psych 101 final study guide ch. 8, 10,11,12,13

What did Harry Harlow demonstrate in his classic study of attachment amongst baby monkeys? The monkeys were more attached to the artificial mothers that gave milk. The monkeys were more attached to the artificial mothers that were warm and soft. The monkeys displayed no preference for either cloth or wire artificial mothers. The monkeys unexpectedly preferred wire artificial mothers over cloth ones.

The monkeys were more attached to the artificial mothers that were warm and soft.

Ian came home after curfew. Without asking for an explanation, his parents sent him to his room and informed him that he was grounded for a month. Which of the following types of parenting did Ian's parents demonstrate? authoritarian conventional authoritative neglectful

authoritarian

The _____ of schizophrenia are marked by a distortion or an excess of normal function, whereas the _____ reflect social withdrawal, behavioral deficits, and the loss or decrease of normal functions. positive symptoms/negative symptoms negative symptoms/positive symptoms physical symptoms/psychological symptoms psychological symptoms/physical symptoms

positive symptoms/negative symptoms

Dissociative disorders often occur in individuals who also show signs of bipolar disorder. post-traumatic stress disorder. antisocial personality disorder. panic disorder.

post-traumatic stress disorder.

If Tony shares his toys with his little sister because he is afraid of being punished, he is reasoning at the _____ level of moral development. preconventional concrete preoperational conventional

preconventional

Prozac, Paxil, and Zoloft are what type of antidepressant drugs? tricyclics monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) benzodiazepines

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Which of the following is an important element of Carl Rogers's humanistic theory? self-concept persona archetype sublimation

self-concept

Which of the following is an important aspect of cognitive-behavior therapy? self-efficacy insight self-awareness cultural sensitivity

self-efficacy

Depressed people tend to have fewer receptors of the neurotransmitters dopamine and GABA. GABA and epinephrine. oxytocin and serotonin. serotonin and norepinephrine.

serotonin and norepinephrine.

"Personology" refers to an old, outdated term for personality psychology. the study of the whole person. the study of how individuals operate within groups. the study of healthy, well-adjusted individuals.

the study of the whole person.

You are studying in a quiet but crowded library when you suddenly start coughing. You soon notice others doing the same thing. This is an example of social loafing. group polarization. social facilitation. social contagion. Social Influence and Group Process

social contagion

What theoretical approach to psychological disorders would be most likely to consider a person's gender and ethnicity when diagnosing a disorder? sociocultural approach behavioral approach biological approach cognitive approach

sociocultural approach

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) does not seem to have a genetic component because it does not run in families. is found in people with high levels of serotonin in their brain pathways. is characterized by a nonfunctioning limbic system. sometimes occurs during a period of life stress.

sometimes occurs during a period of life stress.

The hormone that is typically implicated in aggressive behavior is estrogen. testosterone. epinephrine. norepinephrine.

testosterone.

Which of the following is NOT a belief of the psychodynamic perspectives of personality? Childhood experiences shape adult personality. A person's personality can be truly understood by focusing exclusively on his or her behavior. Aspects of individuals' personalities are unconscious because they must be. The enduring patterns that make up personality are largely unavailable to an individual's conscious awareness.

A person's personality can be truly understood by focusing exclusively on his or her behavior.

_____ is a common negative symptom of schizophrenia, which means the display of little or no emotion. Catatonia Flat affect Referential thinking Hallucination

Flat affect

Maria is a generous and altruistic woman who has a strong religious faith. According to the big five model of personality, Maria would likely score high on which of the following traits? Openness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism

Agreeableness

Which of the following statements is true of the sociocultural factors involved in depression? Men are nearly twice as likely as women to be diagnosed with depression. Studies have found very low rates of depression in Native American groups. Depression increases as standards of living and employment circumstances worsen. Individuals with a low socioeconomic status (SES) are less likely to develop depression than their higher-SES counterparts.

Depression increases as standards of living and employment circumstances worsen

_____ involve a sudden loss of memory or change in identity. Anxiety disorders Mood disorders Personality disorders Dissociative disorders

Dissociative disorders

_____ is the most dramatic, least common, and most controversial dissociative disorder. Dissociative amnesia Dissociative identity disorder Dissociative fugue Schizophrenia

Dissociative identity disorder

_____ means helping another person for personal gain, such as to feel good, or avoid guilt. Egoism Altruism Ethnocentrism Utilitarianism

Egoism

Ernie is an extrovert. Bert is an introvert. What can you predict about Ernie and Bert given your knowledge of personality research? Bert will be happier than Ernie. Ernie experiences more positive emotions than Bert. Bert is less neurotic than Ernie. Ernie has been denied unconditional positive regard.

Ernie experiences more positive emotions than Bert.

_____ are sensory experiences in the absence of real stimuli. _____ are false, unusual, and sometimes magical beliefs that are not part of an individual's culture. Delusions/Hallucinations Hallucinations/Delusions Referential thoughts/Catatonic thoughts Catatonic thoughts/Referential thoughts

Hallucinations/Delusions

Which of the following is true of neuroleptic drugs? Neuroleptic drugs treat the causes of schizophrenia, not its symptoms. Neuroleptic drugs have substantially increased the length of hospital stays for individuals with schizophrenia. Neuroleptic drugs are widely used to treat bipolar disorder. If an individual with schizophrenia stops taking neuroleptic drugs, the symptoms return.

If an individual with schizophrenia stops taking neuroleptic drugs, the symptoms return.

Which of the following statements is true of dissociative identity disorder (DID)? In DID, one identity dominates at one time; another takes over at another time. Individuals with DID have two or more ambiguous personalities with overlapping memories and behaviors. The majority of individuals who have been sexually abused develop DID. The vast majority of individuals with DID are men.

In DID, one identity dominates at one time; another takes over at another time.

Which of the following statements is true of panic disorder? The brain chemical, lactate, is deficient in individuals with panic disorder. In terms of biological factors, genetic predisposition is a likely cause of panic disorder. In terms of sociocultural factors in the United States, men are twice as likely as women to have panic attacks. Individuals who suffer from panic attacks are less likely to display overgeneralization of fear learning.

In terms of biological factors, genetic predisposition is a likely cause of panic disorder.

In 1973, Rosenhan conducted a study in which eight healthy individuals were asked to see a psychiatrist at various hospitals. What did the results of this study demonstrate? College students who experience negative symptoms of schizophrenia are very susceptible to mental-health issues. Doctors are always correct in their diagnosis of schizophrenia. Once a person has been labeled with a psychological disorder, that label colors how others perceive everything else he or she does. If you are treated for schizophrenia at an early age, you are likely to recover fully.

Once a person has been labeled with a psychological disorder, that label colors how others perceive everything else he or she does.

Four-month-old baby Oscar is a participant in a preferential-looking experiment. Researchers show Oscar two photos, one of which is of his mother's face, and the other which is of a female stranger's face. The photos are presented repeatedly in differing locations, and the amount of time Oscar spends looking at the photos is recorded. What will researchers conclude if Oscar shows a reliable preference for his mother's face over the stranger's face? Oscar can discriminate his mother's face from a stranger's face. Oscar is afraid of strangers. Oscar likes strangers as much as his mothers. Oscar can't see very well.

Oscar can discriminate his mother's face from a stranger's face.

_____ are favorable views of the self that are not necessarily rooted in reality. Fundamental attribution errors Self-serving biases Self-deceptions Positive illusions

Positive illusions

_____ is a defense mechanism that involves pushing threatening impulses out of conscious awareness. Thanatos Sublimation Repression Fixation

Repression

Which of the following is true of Carl Rogers's approach to personality? Rogers believed that conditions of worth cannot become part of who we think we ought to be. Rogers believed that each person is born with natural capacities for growth and fulfillment. Roger believed that personality psychology should focus on understanding healthy, well-adjusted individuals. Rogers believed that the person must not reconnect with his or her true feelings and desires.

Rogers believed that each person is born with natural capacities for growth and fulfillment.

_____ is a severe psychological disorder that is characterized by highly disordered, psychotic thought processes. Social anxiety disorder Anorexia nervosa Generalized anxiety disorder Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia

Which of the following was proposed by Kubler-Ross? She proposed four statuses of identity based on crisis and commitment. She has shown that grief unfolds in four patterns: resilience, recovery, chronic dysfunction, and delayed grief. She proposed a stage model of confronting death, in which the dying individual progresses from denial to acceptance. She outlined the three stages of socioemotional development in adulthood.

She proposed a stage model of confronting death, in which the dying individual progresses from denial to acceptance.

Which of the following statements is true of Piaget's preoperational stage? Preoperational thought is less symbolic than sensorimotor thought. The child in this stage understands the concept of conservation. The symbolic thinking of children in this stage is limited. It lasts from about 7 to 11 years of age.

The symbolic thinking of children in this stage is limited.

A superficially charming person who is indifferent to the pain of others and has spent his life in and out of prison for violent crimes would most likely be diagnosed with which type of personality disorder? borderline personality disorder narcissistic personality disorder antisocial personality disorder schizotypal personality disorder

antisocial personality disorder

According to Piaget, accommodation occurs when individuals adjust their schemas to new information. incorporate new information into existing schemas. are deprived of parental warmth and sensitivity. are insecurely attached to their caregivers.

adjust their schemas to new information

According to Erikson's theory of socioemotional development, establishing _____ is the key challenge of adolescence. an identity intimacy with a partner generativity integrity

an identity

Jessie, a young American, is obsessed about losing weight. She is paranoid about having calories and often starves herself. Despite being dangerously underweight for her age, Jessie refuses to eat as she is terrified of the possibility of gaining weight. Which of the following disorders best fits the description of Jessie's condition? anorexia nervosa bulimia nervosa schizophrenia bipolar disorder

anorexia nervosa

A woman who is in relentless pursuit of thinness for more than six months, so much so that she is starving herself to achieve this goal is exhibiting symptoms of binge-eating disorder. anorexia nervosa. bulimia nervosa. bipolar disorder.

anorexia nervosa.

Tranquilizers are _____ drugs. antianxiety antidepressant antipsychotic MAO inhibitor

antianxiety

A person who regularly experiences motor tension, hyperactivity, and apprehensive expectations and thoughts is likely to suffer from mood disorder. anxiety disorder. personality disorder. dissociative disorder

anxiety disorder.

The _____ approach to psychological disorders primarily focuses on the brain, genetic factors, and neurotransmitter functioning as the sources of abnormality. psychological sociocultural biological evolutionary

biological

The thinking style called splitting is associated with which of the following disorders? schizophrenia dissociative identity disorder antisocial personality disorder borderline personality disorder

borderline personality disorder

Tasha is seeing a therapist because she is depressed. Her therapist gives her examples of reinforcing self-statements and trains Tasha on self-instructional methods that allow her to modify her own behavior. Tasha's therapist is most likely practicing psychodynamic therapy. humanistic therapy. cognitive-behavior therapy. family therapy.

cognitive-behavior therapy.

Ethan is short and thin. Although he's not very strong or athletic, he excels in academics and has a great sense of humor. According to Adler, Ethan's attempts to overcome physical weaknesses by developing strengths in other areas are an example of repression. displacement. sublimation. compensation.

compensation

Hugh bought a new calculator at Staples for $125. One week later, he saw an ad from Walmart showing the same calculator on sale for $65. Hugh said to himself, "I'm glad I got my calculator at Staples; the ones at Walmart are probably defective. I don't mind having paid more for mine." Hugh's statement reflects cognitive dissonance reduction. self-perception bias. informational influence. peripheral-route processing.

cognitive dissonance reduction

When people try to confront Alfred about drinking too much alcohol, he replies, "Drinking may be harmful to my health, but I'll die having a good time." This statement made by Alan illustrates his attempt to reduce stereotype threat. cognitive dissonance. the self-serving bias. the fundamental attribution error.

cognitive dissonance.

Which of the following is the correct sequence of the stages of prenatal development? conception, zygote, embryonic period, fetal period conception, embryonic period, zygote, fetal period conception, fetal period, embryonic period, zygote conception, fetal period, zygote, embryonic period

conception, zygote, embryonic period, fetal period

According to Freud, the superego works according to the pleasure principle. consists of unconscious drives and is the individual's reservoir of sexual energy. considers whether the id's impulses can be satisfied in acceptable moral terms. has no contact with reality.

considers whether the id's impulses can be satisfied in acceptable moral terms

A schizophrenic patient hears multiple voices inside his head talking to him at the same time and forcing him to do things. It can be inferred that the patient is experiencing the symptom of delusions. illusions. hallucinations. catatonia.

hallucinations.

Which of the following is NOT one of the essential qualities needed in a relationship to reconnect with one's true feelings and desires according to Rogers? unconditional positive regard empathy genuineness defense mechanisms

defense mechanisms

All of the following are classified as anxiety disorders, EXCEPT specific phobia. panic disorder. depression. social phobia.

depression.

Drug companies commonly fund research that focuses on a(n) _____ model of psychological disorders. cultural analytical disease cognitive

disease

Self-fulfilling prophecy effects show the potential power of stereotypes and other sources of expectations on human behavior. shows that aspects of the environment prime us to behave aggressively. examines the characteristics of cultures that are associated with the emergence of altruism and with the belief that everyone deserves fair treatment. is the solidification and further strengthening of an individual's position as a consequence of a group discussion or interaction.

effects show the potential power of stereotypes and other sources of expectations on human behavior.

In the course of prenatal development, by the end of the _____ period, the heart begins to beat, the arms and legs become more differentiated, the face starts to form, and the intestinal tract appears in human beings. germinal fetal conception embryonic

embryonic

According to Jeffrey Arnett, the transitional period from adolescence to adulthood is described as formal operational stage. late adulthood. emerging adulthood. concrete operational stage.

emerging adulthood.

The tendency to favor one's own cultural group over other groups is called social identity. ethnocentrism. deindividuation. groupthink.

ethnocentrism

Adrian is a cognitive therapist. He intends to help his client Troy, who feels that he is a born loser and will continue to be a loser in the future. According to this information, which of the following cognitive therapy techniques should be implemented by Adrian? questioning the evidence examining options and alternatives examining advantages and disadvantages guided association

examining advantages and disadvantages

Individuals with dissociative disorders have a less voluminous hippocampus and amygdala. excessive levels of the neurotransmitter glutamate. a very small cerebral cortex. very few receptors for the neurotransmitter serotonin.

excessive levels of the neurotransmitter glutamate.

Andrew openly criticizes the Asian Americans in his neighborhood. He says that the presence of these "outsiders" has led to an increase in the crime rate in the United States. Others in his neighborhood do not agree with him. His openly shared racist attitude is an example of institutional racism. covert racism. implicit racism. explicit racism.

explicit racism

According to James Marcia, the two dimensions of identity are temperament and attachment. exploration and commitment. parenting style and attachment. accommodation and assimilation.

exploration and commitment.

Alex is shy and keeps to himself most of the time. Alex would score low on what trait? openness extraversion agreeableness neuroticism

extraversion

Deficits in the functioning of the _____ are associated with aggression. hippocampus hypothalamus parietal lobes frontal lobes

frontal lobes

One explanation for the effects of deindividuation in groups is that groups make people more inhibited. reduce the diffusion of responsibility. give people anonymity. increase personal identity.

give people anonymity.

Gladys is a therapist who is constantly reminding her clients that people have a natural capacity for personal growth and positive qualities. Gladys likely endorses the _____ of personality. psychodynamic perspective humanistic perspective learning perspective trait perspective

humanistic perspective

Freud's view of anatomy as destiny was criticized by Karen Horney primarily for ignoring sociocultural influences on personality development. underestimating cognitive differences between males and females. dismissing the importance of parenting style on personality development. overestimating intelligence differences between males and females.

ignoring sociocultural influences on personality development.

According to Abraham Maslow, which of the following traits is least likely to be associated with self-actualizers? spontaneity creativity intolerance sense of humor

intolerance

The sense of _____ is the most dangerous aspect of adolescent egocentrism. invincibility underestimation vulnerability assimilation

invincibility

According to Hyde, the gender similarities hypothesis is the understanding of a gender schema without the cultural factors. can be confirmed by the John/Joan case. is the idea that men and women (and boys and girls) are much more similar than they are different. explains the contradiction between environmental factors and gender similarities.

is the idea that men and women (and boys and girls) are much more similar than they are different.

In adult development, when experience conflicts with existing schemas one should forget the experience and move on. it is recommended to alter current ways of thinking. one should never change his current ways of thinking. it is necessary to fit the experiences in the existing schemas.

it is recommended to alter current ways of thinking

In the context of drug therapy, the widespread increase in the number of individuals taking selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) to combat their depression is primarily due to the lesser side effects as compared to other antidepressants. lack of withdrawal symptoms upon stopping the use of these drugs. misdiagnoses of depression among young people. reduced costs of these drugs.

lesser side effects as compared to other antidepressants.

The Americans with Disabilities Act made it illegal to hold social stigmas against those with mental disorders. made it illegal to discriminate against a person with a psychological disorder in the workplace when the person's condition does not prevent performance of the job's essential functions. was designed to eliminate the cultural stereotypes of people with mental disorders. was designed to provide additional healthcare coverage to people with mental disorders who were stereotyped as violent.

made it illegal to discriminate against a person with a psychological disorder in the workplace when the person's condition does not prevent performance of the job's essential functions.

A therapist who uses cognitive restructuring believes that _____ are the causes of abnormal behavior. parental relationships maladaptive thoughts chemical imbalances childhood experiences

maladaptive thoughts

With respect to the three characteristics of abnormal behavior, when a behavior interferes with a person's ability to function effectively in the world, it is considered unique. dependent. maladaptive. repetitive.

maladaptive.

An individual diagnosed with an anxiety disorder is most likely to experience episodes of unrealistic excitement and euphoria. hallucinations—that is, seeing or hearing things that are not there. motor tension, apprehensive expectations, and thoughts. recurrent thoughts of death and suicide.

motor tension, apprehensive expectations, and thoughts.

Developmental psychologists use the term _____ to refer to a person's genes or biological inheritance. accommodation nurture assimilation nature

nature

Robert, a nine-year-old boy, loves watching wrestling on TV. Last night, he used several of the aggressive wrestling moves on his little brother. Which of the following theories best explains William's behavior? observational learning frustration-aggression theory identity crisis cognitive dissonance

observational learning

Your best friend Kelly is liberal and tolerant. Which trait is she likely high on? emotional stability agreeableness conscientiousness openness

openness

Unlike obese individuals who do not suffer from binge-eating disorder, binge eaters are more likely to consume fatty, high-calorie food. stop eating before they are full. overvalue their physical appearance, weight, and body shape. suffer from diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease.

overvalue their physical appearance, weight, and body shape.

The factor that differentiates Jerry Burger's recreated Milgram's study from the original Milgram's experiment is that, in Burger's study participants could see everyone else being obedient to authority. the authority figure was perceived to be legitimate. the authority figure was far away as opposed to nearby. participants were never allowed to go higher than 150 volts.

participants were never allowed to go higher than 150 volts.

Sam is a participant in a study of moral development. In response to the Heinz moral-dilemma story, Sam says "Heinz shouldn't steal the drug because if he steals he will go to jail. Jail is a bad place so Heinz shouldn't take the risk of such harsh punishment." Sam appears to be operating at which of the following stages of moral development? preconventional conventional postconventional hyper-conventional

preconventional

Which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development is characterized by egocentric thought? sensorimotor preoperational concrete operational post-conventional

preoperational

Harry, a behavioral psychologist, is in the process of analyzing his patient Maria Valentine's report. Maria has been diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder (DID). According to Harry, severe physical abuse in childhood could serve as a plausible explanation for Maria's psychological disorder. Maria is emotionally damaged and forms alternate identities in order to shut out past memories and to cope with the trauma. In the context of theoretical approaches to psychological disorders, it can be inferred that Harry's explanation of Maria's condition conforms to the to psychological disorders psychological approach. biological approach. cognitive approach. sociocultural approach.

psychological approach.

Which of the following biomedical interventions for eliminating the symptoms of psychological disorders is used least often? aversive conditioning psychotherapy psychosurgery drug therapy

psychosurgery

Which of the following refers to a period of rapid skeletal and sexual maturation that occurs mainly in early adolescence? sensorimotor stage preoperational stage puberty menopause

puberty

If children cannot grasp the concept of conservation, they are unable to accommodate in later life. see things from the point of view of another person. recognize that the quantity of a substance remains the same despite changes in its shape. retain earlier schemas when confronted with new experiences.

recognize that the quantity of a substance remains the same despite changes in its shape.

The primary goal of behavior therapy is to uncover unconscious conflicts. gain self-awareness. reduce or eliminate maladaptive behavior. be sensitive to the cultural and contextual needs of the client.

reduce or eliminate maladaptive behavior.

All of the following are symptoms of borderline personality disorder EXCEPT chronic feelings of emptiness. recurrent suicidal behavior. reduced awareness. wild mood swings.

reduced awareness.

Behavior that is meant to harm the social standing of another person through activities such as gossiping and spreading rumors is known as relational aggression. institutional aggression. overt aggression. physical aggression.

relational aggression.

Attribution theory is an explanation of how behaviors influence attitudes. views people as motivated to discover the underlying causes of their behavior as part of their effort to make sense of the behavior. suggests that we feel uneasy when we notice an inconsistency between what we believe and what we do. is a theory of social comparison which posits that when individuals lack objective means to evaluate their opinions and abilities, they compare themselves with others.

views people as motivated to discover the underlying causes of their behavior as part of their effort to make sense of the behavior.