferent)
What is temperament?
Biological aspect of emotion; the characteristics of an individual that are displayed over a person's lifetime
What are examples of bacterial, viral, and parasitic sexually transmitted diseases (STD's)?
Bacterial: gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia (all can be cured/fixed with right kind of treatment) Viral: herpes, AIDS (controlled, can no be cured, symptoms can be significantly reduced) Parasitic: pubic lice (can be fixed)
What is the imposter phenomenon?
Belief of having fooled others; some people who are driven to achieve tend to fear their success will be figured out; minimize positive aspects of self; fear of "discovery" as "fake"
What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?
Can best be visualized in the difference between what children can accomplish independently and what they can accomplish with the aid of more competent individuals (think of the drawings in class from the two five year olds)
Who are the three Neo-Freudians discussed in class?
Carl Jung (1875-1961), Alfred Adler (1870-1937), and Karen Horney (1895-1952)
What is cisgender?
Describes a person whose gender identity matches the biological sex they were assigned to at birth
What is important about Lavey?
Early research done with cadavers who had been identified as homosexuals; there was a difference in a particular area in the brain of those who identified as homosexual/heterosexual; Limbic System! (the hypothalamus...still a question as to whether this was an outcome or precipitate of being homosexual)
What is denial?
Ego refuses to acknowledge any anxiety-producing reality; saying "great" when you're dying is an example
What is displacement?
Ego shifts some unacceptable feeling from one object to another that is more acceptable; like kicking your cat because you had a bad day
True or False: Feelings are synonymous with emotions
FALSE!
True or False: What we do and don't do in development is not critical.
FALSE! (two different 5 year old drawings example)
True or False: Freud accepted diverging opinions
FALSE! Freud was very specific in wanting/needing his followers around him; he hated diverging opinions; those people would be shunned from the group, and were called Neo-Freudians
True or False: In the 1980s, the Diagnostic and Systematic Manual (DSM) classified homosexuality as a disease. It is still listed as a disease.
FALSE! It was eliminated just a few years later after we became better informed.
True or False: "Treatment facilities" that advertise to change you from homosexual to straight work.
FALSE! They frequently have a religious connotation ("pray you straight")
True or False: Men tend to report sexual dysfunctions most often.
FALSE! Women do!
True or False: The IQ test is designed to take on an individual basis
False! Designed to take in a group setting
True or False: People who do not reach formal operations cognitively is an issue of intellect.
False! It is the physiological developmental issues that are/are not met.
True or False: Younger people are better than older people at identifying emotions from people's appearances/faces?
False! Older people are better! More life experience!
What are the six basic emotions humans experience globally?
Fear, surprise, anger, disgust, happiness, and sadness
Why were the "feeling faces" scales created?
For mentally challenged individuals to express themselves
What is projective testing?
Freudian model; we will test by looking at those areas you are projecting up from your unconscious mind; Examples include: 1) Rorschach: Created by Hermann Rorschach (1884-1922); in 1990s Exna did scoring revision and the validity is now significantly high in this test 2) TAT (Thematic Aperception Test): developed in the 1930s where 20 pictures are involved; test-taker telling his/her story about the pictures; psychologist looking for themes (conflict, etc.); for children:draw house, tree, person and then describe it
How is the Social Learning Theory (Bandura --> Bobo dolls --> modeling) associated with gender roles?
Gender roles are learned through modeling, reinforcement (positive and negative); how we are supposed to become male and female
What is reliability?
Have to have reliability before you can have validity; consistency of measure
What did Daniel Goleman think?
He reviewed all of the research done before him and said that we should focus on emotional intelligence
What are the three types of sexual orientations and how are they defined?
Heterosexual: attracted sexually to the opposite sex Bisexual: attracted sexually to both sexes Homosexual: attracted sexually to the same gender; lesbians (females) and gays (males)
What is gender identity?
How a person's psychological sense of being male or female is manifested.
What is the third conceptual force in American Psychology?
Humanistic Forces
What is the Formal Operations Stage?
In this phase, adolescents can transcend the concrete situation and think about the future (12 years old-adult); considered all possible operations (logic); the egocentric behavior is largely gone (in healthy people); a new kind of egocentric perspective can be in place, called "personal fable," which is where people don't think of outcomes (grandiosity of adolescent thinking)
What is objective testing?
MMPI - Minnesota Multi-phasic Personality Inventory: 1943, at psych hospital with patient's already there, validity was established; done by hand/electronic; over 300 items, with 10 clinical scales; EXCELLENT method (you answer with true/false/cannot say)
Who did Maslow identify as a fully self-actualized individual in the 1950s? Who could he have said or would have said the same for?
Mahatma Gandhi; Abraham Lincoln/Mother Theresa/Martin Luther King Jr (who's model was Gandhi)
How does the Humanistic School relate to personality?
Maslow and Rogers; Maslow gave us perspective of hierarchy of needs; Maslow said that to become self-actualized is the ultimate fulfillment for personality; For Rogers, the clinician, he showed changes in how psychologists interact with patients, being now viewed as "clients;" Rogers put emphasis on the self-concept of how we view ourselves, growth, free-will, and inherent goodness of humankind Both of them have NO RESEARCH or empirical data/processing
What did Piaget call the built in organizing factors that he believed the human system has?
Mental Operations - impact on development; young people start to develop schema to categorize information for us
What is the difference with the normal curve in the college population?
More skewed to the right because we are a smarter population
What type of characteristics are associated with individuals who display the imposter phenomenon?
Obsessive-Compulsive and Perfectionistic
What is the normal curve?
On an IQ scale, 68% of population is in IQ range of 85-115 (plus/minues 15); why schools use applied/accelerated programs; most human characteristics, like height, fall under a normal curve
What is Deci and Ryan's Self-Determination Theory?
Optimal functioning can only occur if 5 components are met: 1) Autonomy: functioning independently 2) Competence 3) Relatedness: how we connect with people 4) Intrinsic Motivation: self motivation (finds personally satisfying/enjoyable) 5) Extrinsic Motivation: External influences (good grades, gold stars, rewards, etc.) ** Best method of functioning when all are met ** did LOTS of research to support their perspectives
What are feelings?
Personal labels of what you are experiencing
What is the trait view? And what is a trait?
Perspective that has begun to emerge in the past 30/40 years; doesn't negate anything from the past, just another new way of thinking Trait: a stable, enduring predisposition to consistently behave in a particular way; The Trait Theory focuses on identifying, describing, and measuring individual preferences
What is development?
Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial changes across the life-span; 1950s - psychology/psychiatry focused more on this; children were viewed as miniature adults prior to Stanley Hall (think of the Breaker Boys and the colm banks in the mines!)
What type of reinforcement produces the most favorable outcomes?
Positive reinforcement; Negative (like spanking) is temporary, but has SO many consequences
What is assimilation?
Process in which new concepts and experiences are incorporated into existing ones; makes the new experience fit the old data; we increase the number of schema through this
What is accommodation?
Process in which the existing structures and behaviors are modified by new concepts and experiences; makes the old idea fit the new experience; we modify schema through this
What three people are associated with the Trait View? And what did they do?
Raymond Cattell: Identification of 16 source traits; the 16 PF (personality factors) test; When we take his test, it will identify where on the continuum we lie; lot of work to take this test Eysenck: 3 basic dimensions: *Many of our differences were due to biology* 1) introversion - extroversion 2) neuroticism - emotional stability 3) psychoticism McCrae-Costa: 5-Factor Model: 1) Neuroticism 2) Extraversion 3) Openness to Experience 4) Agreeableness 5) Conscientiousness
How does the Cognition School (Albert Bandura - Bobo Dolls - Modeling - Social Learning Theory) relate to personality?
Reciprocal Determinism - all of person, situations, and behaviors impact on each other in a back and forth type way Behavior is affected by cognitive processes; our own individual characteristics/interpretations/the environmental context in which we find ourselves all impact on our behavior Self-Efficacy: Individual's belief that we can affect an outcome; impact on a situation; Determined by vicarious experiences, previous success we've had, verbal persuasion, psychological arousal; When we have "mastery experiences" (successful outcomes)
What are the defense mechanisms discussed in class?
Repression, rationalization, displacement, projection, reaction formation, and denial
What are the four main intelligence issues?
Standardization, Normal Curve, Reliability, and Validity
Who created books for lay people?
Sternberg
What is Gender Schema Theory?
Tells us that children actively develop schema for masculinity or femininity as they grow; Influences what we pay attention to, our perceptions, and our interpretations; can start as early as in the nursery (blue blankets vs. pink blankets)
What is emotional intelligence?
The assumption that emotions can enhance/hinder our ability to learn; includes the ability to: self-motivate, delay gratification, be empathetic (we learn this along eat way of life and it CAN be taught), self-regulate (requires maturity and long-term goals), and maintain low frustration tolerance (LFT) (aka, not having a mental breakdown because you can't find a parking spot)
How is gender defined in today's society?
The physiological, social, and cultural aspects of masculinity and femininity
How do emotions relate to the right and left hemisphere of the brain?
The right hemisphere is more active in assessing emotional states of people when looking at faces (perceiving negative emotions); the left hemisphere processes positive emotions
What did Howard Gardner come up with?
The theory of multiple intelligences; for every one of his intelligences, there is an area in the brain for it; damage in that area can negate certain intelligences
Who did Binet work with and what did they focus on?
Theodore Simon and Jean Piaget (atypical dad of time...cartaker); focused on memory, attention, different/similar things, etc.
How do you define defense mechanisms?
They defend the ego against awareness of instinctual needs; a vehicle to reduce anxiety generated by trying to control/contain the Id
What are the three points of the triangle that make up who we are (and can fluctuate between the three points)?
Top: Cognitions (starting point) Left: Behaviors Right: Emotions
What is Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence?
Top: Componential Sub-theory - individual's internal world - structures, mental mechanisms Left: Experiential Sub-theory -internal and external world -intelligence is best demonstrated when he/she can solve new tasks and automatically implant a strategy of better behavior Right: Contextual Sub-theory - individual's external world -how we adapt, select, and shape an environment to better for our personal needs ***He wanted to work with high school teachers to incorporate this into curriculums***
Who typically are pedophiles?
Typically those who have been sexually abused/molested themselves when they were young
What are individual differences?
We are all unique and individual (like snowflakes)
Paradigms are very specific perspectives that can change in varying time. How does this relate to gender identity?
We are in the beginning of the paradigm shift right now from binary to non binary. Binary: the assumption that gender is strictly an either/or option (male/female, man/woman, etc.) Non-binary: a spectrum of gender identities and expression; agender, bigender, gender-queer, gender-fluid, pangender, etc.
How does the Behavioral School relate to personality?
We are looking at reinforcement; "theory of personality" from Skinner is how we generate our personalities; Also, like Freud's Psychoanalytic model, this is very deterministic
What are some aspects about personality?
What is enduring and stable about a person; the consistency that makes an individual predictable to others; useful in explaining individual differences
How could you broadly define the theories of emotions collectively?
What moment in time do you experience these emotions?
What is the definition of intersex?
When biological sex is ambiguous; for example, when the testes are not descended in a newborn
Who is Alfred Adler?
When he was a kid, he had many health issues, being told he could never walk. However, he group up to be fully-functioning; Focus on individual striving for superiority and compensating for feelings of inferiority
What is projection?
When the ego transforms unacceptable motives into exactly the opposite; a person concerned with sexual urges would become a celibate priest
What is pedophilia?
having sexual fantasies/urges/behaviors that involve sexual activity with a prepubescent child; don't do this SOLELY for sexual gratification; do this for 2 reasons: (1) power and (2) control
How do emotions other than the six basic ones form?
When you combine basic emotions, you end up with ALL of the other emotions
What did Lewis Terman do?
While at Stanford, he watched Bidet and German psychologists and wanted to synthesize and quantify their work. He created the one-score ratio intelligence quotient (I.Q.)
Who was Ellen Palmer?
Wilkes-Barre woman who saw the plight of the Breaker Boys and helped with literacy
What are the most common issues in relation to sexual dysfunctions for both men and women?
Women: low sexual desire/arousal problems, inability to achieve orgasms Men: premature ejaculation (younger), problems achieving/maintaining an erection (older)
What is sexual aversion disorder?
active avoidance of genital sexual contact because of extreme anxiety, fear, or disgust
How is personality defined?
an individual's unique, consistent patters of thinking, feeling, and behaving.
What is an intelligence test?
assesses general mental ability (similar to aptitude test)
What is exhibitionism?
becoming sexually aroused by exposing one's genitalia to strangers
What disorder is often associated with anorexia?
body dysmorphic disorder: when you are skeletal but see yourself as too fat; distorted perception of one's own body
What is female orgasmic disorder?
consistent delays in achieving orgasm (or complete inability)
What did Alfred Binet do in 1905?
developed the first test of general intelligence in France.
What is Anorexia Nervosa?
excessive weight loss; irrational fear of gaining weight; rigidity in thinking and decreased levels of self-esteem; perfectionistic aspects to behavior; negative relationships with peers and social isolation
What is dyspareunia?
genital pain before, during, or after intercourse
What is transvestic fetishism?
occurs in heterosexual males who become sexually aroused from cross-dressing into women's clothing
What is male orgasmic disorder?
ongoing (recurrent) delays or complete absence of the ability to achieve orgasm through intercourse
What is premature ejaculation?
orgasm occurring before desired; often immediately after sexual stimulation
What is androgyny?
outcome of the work of Sandra and Darrel Vern; the coming together of the best qualities of both males and females; the androgynous person also is the individual with the best mental health!
What is vaginismus?
persistent involuntary contractions/spasms of vaginal muscles (painful and appears orgasmic)
What is readiness?
physical development precedes behavioral development; child can't walk until muscles/bones have matured enough to accommodate the behavior of walking
What is standardization?
refers to the establishment of norms (what Terman did) and consistency and uniformity of test administration and scoring
What did Jean Piaget (1896-1980) do?
replicated thinking of cognitive perspective; the inherited capacities an individual has interact with the environment; gives greatest intellectual capacity for children/adults; inherited abilities do NOT determine behavior, but set the foundation for all human interactions; contemporary of Watson/Maslow
How can you broadly define eating disorders?
severe disturbances in eating behavior; early adolescence/adulthood most common; 90% of cases are female
What is voyeurism?
sexually aroused from observing an unsuspecting person who may be changing, naked, etc. ("peeping Tom")
What is frotteurism?
sexually aroused from touching or rubbing up against a non-consenting person
What is sexual masochism?
sexually aroused in response to being beaten, humiliated, tied up, or made to suffer
What is sexual sadism?
sexually aroused through intentionally inflicting physical/psychological pain
What is directionality?
tells us that physical and behavioral development is directional; cephalocaudal: development from head downward; proximodistal: development from middle of body outward to extremities (organs develop prior to extremities)
What is differentiation?
tells us that qualitative changes also occur across two dimensions; simple to complex: simpler systems are replaced with more complex systems (kid learning one word to whole sentences); general to specific: baby's initial cries are general and nonspecific, but become more specific over time (like the cry for food, cry for attention, etc.)
What is motivation?
the biological, emotional, cognitive, or social forces that activate and direct behavior; "why do we do what we do?"
What is the Sensory-Motor Stage?
the child begins to interact with the environment (0-2 years old); the most important of all the stages because it is the basis of all subsequent intellectual development; learning concept of intentionality (if they reach for the mobile, it will turn on); beginning development of language (symbolic representation); the concept of egocentric behavior develops, which is an attitude that directs all personal concerns (healthy!)
What is the Pre-Operational Thought Stage?
the child begins to represent the world symbolically, although he/she is not fully logical (2-6 years old); can't fully consider how other's feel
What is intelligence?
the global capacity to act purposively, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with the environment (David Wechsler)
What is male erectile disorder?
the inability to achieve and maintain an erection (recurring...more frequent in older men)
What is the definition of transgender?
transsexuals; psychological gendered identity conflicts with his/her biological sex; for example, Bruce Jenner is now Caitlyn Jenner; very public, prominent, and possible today
What is fetishism?
when an individual becomes sexually aroused in response to an inanimate object or a body part that's typically not thought of in a sexual way (toes, fingers, ear lobes, etc.)
