Psych 101 Exam II Chp 6-8

A cultural norm that specifies when, where, and how a person should express an emotion is referred to as a ____. a. display rule c. conformative law b. normative action d. controlled expression

a

A response to an unconditioned stimulus requiring no previous experience is referred to as a(n) ____. a. unconditioned response c. characteristic response b. conditioned response d. uncharacteristic response

a

A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement occurs after a fluctuating number of behaviors is called a(n) ____. a. variable ratio schedule c. arbitrary interval schedule b. variable interval schedule d. arbitrary ratio schedule

a

A sleep disorder in which the person stops breathing while asleep is referred to as sleep ____. a. apnea c. ataxia b. dystonia d. dyspepsia

a

According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, ____ (Yerkes & Dodson, 1908). a. the ideal amount of arousal interacts with the complexity of a task b. performance and arousal function independently c. heightened arousal leads to heightened performance on complex tasks d. dampened arousal disinhibits instinctive behaviors

a

After a grueling day of classes, Edith returns to her apartment and plops down in a comfortable recliner; she closes her eyes momentarily and relaxes. Edith's brain is likely to show ____. a. alpha wave activity c. delta wave activity b. beta wave activity d. theta wave activity

a

Ahn is participating in a research study assessing the impact of brain damage on emotion relatability. She is asked to scan through a series of images and decipher the facial expressions of several individuals. Ahn performs well on the task but consistently is unable to recognize the expression of disgust. Ahn most likely suffered damage to which area of her brain? a. basal ganglia c. cingulate cortex b. amygdala d. insula

a

As Ronnie hears a song on the radio, she feels stressed: her heart races, her hands became clammy, and her breathing became rapid. The song is familiar because it was very popular at a time when her parents were going through a divorce. During this time, they fought bitterly with one another, causing Ronnie intense anxiety. In this scenario, identify the following in the same respective order: the conditioned stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned response, and the unconditioned response. a. parents fighting; song; anxiety towards parents fighting; anxiety towards song b. parents fighting; anxiety towards parents fighting; song; anxiety towards song c. song; parents fighting; anxiety towards song; anxiety towards parents fighting d. song; anxiety towards song; parents fighting; anxiety towards parents fighting

a

As a gate creaks open, Oscar the puppy notices a cat heading into his yard. The cat hisses and scratches Oscar on the nose, causing Oscar to yelp in pain. Which outcome to this scenario portrays discrimination? a. Now when Oscar sees the cat who scratched his nose he runs away, but he feels comfortable with the cat with whom he shares a home. b. Now when Oscar sees a cat or small dog coming towards him, he runs away. c. Now whenever Oscar sees a cat, including the cat in his own home, he runs away. d. Now when Oscar hears a gate creak, regardless of who is coming through it, he runs away.

a

At dinner Candace eats several familiar food (pasta, salad, bread) and an unfamiliar food (mussels). Later that evening she suffers abdominal discomfort. She attributes this to the mussels, but later learns that she had developed a sensitivity to gluten. Her misattribution of the problem to the mussels is likely due to ____. a. latent inhibition c. habituation b. discrimination d. sensitization

a

At the age of 45, Denise has gradually lost the ability to sleep. After seeking the advice of medical experts, Denise learns that she suffers from a rare genetic disorder that caused damage to her thalamus. What is the prognosis for this disorder? a. death c. dystonia b. heart disease d. loss of eyesight

a

Aurora talks to her therapist about a reoccurring dream in which she encounters a ferocious lion that has just escaped from local zoo. She works with her therapist to learn how to form a conscious awareness of the dream and to control the dream by turning the lion into a kitten. What technique is Aurora utilizing? a. lucid dreaming c. directive dreaming b. autonomous dreaming d. cogent dreaming

a

Aviva wakes up abruptly after she dreams she is falling from the sky. She is relieved to find herself safe and secure in her comfortable bed. What may have caused Aviva to feel as if she were falling? a. activation of the vestibular system b. hyperstimulation of the cerebellum c. surge in human growth hormone release d. increased K-complex formation

a

Baby Alec squints his face and screams at the top of his lungs; his mother runs over to try to soothe him. Alec's actions demonstrate that ____. a. emotions are easily communicated through non-verbal means b. complex emotions require maturity c. emotions drive classical conditioning d. without language, emotions are abstractions

a

Based on the findings of Garcia and Koelling, which type of stimuli would be most effective for training birds? a. visual stimuli c. tactile stimuli b. aromatic stimuli d. audible stimuli

a

Based on the work of Richard Dawkins, the basic unit of cultural transmission is known as a(n) ____. a. meme c. abstract gene b. token d. trifle

a

Children who are highly responsive and show strong emotional reactions to novel stimuli are more likely to be ____ adults. a. overly anxious c. depressed b. psychopathic d. highly intelligent

a

Cocaine and amphetamine boost the activity of which neurotransmitter? a. dopamine c. norepinephrine b. serotonin d. acetylcholine

a

Compared with classical conditioning, the role of the learner for operant conditioning is ____. a. more active c. more passive b. less affected by incentives d. less productive

a

Copying a behavior that is unlikely to occur naturally and spontaneously is referred to as ____. a. imitation c. imprinting b. duplication d. mirroring

a

Darius suffers from insomnia; his family practitioner prescribes zolpidem to treat his insomnia. What can Darius expect from the medication? a. He can expect to fall asleep 15 minutes faster and stay asleep 30 minutes longer. b. He can expect to fall asleep 30 minutes faster and stay asleep 45 minutes longer. c. He can expect to fall asleep 45 minutes faster and stay asleep 60 minutes longer. d. He can expect to fall asleep 60 minutes faster and stay asleep 75 minutes longer.

a

Derek was most likely in ____. a. Stage 1 N-REM c. Stage 3 or 4 N-REM b. Stage 2 N-REM d. REM sleep

a

Dharni lights up a cigarette before her creative writing class. What effect is the nicotine in the cigarette likely to have on Dharni? a. She will be more alert and more relaxed. b. She will be less alert and more relaxed. c. She will be more alert and less relaxed. d. She will be less alert and less relaxed.

a

Dora has no problem falling asleep each night, but she wakes up frequently in the middle of the night and often cannot fall back asleep. From what type of insomnia does Dora suffer? a. maintenance insomnia c. continuance insomnia b. duration insomnia d. interval insomnia

a

Dr. Burke performs a neurological examination on his patient Ishmael. At one point he asks Ishmael to smile, but Ishmael produces only a crooked smirk. At the end of the examination, Ishmael tells Dr. Burke a humorous story, at which point Ishmael smiles ear-to-ear. Dr. Burke suspects that Ishmael suffered damage to his ____. a. motor cortex c. basal ganglia b. amygdala d. cerebellum

a

Dr. Goddard observes a change in rat behavior that he likens to ____. a. bond formation c. aggression b. addiction d. calmness

a

Dr. Gonzalez, a medicinal chemist, and his team are developing a new class of highly effective and less addictive benzodiazepines. To ensure their effectiveness, she tests the drugs in a rat model by using the combined techniques of microdialysis and chromatography to measure levels of the neurotransmitter ____. a. GABA c. acetylcholine b. glutamate d. serotonin

a

Dr. Pasantes is investigating how the brain regulates patterns of eating behavior. She performs an experiment and finds that lesioning a particular brain region causes rodents to completely stop eating. What area of the brain has Dr. Pasantes lesioned? a. lateral hypothalamus c. lateral amygdala b. ventromedial hypothalamus d. ventromedial amygdala

a

Dr. Sanchez is a behavioral psychologist who studies learning and memory in rats. Because rats are most active at night, she asks the animal resource facility to reverse their light/dark cycle to accommodate her experiments. However, the animal facility is reluctant to disrupt the rats' current ____. a. circadian rhythm c. chronometric temperance b. cerebrodynamic cycle d. contrast arousal

a

Drive theories of motivation are often described as "____" theories. a. push c. throw b. pull d. catch

a

Eric has recently put on some weight and has excess fat stores. How is Eric's body likely to react to the increased fat storage? a. Leptin levels will increase and the sympathetic nervous system will be activated. b. Leptin levels will decrease and the sympathetic nervous system will be activated. c. Leptin levels will increase and the parasympathetic nervous system will be activated. d. Leptin levels will decrease and the parasympathetic nervous system will be activated.

a

Following a serious automobile accident several months ago, Lata is not able to read her bosses facial expressions to determine if he is happy or disappointed with her performance. Lata likely suffered damage to her ____. a. insula c. corpus callosum b. medulla d. hippocampus

a

From an evolutionary perspective, why is self-awareness advantageous for animals? a. It enables animals to have a sense of mortality and a strong will to pass on their genes. b. It facilitates the development of complex motor and sensory control. c. It allows animals to respond instinctively to oncoming threats. d. It provides the opportunity to choose responses rather than to respond instinctively.

a

How do the right and left brain hemispheres process emotion? a. The left hemisphere processes positive emotions; the right hemisphere processes negative emotions. b. The right hemisphere processes positive emotions; the left hemisphere processes negative emotions. c. The left hemisphere funnels information about emotion to the right hemisphere. d. The right hemisphere funnels information about emotion to the left hemisphere.

a

How does hypnosis affect memory? a. It distorts episodic memories. c. It improves episodic memory. b. It distorts short-term memories. d. It improves short-term memory.

a

Imaging studies using functional MRI suggest that meditation represents a voluntary regulation of attention and ____. a. autonomic functions c. central nervous system functions b. somatic functions d. sensory functions

a

In what process do mirror neurons play a key role? a. imitation c. bonding b. habituation d. imprinting

a

In which of the following examples is the person likely to show the highest, and very steady, rate of response over time? a. In hopes of winning a big jackpot, Penny plays the slot machines at a nearby casino. b. Sam earns extra money by mowing his neighbors' lawns in the summer and shoveling their driveways and sidewalks in the winter. He charges $20 per job. c. Hoping to catch a message from her boyfriend, Wendy checks her email again and again throughout the day. d. Jaime has a paper due once a month in his sociology course. His productivity is low at the beginning of the month and high as the deadline approaches.

a

Jess is fast asleep, and her roommate Crystal is studying in the next room. Their cat knocks a lamp off of the bookshelf. Crystal jumps up from her desk, but Jess remains asleep. What brain structure is responsible for raising or lowering the thresholds of conscious awareness, such that Crystal reacts to the sound of the lamp falling and Jess is unaware of it? a. reticular formation c. globus pallidus b. substantia nigra d. corpus callosum

a

Kira and Yvonne are gearing up for a rave that is being held at a local warehouse. Their roommate Clara prefers to stay home and cannot understand why they would want to attend such a crowded, noisy venue. According to the text, what are the primary goals of many ravers? a. unity and positive emotion c. hallucinations and positive emotion b. unity and self-awareness d. hallucinations and self-awareness

a

Learning that involves changes in the magnitude of responses to a specific stimulus is referred to as ____. a. nonassociative learning c. observational learning b. associative learning d. operant learning

a

Learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement is referred to as ____. a. latent learning c. higher order conditioning b. endogenous cognition d. self enhancement

a

Long-term, who is most likely to succeed in their attempts to lose weight? a. Diane, who decides to lose weight by cutting out potato chips and ice cream from her diet b. Enrique, who decides to lose weight by going on a high-protein, no-carbohydrate diet c. Padma, who decides to lose weight by cutting meat completely out of her diet d. Tommy, who decides to lose weight by restricting his caloric intake to 1,000 calories per day

a

Martha wants to teach her dog Max the command, "Get beer, Max." This involves going to the refrigerator and opening it by pulling on a dishtowel tied to the handle, taking out a can of beer with his mouth, and bringing it to her dinner guest. Which of the following training methods is likely to work best? a. chaining and positive reinforcement c. chaining and negative punishment b. shaping and positive punishment d. shaping and negative reinforcement

a

Millie has always struggled with her weight. During a recent physical examination, her doctor recommended that she lose 30 lbs. What is the most probable reason that Millie is overweight? a. She is highly sensitive to external cues for hunger. b. She is highly sensitive to internal cues for hunger. c. She is relatively insensitive to external cues for hunger. d. She is relatively insensitive to internal cues for hunger.

a

Mrs. Collora teaches social studies to junior high school students. Two boys in her class often loudly make jokes about the material being discussed. She has tried several techniques without success: 1) ignoring them; 2) encouraging and rewarding them for contributing to the class discussion; 3) removing their opportunities to participate in field trips; and 4) sending them to detention. In the order presented, list the operant conditioning principles she has applied to the situation. a. extinction, positive reinforcement, negative punishment, positive punishment b. positive punishment, positive reinforcement, extinction, negative punishment c. negative punishment, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, extinction d. extinction, positive reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment

a

Nicole tells her gynecologist that lately, she has had no sexual desire. Nicole and her gynecologist discuss the possibility of using a hormone patch to address her sexual dysfunction. This hormone patch likely uses which hormone? a. testosterone c. progesterone b. estrogen d. follicle stimulating hormone

a

Over the ages, hallucinogens have played an important role in ____. a. producing religious visions c. creating social structures b. influencing political idealisms d. formulating medicinal philosophies

a

Preeti discovers that her roommate Shari recently experimented with methamphetamine. Preeti, worried about her roommate, informs Shari that there are risks associated with methamphetamine use, such as the induction of symptoms associated with ____. a. psychosis c. bipolar disorder b. obsessive compulsive disorder d. generalized anxiety disorder

a

Regina wakes her husband in the middle of the night and tells him, "Where am I? This isn't our bedroom." After a visit to the emergency room, Regina learns that she likely suffered a partial seizure originating in her ____. a. temporal lobe c. occipital lobe b. parietal lobe d. frontal lobe

a

Selena has suffered from bulimia nervosa for several years. She finally seeks professional help and is surprised to find out that medication can help her. What type of medication would be most helpful for Selena? a. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors b. phenothiazines c. amphetamines d. catecholamine reuptake inhibitors

a

Study participants who were selectively deprived of Stages 3 and 4 N-REM sleep reported ____. a. muscle and joint pain c. headache and nausea b. blurred vision d. sore throat and itchy eyes

a

The American Psychiatric Association's definition of a trance state includes an altered state of consciousness accompanied by ____. a. an unusually narrow focus of attention b. a surreal appreciation for the external environment c. a mystical sense of self-awareness d. an existential out-of-body experience

a

The Brelands concluded that animals' strong instinctive behaviors predominated over behaviors that had been conditioned, which they described as ____. a. instinctive drift c. the self-intrinsic effect b. behavioral reversion d. inconclusive conditioning

a

The frontal lobes provide working space for ____. a. sensory integration and decision-making b. sensory integration and emotional regulation c. learning and decision-making d. learning and emotional regulation

a

The inhibition of which neurotransmitter contributes to the onset of seizure activity? a. GABA c. dopamine b. glutamate d. norepinephrine

a

The rats involved in Skinner's research boxes learned to press levers for food through the process of ____. a. shaping c. cognitive mapping b. latent learning d. chaining

a

The research of Anne Becker illustrates how cultural attitudes toward beauty affect eating behaviors (Becker, Burwell, Herzog, Hamburg, & Gilman, 2002). What did Anne Becker find? a. With the introduction of American television, adolescent girls in Fiji reported higher rates of dieting. b. Home-schooled American teens with no access to television reported less of a desire to diet than their public school counterparts. c. In regions of Africa once plagued by famine, food surplus levels positively correlate with the number of women reporting the need to diet. d. Adolescent German girls were three times as likely to go on diets after visiting America while vacationing with their families.

a

The tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to an original conditioned stimulus is called ____. a. generalization c. aggregation b. sensitization d. habituation

a

Tim, an alcoholic, is prescribed disulfiram by his doctor to help him halt his alcohol consumption. Disulfiram works by causing unpleasant physiological effects when even small amounts of alcohol are consumed. This type of treatment is best described as ____. a. counterconditioning c. systematic desensitization b. flooding d. inhibition

a

What do motivation and emotion have in common? a. They both arouse an organism to stimulate some type of behavior. b. They both stimulate behavioral changes in a specific manner. c. They both cause a prolonged change in behavior. d. They both lead to general rather than specific behavioral changes.

a

What hormonal differences in women cause them to be more likely than men to equate sexual desire with feelings of romantic love? a. higher oxytocin and lower testosterone b. higher vasopressin and lower testosterone c. higher oxytocin and higher estrogen d. higher vasopressin and higher estrogen

a

What is a disadvantage of continuous reinforcement? a. It is not convenient. b. It is not effective. c. The target behavior cannot adapt to new stimuli. d. The target behavior will eventually become desensitized.

a

What is a token economy? a. Tokens are exchanged for valued reinforcers to increase the frequency of a desired behavior. b. Tokens gradually replace negative reinforces to increase the frequency of a desired behavior. c. Tokens are provided at fixed intervals to increase the frequency of a desired behavior. d. Tokens are provided at variable intervals to increase the frequency of a desired behavior.

a

What is a typical REM and N-REM cycling in humans? a. First half of sleep: N-REM dominates; second half of sleep: REM dominates. b. First half of sleep: REM dominates; second half of sleep: N-REM dominates. c. First half of sleep: only N-REM occurs; second half of sleep: only REM occurs. d. First half of sleep: only REM occurs; second half of sleep: only N-REM occurs.

a

What is the best description of Clarice's mood? a. depressed b. fearful c. dazed d. satisfied

a

What is the evidence to suggest that exposure to sex hormones in the womb affects sexual orientation? a. Females exposed to higher than normal levels of male hormones in the womb develop male external genitalia and report more same-sex sexual activity. b. Males whose mothers were on hormone replacement therapy while pregnant report more attraction to males than the general population. c. The testosterone hormonal patch used to stimulate sexual desire in females also leads to higher birth rates of babies who later identified themselves as lesbians. d. Women who took drugs to stimulate ovulation had sons who were more likely to experiment with same-sex activity.

a

What mechanism is responsible for the process of extinction? a. New learning overrides old learning. b. The previously formed association is forgotten. c. An aversion is formed in response to the association. d. Spontaneous recovery replaces the association.

a

What type of brain waveforms did Daisy display right before being awakened? a. delta waves b. theta waves c. beta waves d. theta waves with sleep spindles and K-complexes

a

What type of partial reinforcement depends on the number of times a behavior occurs? a. ratio c. continuous b. variable d. interval

a

Which brain region coordinates movements in response to emotional stimuli? a. basal ganglia c. cingulate cortex b. amygdala d. insula

a

Which model or theory of emotion proposes that physical sensations lead to subjective feelings? a. James-Lange theory b. catharsis theory c. Somatovisceral Afference Model of Emotion d. Cannon-Bard theory

a

Which of the following is an example of nonassociative learning? a. Andrea recently learned how to drive a car. At first she found merging into highway traffic very stressful, but now can do it with ease. b. As a child, Maxwell had a frightening experience with his neighbor's large dog. He now fears all large dogs. c. Hoping to understand more about her parent's culture, Parvati carefully watches as her grandmother prepares a traditional South Indian meal. d. Gabriel tells his four-year-old daughter each night: "No dessert until you eat your dinner without complaining." To get the dessert, his daughter obeys.

a

Which of the following is likely to be the most efficacious form of punishment? a. Marjorie promptly takes away her son Ben's crayons each time he refuses to share with his younger brother, causing Ben to cry. b. Alice catches her daughter Debby smoking in the attic and shouts: "Just wait until your father gets home this weekend!" c. Ken sometimes yells at his son Artie for coming home later than his curfew. d. Jane sends her son Josh to bed without supper when he uses swear words at the dinner table; although hungry, Josh uses this time to read in his room.

a

Which of the following methods of behavior modification adheres to the Premack Principle? a. Knowing his daughter loves to ride her bike, Miguel states: "you can ride your bike as soon as you clean your room." b. Donna comes home to find that her dog has chewed her expensive new shoes and yells: "bad dog." c. Knowing his daughter loves to ride her bike, Miguel states: "you didn't clean your room today, so no bike riding for you this weekend." d. Donna makes a loud noise each time her dog approaches her shoes; causing him to veer away.

a

Which of the following statements describes a belief of the early behaviorists? a. Behavior follows the same general rules across species. b. Psychological research should focus on introspection. c. Human subjects are preferable to animals because they replicate the complexity of real life. d. Not all stimuli can be equally paired to form conditioned associations.

a

Which of the following would decrease the likelihood of acquisition? a. The unconditioned stimulus is presented long after the conditioned stimulus. b. The unconditioned stimulus is presented shortly after the conditioned stimulus. c. The conditioned stimulus evokes an emotional response in the participant. d. The unconditioned stimulus evokes a negative response in the participant.

a

Which process below is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience? a. learning c. reflex b. fixed action pattern d. variable action pattern

a

Which process best illustrates the effect of development stages on the interaction between instinct and learning? a. imprinting c. conditioning b. facilitating d. engulfing

a

Which process gives organisms the flexibility to survive in a changing world? a. learning c. reflexes b. instincts d. variable action patterns

a

Which scenario supports the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion? a. Tony approaches his friend Juanita, who is walking her dog. As the dog begins to bark, Tony's heart races; he thinks about why this is the case, and realizes he has a crush on Juanita. b. Micah wakes up feeling glum. He forces himself to smile from ear-to-ear and laugh out loud, and then he begins to feel happy. c. Bethany feels very depressed about her recent break-up with her boyfriend. She slumps down on her couch and cries for an hour straight, and then she begins to feel better. d. Aaron relaxes in his hammock. Suddenly, he feels an earthquake, causing him to feel afraid; at the same time, his heart beats rapidly and his palms sweat.

a

While eating her morning bowl of cereal, Kalinda daydreams about what she would do if she won the upcoming lottery drawing. Which cortical areas of Kalinda's brain are likely to be activated? a. medial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, and insula b. frontoparietal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and insula c. anterior cingulate cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex d. retrosplenial cortex, posterior parietal cortex, insula, and anterior cingulate cortex

a

Whose career path displays characteristics consistent with high levels of achievement motivation? a. Desmond, who takes over as the CEO of a fledgling company as a fair boss but one who enforces strict adherence to his guidelines b. Sabina, who graduates at the top of her medical school class and chooses to do a residency in neurology, a challenging field with few therapeutic options for patients c. Mateo, who is a state senator and works tirelessly trying to get his constituents to sign off on bills that will support his district d. Donna, who is a dedicated scientist, and puts her heart and soul into her research knowing that her experiments are just as likely to fail as they are to succeed

a

According to research (van Anders, Hamilton, & Watson, 2007), who is likely to have the highest testosterone levels? a. Eric, who cannot seem to stay in a long-term relationship, and was called a commitment-phobe by his last girlfriend b. Don, who just proposed to Sandra, his girlfriend of two years, but secretly longs for his former girlfriend, Jen, whom he dated for six years c. Sergio, who has been married for fourteen years to Sarafena, but also has a mistress, Donatella, whom he has been seeing for the last ten years d. Eduardo, who has been married for eleven years and has four boys ages two through seven, and is secretly relieved that he has no daughters

c

According to the work of Simon LeVay (1991), gay men and women have similarities in their ____. a. levels of estrogen b. levels of oxytocin c. hypothalamic brain structure d. basal ganglia brain structure

c

After a night of eating a gallon of ice cream and potato chips, Raven takes laxatives to purge the ingested food from her body. Raven, like many others who suffer from bulimia nervosa, is likely to feel what after purging? a. relief c. depression b. sense of control d. elation

c

After suffering a traumatic brain injury, Samantha learns that her brother Tobias has significant injury to his thalamus. What can we conclude? a. Tobias cannot speak but can understand what is being said to him. b. Tobias is conscious but is likely to have long-term memory loss. c. Tobias is most likely brain dead. d. Tobias will likely make a full recovery, but will have problems with impulse control.

c

Alicia is fascinated to learn about the Native American practice of "vision quests" in her Native American Cultures class. She learns that to initiate an altered state of consciousness, Native Americans would engage in ____. a. starvation and sleep extension c. starvation and sleep loss b. twirling and sleep extension d. twirling and sleep loss

c

A consequence that eliminates or reduces the frequency of a behavior by applying an aversive stimulus is referred to as ____. a. negative reinforcement c. negative punishment b. positive punishment d. positive reinforcement

b

Amphetamine was originally marketed as a treatment for ____. a. diabetes c. asthma b. cancer d. syphilis

c

A major advantage provided by emotion is ____. a. that it creates the desire for affiliation b. in its ability to produce arousal c. that it promotes self-actualization and empathy d. in its ability to produce an internal drive for survival

b

A reaction that is learned through classical conditioning is referred to as a(n) ____. a. unconditioned response c. characteristic response b.conditioned response d. uncharacteristic response

b

A schedule of reinforcement in which the first response after a varying period of time is reinforced is called a(n) ____. a. variable ratio schedule c. arbitrary interval schedule b. variable interval schedule d. arbitrary ratio schedule

b

A shift in one's circadian rhythm during adolescence, which leads to peak alertness at night, is thought to correlate with ____. a. a surge in the production of sex hormones b. a burst in brain development c. heightened individualistic ideals d. metabolic reorganization

b

Anorexia nervosa is characterized by the maintenance of unusually low body weight and ____. a. cycles of binge eating and purging b. the need to defy conventional norms c. a distorted view of the body as obese d. the extreme need for control

c

As Angel speeds down Elm Avenue, he suddenly slams on his brakes to avoid a collision with another car. Angel's response is an example of a(n) ____. a. reflex c. learned behavior b. variable pattern response d. instinct

c

As a gate creaks open, Oscar the puppy notices a cat heading into his yard. The cat hisses and scratches Oscar on the nose, causing Oscar to yelp in pain. Which outcome to this scenario portrays higher order conditioning? a. Now when Oscar sees the cat who scratched his nose he runs away, but he feels comfortable with the cat with whom he shares a home. b. Now when Oscar sees a cat or small dog coming towards him, he runs away. c. Now whenever Oscar sees a cat, including the cat in his own home, he runs away. d. Now when Oscar hears a gate creak, regardless of who is coming through it, he runs away.

c

According to Rescorla and Wagner, the association between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus is strongest when the association is ____. a. consistent c. familiar b. surprising d. variable

b

At what point does Clarice experience an emotion? a. When she remembers that she has to do laundry b. When she wakes up in a daze c. When she encounters the spider d. When she starts her laundry

c

According to research (Bryant & Haselton, 2009), women who are ovulating are more likely to ____. a. have extramarital affairs b. speak in higher tones c. break-up with abusive partners d. consume less calories

b

According to research (Kirk, Bailey, & Martin, 2000), if one identical male twin is homosexual, his twin has what percent chance of also being homosexual? a. 30% c. 70% b. 50% d. 90%

b

Achievement is usually defined as ____. a. the need to reach a level of self-perfection b. a desire to excel or outperform others c. the fulfillment of culturally dictated goals d. meeting the needs of those we seek to please

b

After Nolan experiments with drugs, his father suspects that his son is exhibiting signs of schizophrenia. Nolan most likely was experimenting with ____. a. phencyclidine c. mescaline b. mushrooms d. lysergic acid diethylamide

b

An environmental cue or event whose significance is learned through classical conditioning is referred to as a(n) ____. a. unconditioned stimulus c. characteristic stimuli b. conditioned stimulus d. uncharacteristic stimuli

b

As part of his honor's thesis, Braydon develops a survey to evaluate the updated hierarchy of needs of Kenrick and colleagues, specifically in young adult men and women. Braydon is most interested in determining if men and women differ in the highest level of motivation, which is ____. a. mate retention c. affiliation b. parenting d. status

b

Azul studies for her upcoming molecular biology midterm. She starts by making an outline of her textbook chapters and then begins studying her lecture notes. Azul's brain is likely to show ____. a. alpha wave activity c. delta wave activity b. beta wave activity d. theta wave activity

b

Brain death is characterized by ____. a. a persistent vegetative state lasting longer than 18 months b. two flat-line EEG recording taken 24 hours apart c. a continuous comatose state lasting longer than 12 months d. EEG recordings void of beta waves for at least 48 hours

b

Carolos stands in front of his Thursday night slam poetry group to recite his most recent work. He suddenly experiences temporary muscle paralysis but does not lose consciousness, a condition termed ____. a. dyspnea c. ataxia b. cataplexy d. narcolepsy

b

Clark Hull demonstrated that hypnosis was ____. a. dependent on the specific stage of sleep b. independent of sleep c. ineffective at reducing pain d. effective at improving memory

b

College roommates Sergio and Giuseppe decide to start a landscaping business over the summer. They meet up at 5:00 a.m. one morning to clean and organize their equipment. Sergio is full of energy and begins to move heavy equipment right away; Giuseppe is sluggish and unable to focus. What aspect of consciousness describes the different mental states of Sergio and Giuseppe? a. degree of awareness c. stream of awareness b. state of awareness d. content of awareness

b

Compared with other species, why are social connections especially important for the survival of human beings? a. Human beings typically lose the drive to survive during times of prolonged isolation. b. Human beings require the greatest amount of parenting to survive to adulthood. c. Human beings have a set point for social activity and need external connections to monitor the balance. d. Human beings suffer both psychological and physical damage from isolation, whereas most other species are unaffected by it.

b

Consciousness requires complex interactions between the cerebral cortex and the ____. a. amygdala c. midbrain b. thalamus d. hippocampus

b

Consider a classical case study of a woman named Christina who suffered inflammatory damage to her somatosensory nerves. What were the consequences of this damage? a. She lost the ability to recognize faces and no longer had self-confidence. b. She lost the ability to sense the placement of her body and no longer had a sense of self. c. She lost the ability to empathize with others and became narcissistic. d. She lost the ability to communicate with others and suffered from major depression.

b

Dr. Goddard measures increased release of which hormone in response to MDMA treatment? a. prolactin c. testosterone b. oxytocin d. progesterone

b

Dr. Graham exposes rats to a vanilla scent prior to receiving a food pellet in the left corner of their cage, but provides no food after exposure to a lemon scent. After several trials, upon smelling a vanilla scent, the rats wait at the far left corner of the cage regardless of whether a food pellet is present. However, they do not wait in the far left corner when exposed to the lemon scent. What is the unconditioned stimulus in the experiment? a. vanilla scent c. left corner of cage b. food pellet d. lemon scent

b

Dr. Pollini is investigating how the brain regulates patterns of eating behavior. He performs an experiment and finds that lesioning a particular brain region causes rodents to significantly increase their food intake and to gain weight. What area of the brain has Dr. Pollini lesioned? a. lateral hypothalamus c. lateral amygdala b. ventromedial hypothalamus d. ventromedial amygdala

b

Duke is most likely in ____. a. Stage 1 N-REM c. Stage 3 or 4 N-REM b. Stage 2 N-REM d. REM sleep

b

During REM sleep, specific brainstem neurons show reduced activity. What types of neurotransmitters are released by these neurons? a. serotonin and dopamine c. glutamate and dopamine b. serotonin and norepinephrine d. glutamate and norepinephrine

b

Eduardo, a psychologist, uses systematic desensitization to help his client, Catherine, address her extreme fear of heights. What technique is Eduardo likely to use? a. Each week, Eduardo and Catherine take an elevator to the 50th floor of his office building and go outside on the observation deck. They stand close to the edge while he reassures her that everything will be alright. b. Eduardo teaches Catherine relaxation techniques then gradually, through guided imagery, asks her to imagine herself in a high place. If she starts to feel anxious, they temporarily return to the relaxation techniques. c. Eduardo and Catherine repeatedly visit a scenic viewpoint at the top of a hill. They have a pleasant picnic there, gradually moving to picnic tables that are closer to the top of the hill. d. Each week, Eduardo and Catherine take an elevator to the 50th floor of his office building and go outside on the observation deck. They stand there in silence while she internally works through her fear.

b

Experienced whale trainer Dawn Brancheau was killed by one of her favorite killer whales during a 2010 show at Sea World in Orlando, Florida. Animal experts believed that the whale had simply reverted to normal whale behavior; illustrating ____. a. trainer-animal conflict c. innate aggression b. instinctive drift d. species incompatibility

b

From 1991 to 2008, the rates of obesity have risen from 12% to ____ (Flegal, Carroll, Ogden, & Curtin, 2010). a. 24% c. 44% b. 34% d. 54%

b

From an evolutionary psychology perspective, the best reproductive strategy for men is promiscuity. However, one could argue that ____. a. as promiscuous behavior increases, the genetic quality of potential mates decreases b. there is no point in producing a large number of children who fail to survive c. as a man produces more and more sperm, the quality of the sperm decreases d. there is an adaptive advantage to monogamy that produces the same results

b

Gaia glances over at her roommate, who is on the phone with her mother. She watches as her roommate's facial expressions change from happy - to sad - to angry - as she progresses through the phone conversation. What area of Gaia's brain is most likely to change activity as she processes the different facial expressions? a. hippocampus c. basal ganglia b. amygdala d. striatum

b

Garcia and Koelling's findings prompted a renewed interest in ____. a. social learning theory b. biological influences in learning c. the roles of reflexes and instincts in operant conditioning d. forms of nonassociative learning

b

Gayle watches a bird fly by her window. Her visual system processes its shape, color, and movement. The question of how the brain processes these individual pieces of information to form a unified representation of a flying bird is known as the "____." a. merging puzzle c. unification paradox b. binding problem d. association paradigm

b

Greg, who mainly smoked cigarettes when out with friends, recently quit smoking. However, each time he visits a bar or restaurant with his friends, he has the strong urge to light up a cigarette. This is an example of ____. a. latent inhibition c. habituation b. spontaneous recovery d. observational learning

b

Hours into their cross country road trip, Omar and Carl are famished. The two friends argue about what to do. Should they stop at a highway rest stop, or search for a place to eat in the nearest town? They decide to stop this time at a rest stop, and next time in town. How is motivation demonstrated in this scenario? a. They compete for similar resources. b. They seek to eat food. c. They find a resolution. d. They react instinctively to their hunger.

b

In one study (Twenge, Baumeister, Tice, & Stucke, 2001), students who were told that a personality test revealed that they were "the type likely to end up alone later in life" were more likely to ____. a. show signs of depression c. report low self-esteem b. act aggressively d. demonstrate introversion

b

Brian watches the Boston Celtics games on TV. According to Bandura, what would motivate Brian to try to imitate the Boston Celtics? a. Brian's father encouraged him to play basketball as a young boy. b. Brian is no stranger to discipline; he and his team mates in high school were often scolded by their coach for poor performance on the court. c. Brian's friend improved his three point shot after mimicking the shooting style of one of the Boston Celtics. d. Realizing he needs to get in shape, Brian is considering joining the local YMCA's basketball team.

c

Interested in losing weight, Patrick seeks the advice of his doctor. Dr. Burns recommends a medication that can help Patrick by inhibiting the absorption of fats by the digestive tract. What medication is Patrick's doctor recommending? a. ephedrine c. amphetamines b. orlistat d. sibutramine

b

Jenna, a recovering drug addict, attends counseling sessions so that she will no longer associate the sight of a needle and syringe with an expected drug effect. During the counseling sessions, Jenna handles a syringe without receiving any drugs as her counselor pairs a new signal with the sight of the syringe: a favorite song of Jenna's. The method used here illustrates the use of ____. a. extinction c. an excitatory unconditioned stimulus b. an inhibitory conditioned stimulus d. cognitive mapping

b

Caesar ingests a large meal, causing his blood glucose levels to rise. In response, Caesar's pancreas releases insulin to remove glucose from the blood stream. As glucose levels drop, the pancreas stops releasing insulin. Which factor establishes the set point? a. insulin c. pancreas b. glucose d. blood

c

Children are most likely to pattern their own behavior based on the ____ of their parents. a. verbiage c. actions b. punishment styles d. thought processes

c

Jim and his father are watching the ball game on TV. Jim's father starts to yawn and Jim soon follows. This is an example of ____. a. associative learning c. a reflex b. an instinct d. imitation

b

Jordan typically has at least three cups of coffee throughout the day. She decides to cut her coffee habit "cold turkey," but experiences severe lethargy despite having a good night's sleep. Jordan is experiencing ____. a. desensitization c. recoil b. withdrawal d. sensitization

b

A modified cage containing levers or buttons that can be pressed or pecked by animals and is used to investigate operant conditioning is referred to as a ____. a. puzzle box c. Skinner box b. sequential conditioning chamber d. pigeon chamber

c

A reinforcer that gains value from being associated with other things that are valued is called a(n) ____. a. unconditioned reinforcer c. conditioned reinforcer b. primary reinforcer d. associative reinforcer

c

Lucia, who experiences extreme anxiety when taking an exam, practices meditation breathing to reduce her anxiety prior to taking a test. Her meditation breathing is an example of a ____. a. negative punishment c. positive punishment b. negative reinforcer d. positive reinforcer

b

Of the following, who displays characteristics most consistent with high levels of achievement motivation? a. April, who tackles her quantum physics problems with a high level of abstract reasoning b. Devlin, who feels frustrated when his professor gives him a check mark on a writing assignment instead of a grade c. Calista, who worries constantly about whether or not her parents are happy with her grades d. NaShaun, who is climbing the corporate ladder and knows to keep his friends close but his enemies closer

b

Of the following, who is most likely to benefit from the use of methylphenidate? a. Avrielle, who has been depressed ever since her mother passed away b. Ellen, who is gearing up for the national mathematics Olympiad c. Terry, who worries non-stop and has difficulties sleeping at night d. Leonardo, who suffers from auditory hallucinations and paranoia

b

Patient S.M., who was unable to detect negative emotion in music and fear in images, suffered damage to which brain region? a. hippocampus c. basal ganglia b. amygdala d. striatum

b

Sexual orientation is best defined as ____. a. engaging in sexual activity with a specific gender b. a stable pattern of attraction to members of a particular sex c. exhibiting characteristic behaviors consistent with a particular gender d. exhibiting sexual attractions that are inconsistent with one's gender

b

The Muslim sect of Sufis use extended periods of whirling as a means to ____. a. see the light of Allah c. see into the future b. feel oneness with the earth d. relive the past

b

The formation of associations between two stimuli, which occur sequentially in time, is referred to as ____. a. operant conditioning c. observational conditioning b. classical conditioning d. associative conditioning

b

The neurological conditions prosopagnosia and Capgras syndrome, which affect aspects of facial recognition, have taught us that conscious experience ____. a. is an all or nothing phenomenon b. stems from the integration of several brain pathways c. evolved to ensure species continuation d. is a uniquely human attribute

b

The reinforcement of a desired behavior on some occasions but not others is called ____. a. fragmented reinforcement c. fractional reinforcement b. partial reinforcement d. incomplete reinforcement

b

Trevor and Dale attend an off-campus party. Trevor is the designated driver and restricts his alcohol consumption to a few drinks; Dale, on the other hand, becomes highly inebriated. Compared with Trevor, Dale is more likely to ____. a. be outgoing c. feel flushed b. act aggressively d. suffer medullary damage

b

Consider the scenarios below. Which person displays characteristic signs of a persistent vegetative state? a. Brian is in persistent state of unconsciousness; he cannot be awakened and does not respond to painful stimuli. b. Sienna is learning to walk after her automobile accident; however, she still cannot communicate and suffers significant cognitive impairment. c. Anil is in a coma; his mother is hopeful because he occasionally opens his eyes and sometimes even smiles or cries, but Anil's doctors tell her that these actions are random. d. Muriel was in a deep coma; she now squeezes her mother's hand when she hears her voice, but she cannot open her eyes or speak.

c

Violet engages in recreational drug use at a party. Moments later, Violet's good friend Latisha notices that Violet is grinding her teeth repeatedly. Violet likely took which drug? a. cannabis c. LSD b. cocaine d. Ritalin

b

What delays the process of extinction? a. continuous reinforcement b. partial reinforcement c. inhibitory reinforcement d. arbitrary reinforcement

b

What indicates that imitation provides adaptive advantages? a. Imitation is unique to humans. b. Imitation is frequently used in the animal world. c. Imitation is most effective for teaching aggression. d. Imitation is unique to the young, regardless of species.

b

What is a key distinction between classical conditioning and operant conditioning? a. Operant conditioning makes associations between two stimuli; classical conditioning associates a behavior with its consequence. b. Classical conditioning makes associations between two stimuli; operant conditioning associates a behavior with its consequence. c. In contrast to classical conditioning, operant conditioning leads to a relatively permanent behavioral change. d. In contrast to operant conditioning, classical conditioning leads to a relatively permanent behavioral change.

b

What is an effective method for teaching a new behavior that involves balancing too much versus too little reinforcement? a. chaining c. molding b. shaping d. imprinting

b

What is the evidence that hypnosis represents a distinctly altered state of consciousness? a. Functional MRI analysis shows heightened activity in the amygdala and hippocampus of individuals undergoing hypnosis. b. PET scans reveal that the anterior cingulate cortex and thalamus show characteristic changes in activity when a person is hypnotized. c. EEG recordings of individuals experiencing a hypnotic state show a shift from beta wave to theta wave activity consistent with the early stages of sleep. d. CAT scans taken before and after hypnosis show enhanced activity in the temporal and occipital lobes of individuals after hypnosis, despite the absence of external stimuli.

b

What is the evidence to suggest that abrupt changes to one's daily schedule are detrimental to human behavior? a. Switching from a day to night shift positively correlates with psychotic episodes. b. Changing over to daylight savings time correlates with increased automobile accidents. c. Divorce rates are higher in people who travel frequently to different time zones. d. Murder rates typically increase during severe bouts of inclement weather.

b

What is the evidence to suggest that sleep plays an important role in repairing the body? a. Melatonin is manufactured during REM sleep. b. Human growth hormone is released during Stages 3 and 4 of N-REM sleep. c. Levels of the wound healing chemical prothrombin are depleted during consciousness. d. The immune cells phagocytes and lymphocytes mature during Stage 1 N-REM sleep.

b

What is the evidence to support Charles Darwin's claim that human emotional expression was shaped through evolution? a. The recognition of emotional facial expressions is uniquely tailored to promote survival in different climatic regions around the world. b. Infants' social smiles emerge at about the same age, regardless of whether an infant can see faces or is born blind. c. Individuals who are capable of showing the widest range of emotions typically have the greatest number of progeny. d. The same breadth of different emotions expressed by humans are also expressed by nearly all species, but to varying degrees.

b

What is the evidence to support the idea that hormones involved in the menstrual cycle do not significantly influence women's sexual interest? a. Women report more pain during sex and less sexual interest while ovulating. b. Menopause has little impact on a woman's sexual interest and activity. c. Women report increased sexual activity during ovulation but only if they are trying to get pregnant. d. Fertility drugs that increase gonadotropin levels have little impact on female sexual interest.

b

What is true of stimulants? a. They increase alertness, mobility, and reaction times. b. They increase alertness and mobility, but decrease reaction times. c. They decrease alertness, but increase mobility and reaction times. d. The decrease alertness and mobility, but increase reaction times.

b

What type of brain waveforms did Derek display right before being awakened? a. delta waves b. theta waves c. beta waves d. theta waves with sleep spindles and K-complexes

b

Daisy was most likely in ____. a. Stage 1 N-REM c. Stage 3 or 4 N-REM b. Stage 2 N-REM d. REM sleep

c

Dan, startled by the sound of a loud thump in the middle of the night, catches a glimpse of his roommate Yi wandering around their dorm room. The next morning Dan asks about the loud thump and Yi replies, "I think I was asleep the entire night ... but I have been known to sleepwalk from time-to-time." What stage of sleep was Yi likely experiencing while sleepwalking? a. Stage 1 N-REM c. Stage 3 or 4 N-REM b. Stage 2 N-REM d. REM sleep

c

What type of learning is most influential in developing and maintaining culture? a. classical conditioning c. nonassociative learning b. observational learning d. operant conditioning

b

What type of stimulus elicits a response without prior experience? a. classical c. conditioned b. unconditioned d. habitual

b

Determining whether an action constitutes reinforcement or punishment requires understanding ____. a. the intrinsic quality of the consequence b. specific social and cultural norms associated with the action c. the action's effect on behavior d. the external stimulus driving the action

c

Dominic leaves his noisy dorm room to find a quiet place where he can concentrate on his organic chemistry homework. Which cortical areas of Dominic's brain are activated while he dedicates undivided attention to his homework? a. medial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, and insula b. frontoparietal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and insula c. anterior cingulate cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex d. retrosplenial cortex, posterior parietal cortex, insula, and anterior cingulate cortex

c

During extinction training, the reappearance of conditioned responses after periods of rest is called ____. a. dominant presentation c. spontaneous recovery b. re-acquisition d. higher order conditioning

c

A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement occurs after a set number of behaviors is called a ____. a. fixed interval schedule c. fixed ratio schedule b. concrete interval schedule d. concrete ratio schedule

c

A state of tension and arousal triggered by cues important for survival is referred to as ____. a. emotion c. drive b. mood d. motivation

c

According to contemporary views of emotion, an emphasis on what factor may account for the vast range of emotional reactions that individuals have toward the same event? a. physiology c. appraisal b. individualism d. intelligence

c

Eduardo, a psychologist, uses counterconditioning to help his client, Catherine, address her extreme fear of heights. What technique is Eduardo likely to use? a. Each week, Eduardo and Catherine take an elevator to the 50th floor of his office building and go outside on the observation deck. They stand close to the edge while he reassures her that everything will be alright. b. Eduardo teaches Catherine relaxation techniques then gradually, through guided imagery, asks her to imagine being in a high place. If she starts to feel anxious, they return to the relaxation techniques temporarily. c. Eduardo and Catherine repeatedly visit a scenic viewpoint at the top of a hill. They have a pleasant picnic there, gradually moving to picnic tables that are closer to the top of the hill. d. Each week, Eduardo and Catherine take an elevator to the 50th floor of his office building and go outside on the observation deck. They stand there in silence while she internally works through her fear.

c

Following a devastating fire that destroyed her home, Lisbeth finds that she is startled by the sound of car horns and sirens, the smell of smoke, and loud noises. This is an example of ____. a. observational learning c. sensitization b. habituation d. operant conditioning

c

Following his afternoon classes, Darren stops at the cafeteria and eats a burger and fries. If you were to run a blood test on Darren shortly after his meal, what would you expect to find? a. low glucose; low insulin c. high glucose; high insulin b. low glucose; high insulin d. high glucose; low insulin

c

What was Walter Cannon's hypothesis regarding hunger cues (Cannon & Washburn, 1912)? a. Hunger originates from psychological factors. b. Hunger correlates with the extent of stomach contractions. c. Hunger is mainly influenced by blood glucose levels. d. Hunger is influenced by visual and social cues.

b

When a conditioned stimulus can predict the nonoccurrence of an unconditioned stimulus, this is referred to as ____. a. extinction c. latent inhibition b. inhibition d. discrimination

b

How does the presence of other people alter performance? a. It causes the extinction of the performance of a simple task and facilitates that of a complex task. b. It causes the extinction of the performance of a complex task and facilitates that of a simple task. c. It enhances the performance of a simple task but hinders that of a complex task. d. It enhances the performance of a complex task but hinders that of a simple task.

c

In a study of Japanese and American individuals (Matsumoto et al., 2002), how did the two cultures differ with regards to reading emotions? a. The Japanese were more accurate in identifying the correct emotion being expressed. b. The Americans were more accurate in identifying the correct emotion being expressed. c. The Japanese interpreted low intensity emotions as being understated; Americans interpreted high intensity emotions as exaggerated. d. The Americans interpreted low intensity emotions as being understated; Japanese interpreted high intensity emotions as exaggerated.

c

In addition to seeking the relaxation produced by alcohol, early humans might have turned to fermented beverages as a ____. a. ceremonial religious rite b. primitive surgical anesthetic c. safety precaution against contaminated water d. tool to promote social bonding

c

In contrast to hallucinogens, why have stimulants been embraced by Western cultures? a. Stimulants boost higher-order reasoning; hallucinogens decrease cognitive abilities. b. The probability of becoming dependent on stimulants is low. c. The ability to work long and hard is valued and rewarded. d. Stimulant use is associated with reduced health problems in middle-age.

c

Individual differences in emotional intelligence are most predictive of ____. a. self-confidence c. the success of relationships b. emotional stability d. cognitive capabilities

c

When experienced practitioners are asked to describe the subjective experience produced by meditation, they describe ____. a. an unconscious state with discrete visions, accompanied by a blissful emotional state b. a conscious state without thought, accompanied by a blissful emotional state c. an unconscious state with discrete visions, accompanied by a numb emotional state d. a conscious state without thought, accompanied by a numb emotional state

b

When he was nine years old, Mike tried shrimp for the first time; but felt ill shortly after. To this day, he cannot bring himself to eat shrimp. This is an example of ____. a. nonassociative learning c. operant conditioning b. classical conditioning d. observational learning

b

Individuals high in susceptibility to hypnotism ____. a. have Type B personalities c. suspend judgment b. think more abstractly d. have lower IQs

c

Which area of the brain plays a large role in brain addiction? a. medulla c. hypothalamus b. nucleus accumbens d. hippocampus

b

Which disorder is correlated with individuals spending a greater portion of their sleeping time in REM? a. generalized anxiety disorder c. obsessive compulsive disorder b. depression d. autism spectrum disorder

b

Which model or theory of emotion proposes that general arousal leads to assessment, which in turn leads to subjective feelings? a. James-Lange theory b. Schachter-Singer two-factor theory c. Somatovisceral Afference Model of Emotion d. Cannon-Bard theory

b

Keller and Marion Breland, two of B. F. Skinner's former students who used operant conditioning to train animals for entertainment, encountered ____. a. extensive cognitive mapping c. biological boundaries b. repeated latent inhibition d. observer interference

c

Which of the following approaches would B.F. Skinner recommend to alter an undesirable behavior? a. Offering candy to persuade a child to stop having a tantrum in the grocery store b. Standing by but ignoring a child who is having a tantrum in the grocery store c. Immediately removing a child from the grocery store when he/she is having a tantrum d. Threatening to leave the child behind at the grocery store when he/she is having a tantrum

b

Kendyl is born with a congenital disorder that prevents her eyes from sensing light; her fraternal twin brother Gabe is born with normal vision. In comparison to Gabe, Kendyl will likely have ____. a. no circadian cycle c. a longer circadian cycle b. a shorter circadian cycle d. the same circadian cycle

c

Which of the following is an example of a conditioned reinforcer? a. food c. sleep b. money d. sex

b

Which of the following is an example of a fixed ratio schedule? a. In hopes of winning a big jackpot, Penny plays the slot machines at a nearby casino. b. Sam earns extra money by mowing his neighbors' lawns in the summer and shoveling their driveways and sidewalks in the winter. He charges $20 per job. c. Hoping to catch a message from her boyfriend, Wendy checks her email again and again throughout the day. d. Jaime has a paper due once a month in his sociology course. His productivity is low at the beginning of the month and high as the deadline approaches.

b

Maslow's view of motivation is best described as a ____. a. tree of power c. pyramid of needs b. web of ambition d. pinwheel of desire

c

Maude has a series of dreams while in REM sleep. According to researchers, which of Maude's dreams is likely to dominate her REM sleep in terms of content? a. Maude dreams that she is a mermaid princess who lives in a castle made of rubies. b. Maude dreams that she takes revenge on her boss by setting his office on fire. c. Maude dreams that she has a sink full of dishes that must be washed. d. Maude dreams that she is running in a desert, without water, to escape an enemy

c

Which of the following is likely to provide the most powerful method for managing behavior? a. positive punishment c. negative punishment b. positive reinforcement d. conditioned reinforcement

b

Megan is contemplating trying lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) at a party. As her friend, what warning would you give her? a. It can cause schizophrenic symptoms. b. It can lead to major depressive episodes. c. It can cause intrusive hallucinations days after using the drug. d. It is strongly addictive.

c

Mina is seeing a therapist for depression. After several sessions, Mina's therapist recommends that she undergo light therapy. Mina likely suffers from which disorder? a. neurasthenia c. seasonal affective disorder b. somatization disorder d. bipolar disorder

c

Which process explains why children exposed to news reports about crime tend to form stronger associations between criminal acts and people of unfamiliar races rather than between criminal acts and people of their own race? a. generalization c. negative reinforcement b. latent inhibition d. imitation

b

Molly is hungry. She passes right by the fruit basket on her kitchen counter and instead, grabs the ice cream out of the freezer. Molly's behavior demonstrates what about human food preferences? a. Our digestive system is innately suited for sugary, high fat foods. b. Short bursts of elevated blood glucose lead to increased arousal. c. We retain the preferences of our ancestors for calorie-rich foods to ward off starvation. d. Sugary, high fat food stimulates orexin release to relieve stress.

c

Months after suffering head trauma from a work accident, Maxwell's wife Jessica notices that he is acting irresponsibly. For example, he decided on a whim to go sky diving, he drives his car at high speeds on the highway and constantly blurts out obscenities to people. In what region did Maxwell likely suffer brain damage? a. basal ganglia c. cerebral cortex b. insula d. amygdala

c

Morphine, heroin, and codeine are effective because they imitate the action of our natural ____. a. excitatory neurotransmitters c. endorphins b. tryptamines d. catecholamines

c

Natalia, who suffers from epilepsy, experiences a seizure in which she completely loses consciousness, stops breathing, and thrashes about uncontrollably. Natalia experienced which type of seizure? a. partial; tonic-clonic c. generalized; tonic-clonic b. partial; myoclonic d. generalized; myoclonic

c

Research suggests that children over-imitate adults ____. a. because they cannot distinguish necessary from unnecessary actions b. to most efficiently learn new skills c. to promote shared experiences and build rapport with others d. because they fear the consequences of doing otherwise

c

Several months ago, Ambreena suffered moderate brain damage following the surgical removal of a brain tumor. Her husband is perplexed by the fact that she struggles to smile when they are together sharing a happy moment, but when looking at a recent family photograph, he notices a big grin on her face. This indicates that Ambreena suffered damage to her ____. a. motor cortex c. basal ganglia b. amygdala d. cerebellum

c

Some cases of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) may include biological vulnerabilities in the function of which neurotransmitter? a. glutamate c. serotonin b. norepinephrine d. dopamine

c

Some researchers restrict the possibility of self-aware consciousness to species that ____. a. show strong individualism c. exhibit complex social behavior b. demonstrate cognitive complexity d. are at the top of the food chain

c

Sonia first trains her new dog by saying "good dog!" before giving him a food treat. She then trains her dog to sit and stay, saying "good dog!" when he provides the correct behavior; while continuing to periodically provide a food treat. Sonia is using which method(s)? a. operant conditioning only b. operant conditioning and observational learning c. classical conditioning and operant conditioning d. classical conditioning only

c

Steve and his wife Bethany both work full-time. Since Steve usually arrives home first, he takes on the burden of cooking and cleaning, but he is becoming frustrated with the current division of chores. Which of the following learning approaches is likely to work best to increase Bethany's participation in the household duties? a. Steve should consistently comment upon Bethany's lack of help with cooking and dish washing until her behavior changes. b. Steve should refuse to cook and clean, forcing Bethany to realize how her actions affect their relationship. c. Steve should ignore negative behaviors and notice and reward positive behaviors, gradually increasing Bethany's participation in cooking and dish washing. d. Steve should make a list of how all of Bethany's behaviors have affected his life.

c

Which researcher supports an incentive theory of motivation? a. Dr. Morgan, who believes that "unpleasant internal forces are the biggest factors that drive motivation" b. Dr. Stern, who believes that "rewards play a central role in shaping motivation" c. Dr. Chen, who believes that "motivation is an innate characteristic based on instinctive behaviors" d. Dr. Lopez, who believes that "only external, but not internal forces, can be strong motivating factors"

b

Suppose that it is 1964, and that Betty, a homemaker who put on weight with each of her three pregnancies, wants to lose twenty pounds. What medication would have been prescribed to Betty at that time to help her lose weight? a. ephedrine c. amphetamines b. orlistat d. sibutramine

c

Which saying best reflects the concept of self-actualization? a. "Search for inner peace." b. "Be all that you can be." c. "Do unto others as you would have done onto you." d. "Take time to stop and smell the roses."

b

Tasha runs a daycare center. She places birthday hats on a group of children to celebrate one-year-old Chantal's birthday. Tasha notices that when Chantal passes by a mirror she grabs for the hat by reaching for the mirror instead of reaching for her own head. Tasha picks up the baby and helps her find her hat. What aspect of consciousness has Chantal not yet reached? a. awareness of sensation c. self-awareness b. reflective awareness d. awareness of perception

c

Which scenario supports the James-Lange theory of emotion? a. Tony approaches his friend Juanita, who is walking her dog. As the dog begins to bark, Tony's heart races; he thinks about why this is the case, and realizes he has a crush on Juanita. b. Micah wakes up feeling glum. He forces himself to smile from ear-to-ear and laugh out loud, and then he begins to feel happy. c. Bethany feels very depressed about her recent break-up with her boyfriend. She slumps down on her couch and cries for an hour straight, and then she begins to feel better. d. Aaron relaxes in his hammock. Suddenly, he feels an earthquake, causing him to feel afraid; at the same time, his heart beats rapidly and his palms sweat.

b

The Somatovisceral Afference Model of Emotion (SAME) provides a middle ground between which two theories of emotion? a. The Cannon-Bard theory and the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory b. The Cannon-Bard theory and the catharsis theory c. The James-Lange theory and the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory d. The James-Lange theory and the catharsis theory

c

While writing a story for her student paper, Our Voice, about the dangers of alcohol, Liz is surprised to find out that moderate alcohol consumption is both detrimental and beneficial. What does Liz include in her story? a. Moderate alcohol consumption increases the risk for heart disease, but decreases the risk for developing certain cancers. b. Moderate alcohol consumption decreases the risk for heart disease, but increases the risk for developing certain cancers. c. Moderate alcohol consumption increases the risk for early onset Alzheimer's disease, but decreases the risk for developing type 2 diabetes. d. Moderate alcohol consumption decreases the risk for early onset Alzheimer's disease, but increases the risk for developing type 2 diabetes.

b

Who is likely to discontinue his or her behavior first if reinforcement completely stops? a. Penny, who plays the slot machines b. Sam, who receives $20 each time he mows his neighbor's lawn c. Ralph, who is out on his boat fishing for striped bass d. Wendy, who repeatedly checks for email while studying

b

The Student Union is holding its weekly Friday night "De-stress 'til Dawn" mixer. Brandon is hungry, Shelby is tired, and Tina feels cold. Which brain structure controls the internal biological clocks responsible for regulating these processes? a. hippocampus c. hypothalamus b. amygdala d. cingulate cortex

c

The binge-purge cycling of bulimia involves processes similar to those of ____. a. the circadian cycle c. addiction b. a hypoglycemic reaction d. a panic attack

c

The emotional quality of pain likely results from information processing at which level of the brain? a. basal ganglia c. cingulate cortex b. amygdala d. insula

c

The height-to-weight ratio used to identify healthy weight, underweight, overweight, and obesity is referred to as the ____. a. personal mass index c. body mass index b. personal density index d. body density index

c

Thorndike's Law of Effect states that behavior is ____. a. based on a strong relationship between conditioned and unconditioned stimuli b. an adaptation based on imitation c. engrained relative to the consequences of the behavior d. predetermined by the type of organism

c

Three conditions must be met for punishment to have any observable effects on behavior: ____. a. application, explanation, and reinforcement b. selection, focus, and severity c. significance, immediacy, and consistency d. quality, quantity, and relevance

c

Undergraduate student Gabrielle is writing a research paper on the physiological effects of commonly used drugs, such as caffeine. As her well-informed friend, you tell Gabrielle that caffeine is known to ____. a. block dopamine uptake in the brain b. stimulate the ventral tegmental area in the brain c. block adenosine-induced inhibition in the brain d. upregulate serotonin levels and receptors in the brain

c

Vanessa crams for her anatomy and physiology final by staying up the entire night before the exam. What is a likely consequence of Vanessa's actions? a. Vanessa will experience a brief surge of energy during the test followed by a prolonged "crash" phase. b. Vanessa will need to rest her eyes periodically during the exam or risk temporary vision impairment. c. Vanessa will likely perform below her fullest potential because she decreased her capacity to remember the material. d. Vanessa will need to have at least two nights of normal sleep before experiencing normal mental functioning.

c

Varying states of awareness are best monitored using a(n) ____. a. CAT scan c. electroencephalogram b. x-ray d. laser doppler

c

We can think of motivation as a process that maintains ____. a. self-awareness c. homeostasis b. self-actualization d. competition

c

What distinguishes a reflex from an instinct? a. In contrast to an instinct, a reflex does not depend on prior experience. b. In contrast to a reflex, an instinct does not depend on prior experience. c. An instinct is a more complex behavior than a reflex. d. A behavior is a more complex behavior than an instinct.

c

What evidence supports the idea that we dream to develop future survival strategies by integrating sensory experience with stored memories when in an "off-line" mode during REM sleep? a. Most people report having dreams in which they defeat their rivals. b. We typically repeat a single behavior over and over again in a dream. c. The majority of our dreams involve negative circumstances. d. We tend to feel more rested when we wake from problem solving dreams.

c

What is an advantage of observational learning? a. It synchronizes behaviors. b. It creates imprinting. c. It transmits information across generations. d. It provides rapid adaptation.

c

Who is most likely to suffer the biggest disruption to his or her circadian rhythm? a. Dale, who travels from Connecticut to Oregon for a business meeting b. Eli, who travels from Nevada to Rhode Island to visit his new grandson c. Miranda, who travels from Maine to Florida for a family vacation d. Carlos, who travels from Arizona to Montana for a job interview

b

What is the evidence to support that there is coordinated development of language and emotional communication in our brains? a. Stroke victims with infarcted Broca's areas have difficulty producing language and the appropriate emotional response. b. Children with autism typically demonstrate delayed language development and difficulty expressing emotion. c. We use the same pathways for language and for the perception and appreciation of music. d. The brains of novelists show a wider range of emotions than that of doctors.

c

What is the relationship between caffeine and Parkinson's disease? a. It causes Parkinson's disease. b. It positively correlates with Parkinson's disease. c. It decreases one's chance of acquiring Parkinson's disease. d. It negatively correlates with Parkinson's disease.

c

What is the relationship between the brain, the mind, and consciousness? a. They are equal and interdependent entities. b. They function as mutually exclusive entities. c. Consciousness falls under the umbrella of the mind; the mind falls under the umbrella of the brain. d. The brain falls under the umbrella of the mind; the mind falls under the umbrella of consciousness.

c

Why are animals motivated to explore their environments? a. To find potential mates and pass on their genes b. To act more effectively when the need arises c. To boost overall brain function through curiosity d. To avoid confrontation by ensuring that the territory is unmarked

b

What is true of latent inhibition? a. Learning associated with latent inhibition involves forgetting a response; resulting in relatively poor learning. b. Learning associated with latent inhibition involves forgetting a response; resulting in very effective learning. c. Learning associated with latent inhibition is slow; resulting in relatively poor learning. d. Learning associated with latent inhibition is slow: resulting in very effective learning.

c

What type of brain waveforms did Don display right before being awakened? a. delta wave activity b. theta wave activity c. beta wave activity d. theta waves with sleep spindles and K-complex activity

c

What was a key finding of the Bobo doll experiment? a. Reprimanding the adult for her aggressive behavior slightly increased the children's aggressive behavior b. Reprimanding the adult for her aggressive behavior did not affect the children's aggressive behavior c. Reprimanding the adult for her aggressive behavior slightly reduced the children's aggressive behavior d. Reprimanding the adult for her aggressive behavior substantially reduced the children's aggressive behavior

c

Why are men with older brothers, but not men with older sisters or those who are only children, more likely to be gay? a. Mothers are more likely to unknowingly treat their youngest sons like daughters. b. A mother's heightened immunological response with subsequent male-fetus pregnancies affects brain development. c. Older brothers are likely to deride and belittle the youngest brother, creating a more sensitive, fearful, and confused individual. d. Older brothers are more likely to protect and guard the youngest brother, shielding him from rough-and-tumble play and traditional masculine rituals.

b

When Roxie the dog was a puppy, she would jump excitedly on anyone who entered the house; receiving praise for her actions. Now that Roxie weighs 65 pounds, Roxie's owner has asked everyone who enters the house to ignore the dog until she settles down. This scenario illustrates the use of ____. a. latent inhibition c. extinction b. discrimination d. generalization

c

When asked to identify what is most important to their happiness, an overwhelming majority of people typically rated ____ at the top of their list. a. wealth c. intimacy b. physical health d. mental capabilities

c

Which condition is characterized by a lack of gesture and facial expression imitation during infancy and deficits in empathy and social skills later in life? a. Down syndrome c. autism b. bipolar disorder d. schizophrenia

c

Which drug is involved with the majority of suicides? a. cocaine c. alcohol b. LSD d. MDMA

c

Which hypnosis scenario would be supported by the American Psychological Association (APA)? a. Jackie seeks the help of a hypnotist to help her remember events from her childhood. b. Parker seeks the help of a hypnotist to help improve his IQ. c. Steffi seeks the help of a hypnotist to help treat her depression. d. Shamus seeks the help of a hypnotist to help him reach a state of enlightenment.

c

Which model or theory of emotion proposes that a range of physical sensations, from precise to general, requires varying degrees of cognitive processing prior to subjective feelings? a. James-Lange theory b. Schachter-Singer two-factor theory c. Somatovisceral Afference Model of Emotion d. Cannon-Bard theory

c

Which model or theory proposes that emotions act as a reservoir that fills up and spills over, and that expressing these emotions will reduce arousal? a. James-Lange theory c. catharsis theory b. Schachter-Singer two-factor theory d. Cannon-Bard theory

c

Which nervous system structure participates in the general arousal associated with emotional states? a. cranial nervous system c. autonomic nervous system b. somatic nervous system d. encephalic nervous system

c

Which of the following behavioral changes best illustrates the process of learning? a. Evan, age two months, just started to smile at his parents. b. Daniel, age 36, sees an attractive woman, which causes his pupils to dilate. c. Claire, age 8, practices treading water so that she will be allowed to swim in her grandmother's pool. d. Nathan, age 11, quickly withdrawals his hand from the hot oven just as his mother is about to scold him.

c

Which of the following is an example of a variable interval schedule? a. In hopes of winning a big jackpot, Penny plays the slot machines at a nearby casino. b. Sam earns extra money by mowing his neighbors' lawns in the summer and shoveling their driveways and sidewalks in the winter. He charges $20 per job. c. Hoping to catch a message from her boyfriend, Wendy checks her email again and again throughout the day. d. Jaime has a paper due once a month in his sociology course. His productivity is low at the beginning of the month and high as the deadline approaches.

c

Which scenario best illustrates the concept of a night terror? a. Pierre dreams that a serial killer stands over his bed with a machete in his hand; Pierre is certain that he faces imminent death. b. Chandra, who suffers from sleep apnea, dreams that she is sinking to the bottom of a lake and wakes up gasping for air. c. Hector wakes up suddenly in great distress; his roommate asks him what is wrong but Hector cannot explain what happened. d. Pauline has recurring nightmares in which her brother is trapped in a sinking car; because of this she worries obsessively about her brother's safety.

c

Which scenario best illustrates the concept of drive reduction? a. The sun is bothering Mary's eyes, so she moves into the shade of a nearby tree. b. Tashaun has an intense itch on his back that he unsuccessfully tries to reach. c. A wave of fear washes over Luisa as she narrowly misses the car in front of her. d. Julio expects to receive a sizable bonus and is ecstatic when he finally gets it.

c

Which scenario supports the catharsis theory of emotion? a. Tony approaches his friend Juanita, who is walking her dog. As the dog begins to bark, Tony's heart races; he thinks about why this is the case, and realizes he has a crush on Juanita. b. Micah wakes up feeling glum. He forces himself to smile from ear-to-ear and laugh out loud, and then he begins to feel happy. c. Bethany feels very depressed about her recent break-up with her boyfriend. She slumps down on her couch and cries for an hour straight, and then she begins to feel better. d. Aaron relaxes in his hammock. Suddenly, he feels an earthquake, causing him to feel afraid; at the same time, his heart beats rapidly and his palms sweat.

c

Why is it thought that the human infant spends about half of its sleep time in REM? a. To provide an adequate energy supply for organ maturation b. To provide the stimulation necessary to facilitate brain "wiring" c. To reinforce behaviors or skills observed during wakefulness d. To reduce the stimulation that otherwise interferes with brain network pruning

b

Why is the process of sensitization advantageous? a. It improves fixed action patterns. b. It improves reaction time. c. It improves cognition. d. It facilitates adaptation.

b

A person with schizophrenia who associates a boiling pot of water with anger has reduced ____. a. inhibition c. discrimination b. higher order conditioning d. latent inhibition

d

A pig trained by the Brelands to pick up large wooden coins and deposit them in a wooden "piggy bank" learned quickly to do so for food rewards, but eventually ____. a. reverted to washing the coins instead, in accordance with its natural approach to food b. became too bored with the repetition of the task to continue c. chose to wallow in the mud instead, in order to cool off d. reverted to rooting for the coins instead, in accordance with its natural approach to food

d

A schedule of reinforcement in which the first response after a specified period of time will be reinforced is called a ____. a. fixed ratio schedule c. concrete ratio schedule b. concrete interval schedule d. fixed interval schedule

d

Abnormal development of the amygdala is associated with which disorder? a. bipolar disorder c. obsessive compulsive disorder b. depression d. autism

d

According to Maslow, what is at the pinnacle of human motivation? a. affection c. belongingness b. esteem d. self-actualization

d

According to a study (Matsumoto, Yoo, and Nakagawa, 2008), individuals from which nation are most likely to show emotion freely? a. United States c. Hong Kong b. Italy d. Switzerland

d

According to research (Cacioppo, Berntson, Norris, & Gollan, 2011), why do humans place a general priority on negative emotions over positive emotions? a. Negative emotions require less energy to maintain. b. Negative emotions weed out potential enemies. c. Negative emotions establish dominance in social hierarchies. d. Negative emotions signal more serious threats to survival.

d

According to research (Stacher, 1986), what hormone contributes to feelings of satiety in response to the ingestion of food? a. insulin c. orexins b. ghrelin d. cholecystokinin

d

According to the Somatovisceral Afference Model of Emotion (SAME), which scenario is likely to elicit the slowest emotional response? a. Tiana receives a rare phone call from her husband who is away at war; she happily grins from ear-to-ear. b. While hiking, Daria sees a mountain lion off in the distance; she has never been so scared, and stops dead in her tracks as her heart beats uncontrollably. c. Doug is finishing up his term paper as his roommate accidentally drops a pint of beer on his laptop; Doug starts to shake uncontrollably with anger. d. Tyrone looks over his annual progress report from his boss; the comments are mostly positive and he is proud of his accomplishments.

d

Although Sigmund Freud initially recommended the use of cocaine in his 1885 book, Über Coca (On Coca), Freud became disenchanted with the drug when he became aware of its ____. a. limited mood altering potential c. deadly side-effects b. ability to alter motor behavior d. potential for addiction

d

Approximately what percent of individuals with eating disorders today are male? a. 10% c. 20% b. 15% d. 25%

d

Artificial lighting affects sleep by breaking down ____. a. epinephrine c. keratin b. collagen d. melatonin

d

Bandura identified four necessary cognitive processes in the modeling of others' behavior: ____. a. significance, immediacy, consistency, and reinforcement b. attraction, distinction, repetition, and meaning c. uncertainty, desire, connection, and resolution d. attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation

d

Based on a patient's prior experience with medicine, which mode of learning is likely responsible for the efficacy of the placebo effect? a. operant conditioning c. cognitive learning b. observational learning d. classical conditioning

d

Based on his experiments with rats in mazes, Edward Tolman believed that ____. a. rats learned a route through the maze only when rewarded by finding food b. rats learned one specific route through the maze that enabled them to reach food c. rats adhered to the familiar route even when it no longer led to food d. rats developed a cognitive map for where they could find food

d

Brianna suffers from anorexia nervosa. In addition to having an unusually low body weight, she has irregular menstrual cycles, feels cold constantly, and has skin that appears ____. a. oily with a blue tint c. dry with a blue tint b. oily with a yellow tint d. dry with a yellow tint

d

Carl's wife Juanita is unhappy that her husband's new shift as a security guard is from 11:00 p.m. to 8:00 a.m. She complains to her husband that since he started his new job, he seems sluggish, depressed, and irritable. What condition might Carl have? a. circadian abnormality disorder c. altered graveyard state b. dysfunctional cycle condition d. shift maladaption syndrome

d

Compared with participants listening to unstructured beat sequences, individuals listening to rhythmic drumming show enhanced ____. a. alpha wave activity c. delta wave activity b. beta wave activity d. theta wave activity

d

Consider the Capilano Canyon experiment (Dutton & Aron, 1974). What is the explanation for why the men crossing the more frightening suspension bridge included much more sexual content in their interviews? a. In the presence of an attractive woman, the men attempted to repress their fear. b. Fear-provoking situations exaggerate risk-taking in all areas, including finding a mate. c. During times of heightened fear, people often try to distract themselves. d. The men misinterpreted physiological signals of fear as sexual arousal.

d

Consider the case of Eliot (Damasio, 1994), who had frontal lobe surgery to remove a tumor. What did we learn with regard to the brain's use of emotional information? a. Emotions act as the gateway for social intelligence by establish limits for and patterns of appropriate behaviors that promote survival. b. Emotions regulate higher order cognition by allowing the mind to integrate concrete knowledge with abstract reasoning. c. Emotions set the stage for forming strong connections with other individuals and establishing long lasting bonds. d. Emotions provide a bridge to past experiences that can be used to set priorities such as approach and avoidance.

d

Consuela stands in front of her American History class to give a presentation. She suddenly loses consciousness and suffers a "sleep attack" referred to as ____. a. dyspnea c. ataxia b. cataplexy d. narcolepsy

d

Corrina finds a quiet cubicle at the library and prepares for a long night of studying. Soon after she settles in, a group of girls gather at a nearby table and begin gossiping about someone Corrina knows. While reading her textbook, Corrina listens in on the conversation. What aspect of consciousness describes Corrina's awareness of both her textbook material and the conversation? a. degree of awareness c. stream of awareness b. state of awareness d. content of awareness

d

Counterconditioning in which people relax while being exposed to stimuli that elicit fear is referred to as ____. a. higher order conditioning c. latent inhibition b. habituation d. systematic desensitization

d

Derek is frustrated that his one-and-a-half year old dog does not let him know when he needs to go outside to urinate. Sometimes he comes home to find a mess near the door. Which training method is most likely to be successful? a. Derek takes his dog outside on a fixed schedule and gives him a treat when they return to the house, whether he urinated or not. b. Derek takes his dog over to the mess, puts the dog's nose near it so he smells it, and tells him "bad dog, don't do this again!" c. If Derek comes home and finds a mess by the door, he ignores his dog for an hour. d. Derek takes his dog outside on a fixed schedule and promptly gives him a treat for urinating outside.

d

Derek, a neuropsychology graduate student, works in a behaviorial eating research lab. He attends the lab meeting on Monday morning, eager to share his brilliant weight loss idea. Derek is sure that injecting people with leptin will help them lose weight. His idea is quickly shot down by the lab director, who states, "Not so fast, Derek; ____." a. as leptin increases, glucose absorption decreases b. high levels of leptin inhibit insulin synthesis c. leptin is metabolized by fat cells quicker than it is produced d. obese humans already have high levels of circulating leptin

d

Don was most likely in ____. a. Stage 1 N-REM c. Stage 3 or 4 N-REM b. Stage 2 N-REM d. REM sleep

d

Donatella participates in a study and is asked to view a series of images that are likely to provoke strong emotion: a father caressing his newborn baby; a child crying at his mother's funeral; and a shark ferociously attacking a seal. While she views these images, a PET scan monitors her brain activity. What is the PET scan likely to show? a. A specialized region of the prefrontal cortex shows robust activity for all of her emotions. b. Separate cortical "emotion centers" respond to each of her emotions. c. The prototypic "emotional pattern" of activity is observed in response to all of her emotions. d. Distinct patterns of activity will be observed for each of her emotions.

d

Elroy is eager to lose weight after gaining 15 pounds during his freshman year of college. He decides to do a crash diet over the summer, which starts with cabbage soup and salad every day for two weeks. Elroy loses weight at first but quickly puts weight back on, even gaining an extra five pounds before returning to college. What is the most likely reason for this? a. By choosing low fat foods, he increased ghrelin levels. b. He ate too many vegetables, which contain a high carbohydrate content. c. He chose a diet that was not diverse. d. He triggered mechanisms designed to prevent starvation.

d

Following cardiac arrest, Teresa's father Ike is in a coma. Ike's doctor explains to Teresa that his brain activity shows ____. a. alpha and theta waves that are consistent with sleep b. alpha and theta waves that are distinct from a normal sleeping pattern c. only alpha waves that are consistent with sleep d. only alpha waves that are distinct from a normal sleeping pattern

d

From an evolutionary perspective, why is the conscious awareness of ongoing sensations advantageous for animals? a. It enables animals to have a sense of mortality and a strong will to pass on their genes. b. It facilitates the development of complex motor and sensory control. c. It allows animals to respond instinctively to oncoming threats. d. It provides the opportunity to choose responses rather than to respond instinctively.

d

Gayle watches a bird fly by her window. Her visual system processes its shape, color, and movement. How might the brain process these individual pieces of information to form a unified representation of a flying bird? a. Clusters of neurons proliferate with new incoming stimuli and form connections to pre-existing clusters. b. The brain uses bottom-up processing to interpret incoming sensory information. c. The visual system acts as the primary sense and engages secondary senses, such as audition, to form a complete understanding of the stimuli. d. Sensory information combines with past experience to produce expectations about a current situation.

d

How can extinction be avoided with operant conditioning? a. Establish a strong value for a conditioned stimulus. b. Introduce variable reinforcement paradigms. c. Merge classical conditioning with operant conditioning techniques. d. Continuously reinforce a behavior, even after it is learned.

d

How does motivation offer a survival advantage? a. It dictates the formation of social bonds. b. It stimulates competition and ingenuity. c. It fosters ambition and perseverance. d. It prevents the waste of precious energy resources.

d

How may hypnosis facilitate pain mitigation? a. By decreasing self-awareness b. By stimulating the nucleus accumbens c. By increasing the release of opiates in the brain d. By promoting sensory dissociation

d

If people are continuously startled by a stimulus that they know will not cause them harm, they will fail to ____. a. tolerate the stimulus b. control their reflexes c. form an association with the stimulus d. habituate to the stimulus

d

In Garcia and Koelling's taste aversion study, why were the rats unable to associate a bright-noisy stimulus with feeling ill? a. The rats lacked the cognitive ability to do so. b. The rats enjoyed the bright-noisy stimulus enough to tolerate their illness. c. The rats relied more on taste and smell rather than vision and hearing for identifying food. d. The rats were so distracted or frightened by the bright-noisy stimulus they did not notice they were ill.

d

In experienced meditators, EEG recordings of the frontal lobes of the brain during meditation feature increased levels of which type of brain waves? a. alpha waves c. delta waves b. beta waves d. theta waves

d

In which of the following scenarios is Roxie the dog most likely to rapidly learn to associate a conditioned stimulus with food? a. When Roxie's owner gets home from work, sometimes she gives Roxie a food treat right away; other times, they go for a short walk before Roxie is given the treat. b. During the week, Roxie gets treats for not scratching the furniture; during the weekend, she gets treats for performing complex tricks. c. Roxie's owner has two sons: the older son teaches Roxie tricks and sometimes rewards her with a treat; the younger son likes to play fetch with Roxie. d. Each morning, Roxie's owner opens the squeaky kitchen cupboard, pours dog food into a bowl, and immediately puts the bowl of food on the floor for Roxie to eat.

d

Inevitable, involuntary responses to stimuli that are primarily controlled by circuits located in the spinal cord and brainstem are referred to as ____. a. behaviors c. instincts b. habits d. reflexes

d

Internal biological clocks interact with external stimuli, referred to by the ____. a. Dutch term maalgeven c. French term temps-donner b. Italian term lezionadare d. German term zeitgebers

d

Justin is thrilled to come home to an empty apartment because he needs complete silence to work on his term paper. What brain network is engaged while Justin concentrates on his term paper? a. The "vital network" c. The "frontal network" b. The "decisive network" d. The "executive network"

d

Kate's six-year-old son has autism. To help him learn daily tasks, she breaks down activities into their component parts. Tooth brushing, for example, involves several steps that occur in basically the same order each time. Which of the following learning principles would provide the strongest foundation for learning how to brush one's teeth in this context? a. shaping c. integrating b. partial reinforcement d. chaining

d

Learning in which stimuli associated with a conditioned stimulus also elicit conditioned responding is called ____. a. sensitization c. habituation b. higher order conditioning d. generalization

d

Learning is traditionally divided into three categories: associative, nonassociative, and ____. a. classical c. conditioned b. operant d. observational

d

Marcus, who runs a software development company, repeatedly thanks his administrative assistant, Shana, for her hard work. Lately however, Marcus neglects to acknowledge the accomplishments of Shana; leading to her dwindling performance. What likely contributed to Shana's performance problems? a. negative reinforcement c. negative punishment b. latent inhibition d. extinction

d

Maria dreams that she is standing in the middle of the street as a bus travels towards her, but she feels frozen and cannot move out of the way. According to which theory does Maria's inability to move reflect the muscle paralysis that occurs during the REM state? a. static-depiction theory c. real-time paralysis theory b. instinctive-representation theory d. activation-synthesis theory

d

Martha, a first grade teacher, is concerned about her student, Marvin. She knows that six-year-old Marvin has the potential to learn, but he always comes to school hungry and without a coat, even in the coldest months. According to Maslow, why is Marvin in danger of failing? a. He is showing signs of neglect; thus, he likely lives in an environment void of enrichment. b. He will eventually feel like a social outcast and rebel against conventional societal norms. c. He will have impaired brain development due to the lack of appropriate physiological and psychological care. d. He will have little to no motivation to learn at school if his most basic needs are not met.

d

New mom Lin was up most of the night with her infant daughter. To give Lin a chance to sleep, her husband takes the baby to his parents' house for a few hours. As soon as they leave, Lin falls fast asleep. What stage of sleep does Lin likely enter to compensate for her lack of sleep? a. Stage 1 N-REM c. Stage 3 or 4 N-REM b. Stage 2 N-REM d. REM sleep

d

Nick wants to encourage his six-year-old daughter, Anna, to help with family chores. He makes an outline of a rainbow with seven bands so that Anna can color in a band each time she does a chore. If she does seven chores in a week, coloring in the full rainbow, she gets one dollar. Nick's technique demonstrates which methods? a. habituation, positive punishment, and a fixed interval schedule b. shaping, negative reinforcement, and a variable interval schedule c. chaining, negative punishment, and a variable ratio schedule d. a token economy, positive reinforcement, and a fixed ratio schedule

d

Nicotine mimics the action of which neurotransmitter? a. dopamine c. norepinephrine b. serotonin d. acetylcholine

d

On what aspect of behavior did Garcia and Koelling's taste aversion experiments shed light? a. imprinting b. cognitive mapping c. extrinsic modulation d. internal influences

d

Our physiological state during REM sleep consists of ____. a. slow and relaxed heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing; and twitching of postural muscles b. rapid or irregular heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing; and twitching of postural muscles c. slow and relaxed heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing; and paralysis of postural muscles d. rapid or irregular heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing; and paralysis of postural muscles

d

Patients with narcolepsy have damaged or missing cells in their ____. a. hippocampus c. medulla b. amygdala d. hypothalamus

d

Peter's father normally arrives home from work in a terrible mood, causing Peter extreme anxiety. However, when Peter sees that his father is wearing sweat pants, Peter feels at ease, knowing that his father has been home from work for awhile. Peter's distinct responses towards his father illustrates ____. a. extinction c. higher order conditioning b. latent inhibition d. inhibition

d

Richard, who is sixteen years old, misses his curfew and as a result is grounded by his parents. His parent's actions illustrate ____. a. negative reinforcement c. positive reinforcement b. positive punishment d. negative punishment

d

Sally loves to run, and works jogging into her daily schedule because of the "runner's high" she experiences. Sally is motivated by a(n) ____ reward. a. top-down c. extrinsic b. bottom-up d. intrinsic

d

Sam suffers from restless leg syndrome. From what other disorder is Sam likely to suffer? a. obsessive compulsive disorder b. generalized anxiety disorder c. bipolar disorder d. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

d

Sara allows her dog, Isabel, to run freely at a local park. As Isabel is chased by several other dogs, Sara notices that Isabel's hair rises up along her spine. Isabel's response illustrates ____. a. an instinct c. sensitization b. operant conditioning d. a reflex

d

Selena weeds her garden while thinking about what she will wear to her daughter's graduation ceremony. What brain network is engaged while Selena daydreams? a. The "fall back network" c. The "ulterior network" b. The "clandestine network" d. The "default network"

d

The Amanita muscaria mushroom contains chemicals that interact with which neurotransmitters in the brain to produce hallucinations? a. serotonin and dopamine c. GABA and dopamine b. serotonin and glutamate d. GABA and glutamate

d

The Stroop Test provides evidence that behavior under hypnosis is more than social conformity by showing that highly suggestible individuals under hypnosis ____. a. are able to ignore binaural sounds to decipher auditory signals b. can identify words hidden within scintillating grid illusions c. are able to ignore flashes of light when deciphering imagery d. can identify ink colors at comparable rates regardless of word presentation

d

The body monitors fat stores by assessing levels of the hormone ____. a. insulin c. calcitonin b. glucocorticoid d. leptin

d

The development of a learned response is called ____. a. generalization c. habituation b. higher order conditioning d. acquisition

d

The existence of varying states of awareness benefits animals by facilitating ____. a. reproduction and immune function b. reproduction and energy conservation c. body repair and immune function d. body repair and energy conservation

d

The learned ability to distinguish between stimuli is referred to as ____. a. delectability c. desensitization b. differentiation d. discrimination

d

The major psychoactive chemical in marijuana is ____. a. tocotrienol c. thiazolidinedione b. tert-butylhydroquinone d. tetrahydrocannabinol

d

The method for increasing behaviors that allow an organism to escape or avoid an unpleasant consequence is referred to as ____. a. positive punishment c. negative punishment b. positive reinforcement d. negative reinforcement

d

The process of associating a behavior with its consequences is known as ____. a. habituative learning b. nonassociative learning c. classical conditioning d. operant conditioning

d

Tim would like to stop drinking alcohol, but he is finding it difficult to resist the urge to drink when he meets up with friends. Tim's therapist assures him that if he can resist the urge to drink during these social events, his cravings for alcohol will diminish even further, eventually fading away. What process is Tim's therapist describing? a. avoidance c. spontaneous dissipation b. systematic desensitization d. extinction

d

What aspect of Clarice's day demonstrates motivation? a. Feeling her heart race c. Encountering the spider b. Waking up in a daze d. Doing her laundry

d

What do twin studies tell us about genetics and the ability to read emotions? a. Genetics plays a negligible role in reading emotions. b. Genetics plays a small but significant role in reading emotions. c. Genetics plays a moderate role in reading emotions. d. Genetics plays a very large role in reading emotions.

d

What evidence illustrates that the need for affiliation has a genetic component? a. Adoption studies show that siblings raised in different environments show similar patterns of social activity. b. Our set point for needing affiliation correlates with cortical thickness. c. People who are low in their need for affiliation are more likely to have genetic 5-HTTLPR polymorphism. d. Twin studies show that set points for the need for affiliation are influenced by genetics.

d

What is a critique of the human motivation for self-actualization (Kenrick, Griskevicius, Neuberg, & Schaller, 2010)? a. The evolutionary advantage is not clear. b. It is overly simplistic. c. Self-actualization contradicts the motivation for affiliation. d. Cultures differ dramatically in their emphasis on self-actualization

d

What is the connection between romantic love and sexual desire? a. Romantic love is not possible without some degree of sexual desire. b. Sexual desire cannot be sustained without romantic love. c. Although they represent separate emotional states, they are physiologically similar. d. Romantic love and sexual desire represent distinct biological and emotional states.

d

What is the evidence that meditation may slow some aspects of aging? a. It negatively correlates with rates of arthritis in older individuals. b. It negatively correlates with cholesterol levels in older individuals. c. It positively correlates with antioxidant levels in the brain of older individuals. d. It positively correlates with increased cortical thickness in older individuals.

d

What is the physiological basis for night terrors? a. Sleep spindles and K-complexes do not form during Stage 4 N-REM sleep. b. Dreaming begins in N-REM stages rather than in the REM state. c. Hyperstimulation of beta waves occur during the REM state. d. The transition from Stage 4 N-REM sleep upward into REM goes awry.

d

What is true of operant conditioning? a. It involves either voluntary or involuntary behaviors depending on the response state. b. It involves either voluntary or involuntary behaviors depending on the stimulus. c. It generally involves involuntary behaviors. d. It generally involves voluntary behaviors.

d

What is true of opiates? a. Opiate use is associated with feelings of both euphoria and anxiety. b. Opiates work as muscle relaxers by acting on the neurotransmitter GABA. c. At high doses, opiates can lead to death by causing cardiac arrest. d. Opiates have legitimate medical purposes, such as the control of diarrhea.

d

What physiological response may be responsible for the phenomenon of a near-death experience characterized by out-of-body experiences, the perception of light at the end of a tunnel, and the state of calmness? a. deactivation of adrenal medullary pathways b. increased release of serotonin c. activation of the nigrostriatal pathway d. release of glutamate blockers

d

What two hormones are associated with romantic love? a. testosterone and estrogen c. vasopressin and estrogen b. testosterone and oxytocin d. vasopressin and oxytocin

d

What type of brain waveforms did Duke display right before being awakened? a. delta waves b. theta waves c. beta waves d. theta waves with sleep spindles and K-complexes

d

What was a key implication of Garcia and Koelling's classic taste aversion studies? a. The studies demonstrated the common traits of several species. b. The studies confirmed the applicability of classical conditioning in species other than canines. c. The studies demonstrated the relative interchangeability of stimuli. d. The studies highlighted the unique biological predispositions of specific species.

d

When Gregg first started drinking alcohol, he needed only one or two beers to feel "buzzed"; now he needs at least four or five beers before he feels anything. What process describes Gregg's need for more alcohol before feeling its effects? a. drug resistance c. sensitization b. desensitization d. tolerance

d

When is the matching law most applicable? a. When creating a fixed ratio schedule b. When choosing between classical or operant conditioning c. When forced to choose a form of punishment d. When exposed to at least two schedules of reinforcement

d

Which model or theory of emotion proposes that there is a simultaneous and independent occurrence of physical sensations and subjective feelings during an emotional experience? a. catharsis theory b. Schachter-Singer two-factor theory c. Somatovisceral Afference Model of Emotion d. Cannon-Bard theory

d

Which of the following is an advantage of observational learning? a. Anyone in a child's life can act as a role model. b. It is most effective for teaching desirable rather than undesirable behaviors.. c. The learning occurs very rapidly. d. It expands learning capacity.

d

Which physiological response represents a remnant of our ancestors' need to defend their territory? a. When study participants were asked to escape a virtual fire, individuals told to imagine their homes on fire showed the greatest amygdala activity. b. Police reports show higher incidences of aggression for men facing foreclosure than for men experiencing unemployment. c. Victims demonstrated a surge in corticosteroid levels weeks following a crime that occurred at or near their home, but not in a far off location. d. Males experience greater drops in testosterone when witnessing their favorite teams lose home games rather than away games.

d

Which scenario supports the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion? a. Tony approaches his friend Juanita, who is walking her dog. As the dog begins to bark, Tony's heart races; he thinks about why this is the case, and realizes he has a crush on Juanita. b. Micah wakes up feeling glum. He forces himself to smile from ear-to-ear and laugh out loud, and then he begins to feel happy. c. Bethany feels very depressed about her recent break-up with her boyfriend. She slumps down on her couch and cries for an hour straight, and then she begins to feel better. d. Aaron relaxes in his hammock. Suddenly, he feels an earthquake, causing him to feel afraid; at the same time, his heart beats rapidly and his palms sweat.

d

Why are diabetics with high blood glucose levels likely to report feeling hungry? a. Because of a rebound effect b. Because of heightened metabolic activity c. Because of increased insulin levels d. Because their cells are deprived of glucose

d

Why does the use of several depressants at once often prove to be a lethal combination? a. Depressants block the activity of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, causing the heart to stop beating. b. Depressants block the activity of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, causing depression of respiratory muscles. c. Depressants boost the activity of the neurotransmitter glutamate, causing excitotoxicity in the nervous system. d. Depressants boost the activity of the neurotransmitter GABA, causing nervous system inhibition.

d

Why has our contemporary, sedentary lifestyle, with many people spending hours sitting in front of televisions or computers, contributed to a significant rise in obesity? a. Because low muscle tone promotes insulin insensitivity b. Because blood glucose levels remain stagnant during inactivity c. Because leptin is most effective when people are active d. Because humans use energy very efficiently

d