Psych 101, Final

Harry, a behavioral psychologist, is in the process of analyzing his patient Maria Valentine's report. Maria has been diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder (DID). According to Harry, severe physical abuse in childhood could serve as a plausible explanation for Maria's psychological disorder. Maria is emotionally damaged and forms alternate identities in order to shut out past memories and to cope with the trauma. In the context of theoretical approaches to psychological disorders, it can be inferred that Harry's explanation of Maria's condition conforms to the to psychological disorders

?

Thirty-year-old Armand feels compelled to save objects that others might throw away. He is afraid that he will discard something he will need later, so his home is filled with old junk. Armand's neighbors have complained about this and he feels embarrassed. Which criteria that define abnormality is applicable in this case?

?

Which of the following statements about biological therapies is FALSE?

?

Which of the following is true of Adler's individual psychology?

Adler argued that people have the ability to take their genetic inheritance.

_____ is a technique in cognitive therapy.

Decatastrophize

_____ is a defense mechanism that means directing unacceptable impulses at a less threatening target.

Displacement

Which of the following statements is true of individuals diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

Individuals with OCD dwell on their doubts and repeat their routines sometimes hundreds of times a day

Which of the following is true of agreeableness in the context of prosocial behavior?

It is related to greater volume in the posterior cingulate cortex.

In the context of psychological factors in conformity, which of the following best describes informational social influence?

It refers to the influence people have on an individual because the individual wants to be right.

Which of the following is a criticism of DSM-5?

It strongly focuses on the medical model and neglects factors such as poverty and trauma.

Which of the following statements is true of the development of the brain in humans?

The process of myelination begins prenatally.

A 13-year-old breaks up with his first girlfriend and he is very upset. No one can console him, because he believes that no one else has ever been hurt as badly as he has. The boy's beliefs are consistent with

adolescent egocentrism

According to Freud's therapeutic technique, getting people to talk freely

allows their deepest thoughts to emerge

A fear becomes a phobia when

an individual will go to any length to avoid the object of the fear.

_____ has the highest mortality rate of any psychological disorder.

anorexia nervosa

Mazie's mom is loving and caring. Her mom sets clear boundaries and engages in a lot of verbal give and take. In terms of parenting styles, she would be described as

authoritative

As part of a smoking-cessation program, Paul receives an injection of a nausea-inducing drug and then is asked to smoke a cigarette. Even though he knows he is receiving the drug, it is hoped that Paul will associate the nausea symptoms with smoking and will thus smoke less. This example best demonstrates the procedures typically used in

aversive conditioning

If a therapist gives an alcoholic a drink laced with a nausea-inducing drug so that she or he will become ill after drinking the alcohol, the therapist is using

aversive conditioning

Integrative therapy is most compatible with the _____ model of abnormal behavior.

biopsycholosocial

The thinking style called splitting is associated with which of the following disorders?

borderline personality disorder

_____ is an eating disorder in which an individual, typically female, consistently follows a binge-and-purge eating pattern.

bulimia nervosa

According to _____, as we age our cells become less capable of dividing.

cellular-clock theory

Dr. Patterson tries to create a warm supportive atmosphere to help her clients improve their self-concepts and to encourage insight into problems. Dr. Patterson says little to her depressed client. Instead, she waits for him to express his feelings and for him to decide what he wants to do about his problems. This emphasis on encouraging self-reflection indicates that Dr. Patterson is practicing

client-centered therapy

Researchers have found that when there is an ethnic match between the therapist and the client and when ethnic-specific services are provided,

clients have better treatment outcomes

Luanne is being treated for depression after a breakup with her boyfriend. Her therapist points out that her thoughts, and not the situation itself, cause her depression. Luanne's therapist seems to practice _____ therapy.

cognitive

Cindy's therapist uses the technique of distraction to help her deal with anxiety and asks her to count to 200 by 13s when she feels herself becoming anxious. From this scenario, it can be inferred that Cindy's therapist practices

cognitive therapy

According to Jung, the deepest, impersonal layer of the conscious mind that is shared by all humans because of their common ancestral past is called the

collective unconcious

Most children successfully acquire conservation skills during the _____ stage of cognitive development.

concrete operational

Katie bought a few t-shirts from a garage sale. While purchasing them, she tried her best to bargain as she knew the seller was charging her a higher price for every t-shirts compared to the others. After reaching home, she found that there was an extra t-shirts in her bag for which she did not pay. As her mother had taught her to return things that did not belong to her, Katie went back to the store and returned the extra t-shirts. According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, Katie belongs to the _____ level of moral development.

conventional

The Freudian term for the tactics that the ego uses to reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality is

defense mechanisms.

Welma is unable to accept the fact that she has been diagnosed with lung cancer. She refuses treatment despite her family's attempts to convince her. According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, Welma is unconsciously engaging in

denial

Elizabeth visited a psychiatrist who, after interviewing her, recommended either Paxil or Prozac. From this scenario, it can be inferred that Elizabeth is most likely suffering from

depression

Self-report personality tests

directly ask people whether specific items describe their personality traits.

Shawn graduated from college with honors and approaches most aspects of life with the expectation that he will be successful. He expects a great deal of himself and sets his goals high. After his interview for a job in the most prestigious company in his state, he was convinced that he would get the job. You could say that he

displays high self-efficiency

_____ inhibits the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine and is also known as serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor.

effexor

Systematic desensitization involves

exposing someone to a feared situation in a real or an imagined way.

Given that collectivist cultures place more importance on the group than on the individual, some psychologists have suggested that _____ is likely to be more effective with people from Asian and Latino cultures.

family therapy

All of the following are symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder EXCEPT

feeling emotionally charged

Using an idealistic approach and evaluating every possible alternative before purchasing a laptop is usually indicative of the _____ stage of cognitive development.

formal operational

You come to a conclusion that Carla is a naturally anxious woman. You ignore the fact that Carla is currently taking finals and working 40 hours per week. You are demonstrating the

fundamental attribution error

Brandon attempts to convince his girlfriend, Katherine, to have sex with him. Even though Katherine loves and desires him, her religious beliefs do not permit her to have sex before marriage. According to Freud's structures of personality, Katherine's desire to have sex with Brandon is most likely dictated by her _____. Her decision not to engage in premarital sex is most likely dictated by her _____.

id; superego

Freud's view of anatomy as destiny was criticized by Karen Horney primarily for

ignoring sociocultural influences on personality development.

Beck's cognitive therapy focuses on

illogical thoughts

Adler's view that people are motivated by purposes and goals and that perfection, not pleasure, is thus the key motivator in human life is known as

individual psychology

Sammy is in third grade. When he won the spelling bee, he felt proud of his accomplishment. But when he could not complete his arithmetic assignment on time, he felt incompetent. Which of Erikson's developmental stages does this reflect?

industry vs inferiority

Alfred Adler believed that birth order

influenced how successfully a person strived for superiority.

According to Abraham Maslow, which of the following traits is least likely to be associated with self-actualizers?

intolerance

Catatonia

is a state of immobility and unresponsiveness that lasts for long periods of time.

In the context of drug therapy, the widespread increase in the number of individuals taking selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) to combat their depression is primarily due to the

lesser side effects as compared to other antidepressants.

According to the National Institute of Mental Health, the leading cause of disability in the United States is

major depressive disorder

Clients of therapists who do not monitor the quality of the therapeutic alliance are

more likely to drop out of therapy

According to Freud, the ego _____.

must balance the needs of the id, superego, and reality

You tried to play peek-a-boo with your six-month-old nephew, but whenever you hid your face, he would cry. You try it again three months later, and now he laughs and enjoys the game, trying to uncover your face with his hands. Your nephew has begun to develop

object permanence

Your best friend Kelly is liberal and tolerant. Which trait is she likely high on?

openness

According to Freud's psychosexual stages of development, castration anxiety occurs during the

phallic stage.

The _____ of schizophrenia are marked by a distortion or an excess of normal function, whereas the _____ reflect social withdrawal, behavioral deficits, and the loss or decrease of normal functions.

positive symptoms/negative symptoms

Randy experienced a horrific childhood. She was physically and verbally abused by her mother and sexually abused by her stepfather. Years later, she began experiencing anxiety symptoms. Which of the following anxiety-related disorders would best apply to this situation?

post-traumatic stress disorder

Soldiers who have returned from the frontlines often struggle with overwhelming anxiety, nervousness, depression, and flashbacks. In many cases, these soldiers have problems with memory and an inability to experience happiness. These characteristics are indicative of

post-traumatic stress disorder

When Sandra was 18 years old, she was in a serious car accident. Although she made a full recovery from her injuries, she experienced extreme anxiety afterward. Sandra is now very anxious when driving, has nightmares about the accident, and flinches when she goes through intersections. Sandra has symptoms suggestive of

post-traumatic stress disorder

Sam is a participant in a study of moral development. In response to the Heinz moral-dilemma story, Sam says "Heinz shouldn't steal the drug because if he steals he will go to jail. Jail is a bad place so Heinz shouldn't take the risk of such harsh punishment." Sam appears to be operating at which of the following stages of moral development?

preconventional

Neuroleptic drugs _____.

reduce schizophrenic symptoms

The most powerful and pervasive defense mechanism is

repression

In the context of group decision making, groupthink can be prevented by

selecting an impartial leader

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is based on which of the following therapeutic approaches?

self-help group

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the first stage of cognitive development that lasts from birth to about two years of age is the _____ stage.

sensorimotor

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a treatment sometimes used for

severe depression

The _____ approach to personality places emphasis on conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals.

social cognitive

_____ refers to the way individuals define themselves in terms of their group membership.

social identity

Derek has been diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD). Derek's counselor, Mary, believes that Derek's poor relationship with his alcoholic stepfather is a factor that contributed to Derek's psychological disorder. Which of the following theoretical approaches to psychological disorders conforms to Mary's beliefs in this scenario?

sociocultural approach

What theoretical approach to psychological disorders would be most likely to consider a person's gender and ethnicity when diagnosing a disorder?

sociocultural approach

A _____ is a generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any variations from one individual to another.

stereotype

The potential side effect of neuroleptic drugs is _____, a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary random movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and mouth, as well as extensive twitching of the neck, arms, and legs.

tardive dyskinesia

An important feature of optimal intergroup contact that involves working together on a shared goal is known as

task-oriented operation

Social loafing refers to the

tendency for people to exert less effort when working in groups than when working alone.

A(n) _____ is any agent that causes a birth defect.

teratogen

The therapeutic alliance is the relationship between the therapist and

the client

Which of the following statements is false?

the id and the ego are completely unconcious

Research shows that _____ is the most important determinant of therapy outcome.

the quality of the client's participation

From the perspective of the investment model of close relationships, long-term relationships are most likely to continue when

there are few tempting alternatives for partners

According to Arnett, all of the following EXCEPT _____ are features of emerging adulthood.

wisdom