Psych 101 Final Review

Resilience

A person's ability to recover from or adapt to difficult times

Nature

An individual's biological inheritance, especially his or her genes.

Nurture

An individual's environmental and social experiences

_____ is a common negative symptom of schizophrenia, which means the display of little or no emotion. A. Catatonia B. Flat affect C. Referential thinking D. Hallucination

B. Flat affect

A depressive disorder is classified as a(n) _____ disorder. A. anxiety B. mood C. personality D. delusional

B. mood

Integrative therapy is most compatible with the _____ model of abnormal behavior. A. psychodynamic B. humanistic C. biopsychosocial D. cognitive

C. biopsychosocial

Tasha is seeing a therapist because she is depressed. Her therapist gives her examples of reinforcing self-statements and trains Tasha on self-instructional methods that allow her to modify her own behavior. Tasha's therapist is most likely practicing A. psychodynamic therapy. B. humanistic therapy. C. cognitive-behavior therapy. D. family therapy.

C. cognitive-behavior therapy.

According to Arnett, all of the following EXCEPT _____ are features of emerging adulthood. A. feeling "in between" B. self-focus C. wisdom D. identity exploration in love and work

C. wisdom

Neglectful Parenting

a parenting style characterized by a lack of parental involvement in the child's life

Prosocial Behavior

behavior that is intended to benefit other people

Gender Roles

roles that reflect the individual's expectations for how females and males should think, act, and feel

Permissive Parenting

A parenting style characterized by the placement of few limits on the child's behavior.

Authoritative Parenting

A parenting style that encourages the child to be independent but that still places limits and controls on behavior.

Cross-Sectional Design

A research design in which a group of people are assessed on a psychological variable at one point in time.

Limbic System

A set of subcortical brain structures central to emotion, memory, and reward processing.

Jessie, a young American, is obsessed about losing weight. She is paranoid about having calories and often starves herself. Despite being dangerously underweight for her age, Jessie refuses to eat as she is terrified of the possibility of gaining weight. Which of the following disorders best fits the description of Jessie's condition? A. anorexia nervosa B. bulimia nervosa C. schizophrenia D. bipolar disorder

A. anorexia nervosa

Dr. Patterson tries to create a warm supportive atmosphere to help her clients improve their self-concepts and to encourage insight into problems. Dr. Patterson says little to her depressed client. Instead, she waits for him to express his feelings and for him to decide what he wants to do about his problems. This emphasis on encouraging self-reflection indicates that Dr. Patterson is practicing A. client-centered therapy. B. behavior therapy. C. systematic desensitization therapy. D. cognitive therapy.

A. client-centered therapy.

Ivan is a child who experiences regular punishment from parents and is only rewarded for good behavior. According to Rogers, Ivan is likely to develop knowledge of A. conditions of worth. B. positive self-regard. C. unconditional positive regard. D. situational worth.

A. conditions of worth.

When an individual hears and sees people who are not actually there, the individual is likely to be experiencing A. hallucinations. B. delusions. C. mirages. D. catatonia.

A. hallucinations.

Beck's cognitive therapy focuses on A. illogical thoughts. B. resistance. C. positive reinforcement. D. the relationship between therapist and client.

A. illogical thoughts.

Sean, a psychologist, told his colleague "My client must confront the conflicts he faced in his childhood and gain release from this burdening anxiety." According to this statement, it can be concluded that Sean follows a _____ approach. A. psychodynamic B. cognitive C. behavioral D. humanistic

A. psychodynamic

Which of the following therapies stress the importance of the unconscious mind, extensive interpretation by the therapist, and the role of early childhood experiences in the development of an individual's problems? A. psychodynamic therapies B. humanistic therapies C. social learning therapies D. biological therapies

A. psychodynamic therapies

Although Jeff frequently exceeds the speed limit by at least 10 mph, he justifies his behavior by erroneously thinking that most other drivers do the same. This belief best illustrates A. the false consensus effect. B. the self-serving bias. C. deindividuation. D. social loafing.

A. the false consensus effect.

Accomodation

An individual's adjustment of his or her schemas to new information.

Which of the following statements is true of teratogens? A) They exclude substances ingested by mother, such as nicotine or alcohol. B) The effects of chemical teratogens depend on the timing of the exposure. C) They refer to the birth defect caused by radiation. D) The development of the fetus is typically enhanced by teratogens.

B) The effects of chemical teratogens depend on the timing of the exposure.

In the context of human development, ______refers to the individual's environmental and social experiences. A) nature B) nurture C) genetics D) genealogy

B) nurture

A(n) ______is any agent that causes a birth defect. A) androgen B) teratogen C) progestogen D) estrogen

B) teratogen

The _____ is a theory suggesting that preexisting conditions, such as genetic characteristics, personality dispositions, or experiences, put a person at risk of developing a psychological disorder. A. medical model B. diathesis-stress model C. five-factor model D. Elaboration Likelihood Model

B. diathesis-stress model

Alex is shy and keeps to himself most of the time. Alex would score low on what trait? A. openness B. extraversion C. agreeableness D. neuroticism

B. extraversion

Children of permissive parents A. are socially competent, self-reliant, and socially responsible. B. fail to learn respect for others and have difficulty controlling their behavior. C. use their caregiver as a secure base from which to explore. D. handle independence poorly and often compare themselves with others.

B. fail to learn respect for others and have difficulty controlling their behavior.

Which of the following is a class of antipsychotic drugs that is administered as a part of drug therapy? A. tricyclics B. neuroleptics C. benzodiazepines D. tetracyclics

B. neuroleptics

In the context of types of therapy, client-centered therapy follows a _____ approach. A. symptom-oriented B. nondirective C. skill-development D. insight-oriented

B. nondirective

You are having dinner with your friend who experiences a sudden onset of intense terror, without warning and with no specific cause. Your friend would most likely be diagnosed as suffering from A. obsessive-compulsive disorder. B. panic disorder. C. phobic disorder. D. generalized anxiety disorder.

B. panic disorder.

Neuroleptic drugs _____. A. are antianxiety drugs B. reduce schizophrenic symptoms C. are also called noradrenergic antidepressants D. cure schizophrenia

B. reduce schizophrenic symptoms

Which of the following statements is true of Piaget's preoperational stage? A) Preoperational thought is less symbolic than sensorimotor thought. B) The child in this stage understands the concept of conservation. C) The symbolic thinking of children in this stage is limited. D) It lasts from about 7 to 11 years of age.

C) The symbolic thinking of children in this stage is limited.

Which stage of cognitive development involves replacing intuitive reasoning with logical reasoning in concrete situations? A) sensorimotor B) preoperational C) concrete operational D) egocentric

C) concrete operational

According to Piaget, egocentrism refers to young children's A) self-centered arrogance B) exaggerated interest in pleasure C) inability to take another person's perspective D) difficulty in realizing that things continue to exist even when they are not visible.

C) inability to take another person's perspective

Modern criminal profiling is based on the personological approach of A. Sigmund Freud. B. Carl Rogers. C. Henry Murray. D. Albert Bandura.

C. Henry Murray

Linda has decided to pursue law because everyone in her family is a lawyer. This is an example of A. identity moratorium. B. identity diffusion. C. identity foreclosure. D. identity achievement.

C. identity foreclosure

Sammy is in third grade. When he won the spelling bee, he felt proud of his accomplishment. But when he could not complete his arithmetic assignment on time, he felt incompetent. Which of Erikson's developmental stages does this reflect? A. autonomy vs. shame and guilt B. initiative vs. guilt C. industry vs. inferiority D. trust vs. mistrust

C. industry vs. inferiority

According to Dan McAdams, our _____ are our identities. A. unconscious urges B. genetic predispositions C. life stories D. conditions of worth

C. life stories

Developmental psychologists use the term _____ to refer to a person's genes or biological inheritance. A) accommodation B) nurture C) assimilation D) nature

D) nature

_____ is a technique in cognitive therapy. A. Detriangulation B. Reframing C. Validation D. Decatastrophize

D. Decatastrophize

_____ is an unrelenting lack of pleasure in life. A. Anxiety B. Fear C. Anger D. Depression

D. Depression

_____ involve a sudden loss of memory or change in identity. A. Anxiety disorders B. Mood disorders C. Personality disorders D. Dissociative disorders

D. Dissociative disorders

In Freud's view, _____ is the boy's intense desire to replace his father and enjoy the affections of his mother. A. castration anxiety B. Electra complex C. penis envy D. Oedipus complex

D. Oedipus complex

Which of the following is true of self-help support groups? A. Self-help support groups are conducted by a professional therapist. B. Self-help support groups specialize in family therapy. C. Self-help support groups are beneficial only to high-income groups as they are relatively expensive. D. Self-help support groups provide members with a sympathetic audience for social sharing and emotional release.

D. Self-help support groups provide members with a sympathetic audience for social sharing and emotional release.

Which of the following traits is related to generosity and altruism to reports of religious faith and to more satisfying romantic relationships? A. openness to experience B. extraversion C. conscientiousness D. agreeableness

D. agreeableness

Ethan is short and thin. Although he's not very strong or athletic, he excels in academics and has a great sense of humor. According to Adler, Ethan's attempts to overcome physical weaknesses by developing strengths in other areas are an example of A. repression. B. displacement. C. sublimation. D. compensation.

D. compensation.

Your best friend Kelly is liberal and tolerant. Which trait is she likely high on? A. emotional stability B. agreeableness C. conscientiousness D. openness

D. openness

Depressed people tend to have fewer receptors of the neurotransmitters A. dopamine and GABA. B GABA and epinephrine. C. oxytocin and serotonin. D. serotonin and norepinephrine.

D. serotonin and norepinephrine.

The disordered thoughts in schizophrenia are referred to as psychotic because A. they are caused by extreme memory loss. B. they are highly repetitive. C. they are the most dramatic and least common. D. they are far removed from reality.

D. they are far removed from reality.

The goal of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is A. to help people eliminate illogical thinking. B. to help clients identify their own genuine feelings. C. to reduce norepinephrine and serotonin levels. D. to set off a seizure in the brain.

D. to set off a seizure in the brain.

Gender Similarities Hypothesis

Hyde's proposition that men and women (and boys and girls) are much more similar than they are different

Sensorimotor Stage

Piaget's first stage of cognitive development, lasting from birth to about 2 years of age, during which infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with motor (physical) actions.

Formal Operational Stage

Piaget's fourth stage of cognitive development, which begins at 11 to 15 years of age and continues through the adult years; it features thinking about things that are not concrete, making predictions, and using logic to come up with hypotheses about the future.

Preoperational Stage

Piaget's second stage of cognitive development, lasting from about 2 to 7 years of age, during which thought is more symbolic than sensorimotor thought.

Development

The pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout life, involving both growth and decline.

Secure Attachment

The ways that infants use their caregiver, usually their mother, as a secure base from which to explore the environment.

Puberty

a period of rapid skeletal and sexual maturation that occurs mainly in early adolescence

Preferential Looking

a research technique that involves giving an infant a choice of what object to look at

Wisdom

expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life

Gender

social and psychological aspects of being male or female

Infant Attachment

the close emotional bond between an infant and its caregiver

Authoritarian Parenting

A restrictive, punitive parenting style in which the parent exhorts the child to follow the parent's directions and to value hard work and effort.

The free-radical theory states that aging is caused by A) damage to the DNA. B) the body's lowered resistance to stress and disease. C) biological constraints on cell division. D. nutritional deficiencies.

A) damage to the DNA.

_____ is a depressive disorder in children who show persistent irritability and recurrent episodes of out-of-control behavior. A. Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder B. Obsessive-compulsive disorder C. Autism spectrum disorder D. Generalized anxiety disorder

A. Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

Which structure of personality did Freud refer to as the "it"? A. Id B. Ego C. Superego D. Collective unconscious

A. Id

In the context of social influence, Solomon Asch's experiment demonstrates A. conformity. B. obedience. C. reactance. D. altruism.

A. conformity.

Systematic desensitization involves A. exposing someone to a feared situation in a real or an imagined way. B. repeated pairings of an undesirable behavior with aversive stimuli to decrease the behavior's positive associations. C. a technique in which the therapist mirrors the client's own feelings back to the client. D. using a gradual build-up of self-reflective speech.

A. exposing someone to a feared situation in a real or an imagined way.

The mere exposure effect provides one possible explanation for why _____ increases attraction. A. proximity B. similarity C. physical attractiveness D. reciprocity

A. proximity

Which of the following represents the correct chronological sequence of Piaget's stages of cognitive development? A. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational B. sensorimotor, concrete operational, preoperational, formal operational C. preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor D. concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor, preoperational

A. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

What theoretical approach to psychological disorders would be most likely to consider a person's gender and ethnicity when diagnosing a disorder? A. sociocultural approach B. behavioral approach C. biological approach D. cognitive approach

A. sociocultural approach

Social loafing refers to the A. tendency for people to exert less effort when working in groups than when working alone. B. tendency for people to exert more effort when working in groups than when working alone. C. tendency to spend more time being productive when in the company of one's peers. D. social norm that obligates the general public to help those who may not be completely able to help themselves (e.g., children and the elderly).

A. tendency for people to exert less effort when working in

What differentiates people with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) from those who don't have OCD? A. the ability to ignore or dismiss negative, intrusive thoughts B. the presence of agoraphobia C. a history of past sexual abuse D. overprotective parents

A. the ability to ignore or dismiss negative, intrusive thoughts

Adolescents often have difficulty controlling their emotions and making sound decisions about risky behavior. Brain research suggests that this is due to the fact that during adolescence A. the amygdala is developed earlier than the prefrontal cortex. B. the prefrontal cortex is developed earlier than the amygdala. C. growth in the hippocampus is halted. D. the corpus callosum becomes severed.

A. the amygdala is developed earlier than the prefrontal cortex.

In the context of psychoanalysis, a client interacting with an analyst as if the analyst were a parent or lover exemplifies the concept of A. transference. B. free association. C. interpretation. D. unconditional positive regard.

A. transference.

Catatonia is a state of immobility and A. unresponsiveness that lasts for long periods of time. B. means giving personal meaning to completely random events. C. refers to false, unusual, and sometimes magical beliefs that are not part of an individual's culture. D. refers to sensory experiences that occur in the absence of real stimuli.

A. unresponsiveness that lasts for long periods of time.

Temperament

An individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding.

Assimilation

An individual's incorporation of new information into existing knowledge.

You tried to play peek-a-boo with your six-month-old nephew, but whenever you hid your face, he would cry. You try it again three months later, and now he laughs and enjoys the game, trying to uncover your face with his hands. Your nephew has begun to develop A) egocentricism B) object permanence C) hindsight bias D) conservation

B) object permanence

You arrange two rows of pennies so they are equal in length. A child views the rows and states that s/he has the same amount of pennies. You spread out the pennies in the bottom row so it is longer than the top row. The child now states that the bottom row has more pennies. This child is in which of Piaget's stages? A) sensorimotor B) preoperational C) formal operational D) concrete operational

B) preoperational

Meyer plans to obtain quick money through gambling, but he realizes that he might get arrested by the police. This prevents him from going ahead with his gambling plan. According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, which of the following structures most likely stopped Meyer from going ahead with his plan? A. superego B. ego C. id D. animus

B. Ego

Question 20 1.25 / 1.25 pts Which of the following statements is true of the concept of risky shift? A. It is the tendency to shift to a group that makes less risky decisions. B. It is the tendency for individuals to more willingly endorse riskier decisions when in a group than when they are alone. C. It refers to a person's risk of losing his or her of personal identity when he or she becomes a part of a group. D. It refers to each person's tendency to exert less effort in a group because of reduced accountability for individual effort.

B. It is the tendency for individuals to more willingly endorse riskier decisions when in a group than when they are alone.

Which of the following statements is true of the frustration-aggression hypothesis? A. It states that besides frustration, no other experiences can cause aggression. B. It states that frustration always leads to aggression. C. It states that aggression usually leads to obedience. D. It states that aggression stems from an attitude of altruism.

B. It states that frustration always leads to aggression.

Larry and Carol are tested twice on moral reasoning. When Kohlberg's measures are used, Carol gets a lower score than Larry. When Gilligan's approach is used, both individuals score at the same level. Which of the following is likely to be a reason for this discrepancy? A. Gilligan's approach is not as accurate and precise as Kohlberg's approach. B. Kohlberg's theory is a justice perspective, while Gilligan's theory is a care perspective. C. Like Kohlberg's theory, Gilligan's approach does not emphasize interpersonal relastionships. D. Unlike Kohlberg's theory, Gilligan's theory is traditionally biased against women.

B. Kohlberg's theory is a justice perspective, while Gilligan's theory is a care perspective.

____ is an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individual's membership in a group. A. Ethnocentrism B. Prejudice C. Discrimination D. Stereotype threat

B. Prejudice

Which of the following most accurately describes Ainsworth's strange situation test used to measure children's attachment? A. The caregiver and the infant watch several strangers enter the room. B. The caregiver leaves the infant with a stranger and returns later. C. The stranger takes the infant away from the caregiver and moves to a place where the caregiver cannot be seen. D. The caregiver hides the toy that the infant was playing with, under a blanket.

B. The caregiver leaves the infant with a stranger and returns later.

A(n) _____ is any agent that causes a birth defect. A. androgen B. teratogen C. progestogen D. estrogen

B. teratogen

Carolyn's parents were extremely religious, conservative and brought her up with strict moral codes. She was not permitted to have male friends and even her female friends were not allowed to spend time in their home. In college, Carolyn fell in love and despite her strict upbringing, engaged in premarital sex. In the context of Freud's psychoanalytic theory, which personality structure was most likely responsible for Carolyn's sexual activity in college? A. superego B. archetype C. id D. ego

C. Id

Which of the following is true of agreeableness in the context of prosocial behavior? A. It has no association with brain structures. B. It is the personality trait that is least associated with prosocial behavior. C. It is related to greater volume in the posterior cingulate cortex. D. It is most strongly associated with neuroticism.

C. It is related to greater volume in the posterior cingulate cortex.

_____ is a defense mechanism that involves pushing threatening impulses out of conscious awareness. A. Thanatos B. Sublimation C. Repression D. Fixation

C. Repression

Chronic sore throat, kidney problems, dehydration, gastrointestinal problems, and dental problems are complications commonly experienced by individuals who suffer from A. obsessive-compulsive disorder. B. anorexia nervosa. C. bulimia nervosa. D. bipolar disorder.

C. bulimia nervosa.

According to Jung, the deepest, impersonal layer of the conscious mind that is shared by all humans because of their common ancestral past is called the A. primal memory. B. id. C. collective unconscious. D. normative unconsciou

C. collective unconscious.

Assimilation allows the person to enjoy a feeling of meaning because A. it modifies current ways of thinking. B. new experiences create new schemas. C. experiences fit into his or her preexisting schemas. D. it makes sense of life's previously incomprehensible events.

C. experiences fit into his or her preexisting schemas.

Validation, reframing, structural change, and detriangulation are techniques most commonly used in A. psychoanalysis. B. cognitive therapy. C. family therapy. D. behavioral therapy.

C. family therapy.

Bob has an unknown liquid and must determine what it is. He decides to systematically use a number of tests to determine the correct answer. According to Piaget, Bob has most likely reached the _____ stage of cognitive development. A. sensorimotor B. preoperational C. formal operational D. object permanence

C. formal operational

Diana is afraid to throw things away because she feels that she might need them in the future. Consequently, Diana compulsively collects and stores large quantities of old newspapers, broken crockery, and old clothes. In the context of OCD-related disorders, Diana's excessive acquisition of objects and her inability to discard them are typical characteristics of A. trichotillomania. B. excoriation. C. hoarding disorder. D. body dysmorphic disorder.

C. hoarding disorder.

According to Freud, the _____ operates according to the pleasure principle, whereas the _____ operates on the reality principle. A. superego/ego B. id/superego C. id/ego D. ego/id

C. id/ego

Nelly's friends attempt to convince Nelly to try cocaine at a party. Even though Nelly is tempted, she resists because she knows that the consequences of her actions would be disastrous for her body. In the context of Freud's structures of personality, Nelly's temptation to take cocaine is most likely dictated by her _____. Her decision not to take the cocaine is most likely dictated by her _____. A. ego; superego B. superego; ego C. id; ego D. ego; id

C. id; ego

The anxiety disorder in which the individual has anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce some future situation is called A. specific phobia. B. post-traumatic stress disorder. C. obsessive-compulsive disorder. D. schizophrenia.

C. obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Unlike obese individuals who do not suffer from binge-eating disorder, binge eaters are more likely to A. consume fatty, high-calorie food. B. stop eating before they are full. C. overvalue their physical appearance, weight, and body shape. D. suffer from diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease.

C. overvalue their physical appearance, weight, and body shape.

Elizabeth, a family therapist, tells Roy's family that his problem of cocaine addiction is related to the dynamics that exists within their family. According to this information, it can be inferred that Elizabeth practices the _____ technique. A. client-centered B. structural change C. reframing D. scaling

C. reframing

The tendency for a group decision to be riskier than the average decision made by the individual group members is known as A. risk hedging. B. social loafing. C. risky shift. D. group polarization.

C. risky shift.

Derek has been diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD). Derek's counselor, Mary, believes that Derek's poor relationship with his alcoholic stepfather is a factor that contributed to Derek's psychological disorder. Which of the following theoretical approaches to psychological disorders conforms to Mary's beliefs in this scenario? A. biological approach B. anthropological approach C. sociocultural approach D. cognitive approach

C. sociocultural approach

If Marcy is feeling guilty about lying to her mother, supporters of Freud's psychoanalytic theory would most likely argue that her _____ is making her feel this way. A. id B. anima C. superego D. ego

C. superego

Research shows that _____ is the most important determinant of therapy outcome. A. the therapist's credentials B. the cost of the therapist C. the quality of the client's participation D. the client's age

C. the quality of the client's participation

The therapeutic environment of client-centered therapy is likely to be characterized by A. arousal and challenge. B. structure and desensitization. C. warmth and support. D. analysis and reinforcement.

C. warmth and support.

The work of Harry Harlow established that A. early social experience in humans is essential to normal functioning in adulthood. B. infants do not depend on warm social interaction to survive or develop. C. human behavior is hardly more complex than that of rhesus monkeys. D. contact comfort is more important than feeding in the attachment process.

D. contact comfort is more important than feeding in the attachment process.

Katie bought a few t-shirts from a garage sale. While purchasing them, she tried her best to bargain as she knew the seller was charging her a higher price for every t-shirts compared to the others. After reaching home, she found that there was an extra t-shirts in her bag for which she did not pay. As her mother had taught her to return things that did not belong to her, Katie went back to the store and returned the extra t-shirts. According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, Katie belongs to the _____ level of moral development. A. preconventional B. concrete C. preoperational D. conventional

D. conventional

Recent research on prosocial behavior has found that A. children do not engage in prosocial behavior. B. children are inherently selfish. C. parenting style has little effect on children's prosocial behavior. D. empathic parenting is related to more prosocial behavior in children.

D. empathic parenting is related to more prosocial behavior in children.

All of the following are symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder EXCEPT A. flashbacks. B impulsive outbursts of behavior. C. difficulties with memory and concentration. D. feeling emotionally charged.

D. feeling emotionally charged.

Deficits in the functioning of the _____ are associated with aggression. A. hippocampus B. hypothalamus C. parietal lobes D. frontal lobes

D. frontal lobes

Object Permanence

Piaget's term for the crucial accomplishment of understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot directly be seen, heard, or touched

Concrete Operational Stage

Piaget's third stage of cognitive development, lasting from about 7 to 11 years of age, during which the individual uses operations and replaces intuitive reasoning with logical reasoning in concrete situations.