Psych 101 midterm/final

What is the main difference between Sigmund Freud and the neo-Freudians?

Neo-Freudians reduced the emphasis on sex.

According to Cannon-Bard's theory of emotion__________ precedes ______________ in the experience of emotion

Stimulus; Physiological arousal/emotion

Which parenting style is most encouraged in modern America?

authoritative

Many cultures have stories about a hero who goes on a quest, such as Hercules, King Arthur, and Gilgamesh. What would Carl Jung say this exemplified?

archetype

According to ________, lifespan development encompasses eight stages and at each stage we encounter a psychosocial crisis that must be resolved.

Erik Erikson

Which of the following exemplifies a symptom of autism spectrum disorder?

Gemma exhibits deficits in social interaction by not initiating conversations with other children, and she turns her head away when spoken to.

Penelope studies how the structure and function of the nervous system is related to behavior. She is a ________.

biopsychologist

Hans Selye's definition of stress is considered a response-based definition because it conceptualizes stress chiefly in terms of the ________.

body's physiological reaction to any demand that is placed on it

Phyllis cannot be alone. Her moods and behaviors are unstable, as are her relationships with other people. She often displays inappropriate and intense anger. Recently, Phyllis wrote a suicide note and offered to show it to her husband. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for her personality?

borderline personality disorder

Dr. Mattar is interested in knowing more about brain injury to the occipital cortex, and he studies patients individually in order to gain in-depth knowledge about their behaviors. These studies would best be described as ________.

case studies

Heather considers taking a new job. She focuses on the increased opportunities for promotion and the higher salary rather than her increased responsibilities; therefore, she views the new position as a ________ rather than a ________.

challenge ; threat

A(n) ________ is a subjective, affective state of being that we often describe as our feelings. A(n) ________ refers to a prolonged, less intense, affective state that does not occur in response to something we experience.

emotion, mood

What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

environment and culture

Cognitive psychology focuses on studying ________.

thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions

Tayla smokes marijuana. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same effect. This is an example of ________.

tolerance

________ theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving.

trait theorists

Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?

object permanence

Jeff is an unforgiving perfectionist who would rather deliver work a week late than turn in a project with even minor mistakes. In fact, he spends so much time working that he never has time for anything else. Jeff is known to be rigid, inflexible, and stubborn, and he never compromises. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Jeff's personality?

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

Which brain region is believed to play a critical role in the development of symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder?

orbitofrontal cortex

Mental or behavioral acts that reduce anxiety in social situations, such as avoiding eye contact or rehearsing sentences before speaking are called ________.

safety behaviors

During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through what we can take in through our perceptual systems and how we can move our bodies.

sensorimotor

________ is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail.

surveys

A(n) ________ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena.

theory

Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that ________ and this is a ________________study.

there is a relationship between smoking and lung can; correlational

Recent research has found that the capacity of working memory is about __________ bits of information?

7 plus or minus 2 ?

Dave's boss told him that if he doesn't make his quota he will lose some of his vacation time. Dave's boss is using _________ to motivate him by removing something that was a positive from his work.

?

Memories are created first with the input of ____________ in the model of the mind, as discussed in class.

?

Professor Heywood and her colleagues are interested in assessing whether group work versus individual projects causes a change in soft skills. They assign groups of students to either an Group Work, Individual Work or No Work and record their levels of soft skills on a self report measure. In this study, ________ is the independent variable and ________ is the control group.

?

The counting method is not a reliable method for birth control because _____________.

?

Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when ________.

An individual's airway becomes blocked during sleep.

________ disorders are characterized by excessive, persistent fear and worry that is accompanied by disturbances in behaviors.

Anxiety

________ is stress-reduction technique whereby electronic equipment measuring a person's involuntary (neuromuscular and autonomic) activity helps him gain a level of voluntary control over these processes.

Biofeedback

Which perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans.

Humanism

Sigmund Freud suggested that people who are dominated by their ________ might be narcissistic and impulsive.

ID

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep.

REM

Which of the following describes the Yerkes-Dodson law?

Simple tasks are performed best when arousal levels are relatively high, yet complex tasks are performed best when arousal levels are low.

Which option is the most valid criticism of Watson and Rayner's work with "little Albert"?

This experiment would not pass an ethical review board today

Katie wants to understand the impact of Transformational Listening (a conversational protocol) on a students commitment to completing a college degree. She divides the freshman class of 2022 and has one half of the class meets regularly with several faculty mentors to discuss adjustment to college life using the protocol. The other half of the freshman class meets with peer mentors to discuss degree progress. The students complete survey's annually to assess their commitment to completing their degree. The Independent Variable in this study is ___________, the Dependent Variable is ________________.

Transformational Listening; "commitment to completing degree"

Which of the following is a common requirement of a PhD across different schools and/or countries?

a dissertation

Which choice is an accurate definition of a hypothesis?

a tentative explanation

In Hans Selye's rat study, rats that were exposed to stressors over a long period of time showed signs of ________.

adrenal enlargement, thymus and lymph node shrinkage, and stomach ulceration

The scientific process is ________, involving both inductive and deductive reasoning.

circular

________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.

cognitive

A psychological disorder is a ________.

condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

Stanley was diagnosed with lymphoma and had to undergo several months of chemotherapy. During this time he would become very nauseated as a side effect, and unintentionally came to associate that nausea with his favorite grilled cheese sandwich. Now, years later, even thinking about a grilled cheese sandwich makes him sick. In this example, Stanley's nauseous reaction to a grilled cheese sandwich is the ________, known as __________.

conditioned response , taste aversion

________ is a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar.

congruence

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________.

construction; reconstruction

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

continuous

Which term refers to mental or behavioral efforts used to manage problems relating to stress, including the cause and the unpleasant feelings and emotions it produces?

coping

Anna is a school counselor. She hates going to work and wants to lock the door and cry whenever a student comes to her for help. She just doesn't feel like she has anything left to give. What dimension of job burnout does this exemplify?

dimension 1 - exhaustion

Doug is an emergency room nurse in a large, underfunded, public hospital. Lately, he finds himself assuming that the patients he sees are just trying to get free drugs to feed an addiction. Just yesterday a little boy was brought in with a broken arm, and Doug found that he was completely indifferent to the boy's pain. What aspect of job burnout does this exemplify?

dimension 2 - depersonalization

________theory suggests that when people are hypnotized they have voluntarily divided their conscious: one half aware of reality and the other half tuned in to the hypnotist.

dissociative

Amarah has an exam in a week, so she schedules 30 to 60 minutes each night to review her course material. She does this rather than waiting until the night before the exam so that she can avoid a "cram session." Amarah's approach to studying is called ________ practice.

distributed

Which term describes the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system?

homeostasis

Guillermo spends some time each day applying the principles of structuralism to examine his own conscious experience as carefully as possible. Guillermo is engaged in ________.

introspection

Which option is the greatest risk factor for the development of burnout?

job strain

Janice is in the middle of a distinct period of an abnormally and persistently elevated mood. In the last week she has cleaned her house from top to bottom (breaking windows and dishes in the process), bought a new car that she can't afford, and dug up most of her yard in case she might want a garden next year. Janice is experiencing a(n) ________ episode.

manic

Developing stomach ulcers during a prolonged period of stress exemplifies how stress can have a negative ________ impact.

physiological

Food, water, shelter, and warmth represent ________ needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

physiological

According to the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion, emotions consist of two factors: ________.

physiological and cognitive

Brizan has just lost his job. He is proactive in trying to resolve this source of stress; he immediately uses the internet to look up other jobs in his field and plans to eliminate non-essentials from his budget to make his savings last longer. Which type of coping approach is Brizan using?

problem-focused

According to Carl Rogers, a healthy personality would result from congruence between one's ______ self and their ________ self.

real and ideal?

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, because you are comparing the information in front of you to that which is already stored in your long-term memory.

recognition

Which of the following is the time immediately following an orgasm during which an individual is incapable of experiencing another orgasm?

refractory period

What do obsessive-compulsive disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, and hoarding disorder have in common?

repetitive thoughts and urges, as well as an uncontrollable need to engage in repetitive behavior and mental acts

Diondre harbors the belief that spider eggs have been implanted underneath his fingernails and that the spiders will hatch inside his skin and will eventually begin to eat his organs. What kind of delusion is this?

somatic

Victoria has accumulated a large sleep debt. This means that she ________.

suffers from chronic sleep deprivation