Psych 1010, Chapters 1, 6 & 7
A six-year-old child with a mental age of 6 would have an IQ of
100
People who are gifted have an IQ of
130 or higher
Twin studies by Trzaskowski and others in 2014 report that the heritability of intelligence is found to be as high as _____ percent.
75
How long does information last in sensory memory?
A fraction of a second to several seconds
The _____ establishes ethical guidelines for its members and the _____ evaluates the ethical nature of research conducted at their colleges and universities.
American Psychological Association (APA) ; Institutional Review Board (IRB)
Which of the following statements about correlational research is false?
Correlational methods are useful for establishing cause-and-effect relationships between two variables
What does the magnitude of a correlation coefficient indicate about the variables in a correlational study?
How the two variables correlate with one another
Abe and Carl are psychologists who believe that people have free will and can make choices based on higher human values. Abe and Carl's views reflect the _____ approach to psychology.
Humanistic
Dennis, a psychologist, conducts a survey on why most people tend to help a crying child. After the survey, he explains that most people help a crying child because they choose to live by higher values such as altruism. In this scenario, Dennis's explanation is reflective of the _____ approach to psychology.
Humanistic
The _____ approach emphasizes a person's positive qualities, the capacity for positive growth, and the freedom to choose one's destiny.
Humanistic
Allie has developed a theory concerning test grades of high school students. She believes that there is a strong causal relationship between students' frequency of study and their grades in school. In the context of psychology's scientific method, in order to test her theory, Allie would first have to state a
Hypothesis
_____ is a situation in which material that was learned later disrupts the retrieval of information that was learned earlier.
Retroactive interference
Cathy just got transferred to a new department, but she has long believed that her new supervisor is a cranky, disagreeable, critical person. According to the confirmation bias, what will Cathy most likely do on her first day in the new supervisor's department?
She will look for negative behaviors on the part of the supervisor
According to _____ there are three forms of intelligence, whereas according to _____ there are nine types of intelligences
Sternberg's triarchic theory, Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences
According to Gardner's multiple intelligences, which of the following types of vocations would most likely require bodily kinesthetic intelligence?
ability to manipulate objects and to be physically adept. Occupations: surgeon, craftsperson, dancer, athlete.
According to Gardner's multiple intelligences, which of the following types of vocations would most likely require interpersonal intelligence?
ability to understand and interact effectively with others. Occupations: teacher, mental health professional.
Elsa is studying for her psychology exam with the TV on in the background. Research on the effects of divided attention suggests that watching TV while studying will _____ Elsa's exam performance
affect her score badly
In the U.S., intelligence is defined as
an all-purpose ability to do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problems, and to learn from experience
The ability to analyze, judge, evaluate, compare, and contrast are characteristics of _____ intelligence.
analytical
Lucy sustained a brain injury in a car accident. Although Lucy's memories of her life before the accident are intact, she is no longer able to form new, long-term memories. Every night when she goes to bed, her memories of what she had done that day are lost. Lucy suffers from
antreograde amnesia
_____ states that memory storage involves three separate systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
atkinson-Shiffrin theory
Dan, who often travels in airplanes, experiences sudden fear of flying after he hears the news about an airplane crash. In this case, Dan's experience demonstrates
availability heuristic
Annette is an adolescent with extreme social anxiety. Dr. Benson's treatment plan for Annette focuses on rewarding her whenever she takes a step toward conquering her fears. In this scenario, Dr. Benson adheres most closely to the _____ approach to psychology.
behavioral
The _____ approach emphasizes the scientific study of observable behavioral responses and their environmental determinants.
behavioral
Intellectual disability (formerly called mental retardation) is a condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has an IQ of _____ and has difficulty adapting to everyday life.
below 70
Tamika hypothesizes that women are more helpful than men. She decides to conduct an experiment to see if she's right. During lunchtime, she goes to the crowded food court and deliberately drops her notebook. She then notes whether the person standing closest to her helps her pick up her papers and whether the person is male or female. What is the operational definition of "helpful" in Tamika's study?
bending down to pick up papers
Dr. Zimand is studying the association between the functioning of specific brain structures and depression. It is most likely that Dr. Zimand specializes in the _____ approach to psychology.
biological
Psychologists who adopt a _____ approach examine behavior and mental processes through focusing on the body, especially the brain and nervous system.
biological
Dr. Okawa is interested in studying the effect that neurological trauma can have on short-term memory. First, he collects detailed information from a small number of individuals who have experienced brain damage. Then, using information provided by medical records, interviews, and observations, Dr. Okawa attempts to create an in-depth portrait of each individual. What type of research method was used in this study?
case study
According to Baddeley's view of the three components of working memory, the _____ acts like a supervisor who monitors which information deserves our attention and which we should ignore.
central executive
The cerebellum and _____ play an important role in implicit memory.
cerebral cortex
When asked to memorize the 15 letters, C I A C B S A B C F B I I R S, Mary reorganizes them into CIA, CBS, ABC, FBI, and IRS. Mary used the tactic of
chunking
Dr. Ingle has spent a lifetime studying how adults solve mathematical problems. It is likely that Dr. Ingle specializes in _____ psychology.
cognitive
The _____ approach to psychology views the mind as an active and aware problem-solving system. This view contrasts with the _____ approach to psychology, which focuses on an organism's visible interactions with the environment.
cognitive
Which of the following approaches to psychology focuses on how we direct our attention, perceive, remember, think, and solve problems?
cognitive
Which of the following psychologists would be most likely to conduct research on how a child processes information and solves problems?
cognitive
According to the principle of _____ researchers are responsible for keeping all of the data they gather on individuals completely, when possible, anonymous.
confidentiality
The tendency to search for and use information that supports our ideas rather than refutes them is known as
conformation bias
According to the principle of _____, all participants must know what their participation will involve and what risks might develop.
consent
Aaron wants to study the association between sleep deprivation and the number of hours spent on a computer every day. He is not keen to establish causation, but would like to determine whether and how the increase or decrease in one variable is related to the increase or decrease in the other variable. Which of the following research methods is likely to be most effective for Aaron's study?
correlational study
According to Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, _____ intelligence predominantly involves the ability to design, invent, originate, and imagine.
creative
Dr. Ambrose is administering an intelligence test, and one question asks, "During what month of the year does the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) basketball championship games start?" Students from various groups within the U.S., as well as students from other countries, may have problems with this question because it is probably
culturally biased
A key requirement for the process of testing hypotheses in the scientific method is
data analysis
After the study has been completed, the researchers should inform the participants of its purpose and the methods they used. This is in accordance to the principle of
debriefing
According to _____, when we learn something new, a neurochemical memory trace forms, but over time this trace disintegrates.
decay theory
Carlos believes that all of the people from another part of his town are snobs. He believes that the students from this area are rich and drive expensive sports cars to school. He is scheduled to perform with a few of these students in an all-county musical presentation. If he assumes that these particular students will also be rich and snobby, he is using
deductive reasoning
_____ involves reasoning from a general case that we know to be true to a specific instance.
deductive reasoning
Multitasking is an example of
divided sttention
Margaret is the new director of research at a well-known pharmaceutical company. She has been asked to design a set of research studies that will test the effectiveness of the new drugs that are being developed. Because Margaret is concerned about ensuring that experimenter bias and research participant bias do not influence the results, she should design a set of
double blind experiment
_____ refers to auditory sensory memory, whereas _____ refers to visual sensory memory.
echoic, Iconic
Your roommate Chuck is having difficulty in his chemistry class. He asks you for advice on how to improve his memory of the material. You suggest that rather than trying to memorize the definitions, he should learn the concept by coming up with real-world examples. You tell Chuck to work on making links between new information and everything he already knows. Which of the following memory strategies are you recommending to Chuck?
encoding, storage, retrival
Best friends Kate and Diana are at the park, watching their children play together. Kate reminds Diana about the time that they had a big fight on the same playground as children and didn't talk to each other for almost a week. In the context of long-term memory, Kate's recollection of this event best exemplifies the use of her _____ memory.
episodic
Jack doesn't need to look at his keyboard while typing. His fingers automatically move over the keys as he types information into the computer. In the context of memory storage, which part of Jack's brain is active in the memory required to perform these skills?
episodic
Which of the following structures of memory is autobiographical?
episodic
The final step in the scientific method of psychology is
evaluate theory
Which of the following research methods allow(s) researchers to determine causality?
experimental
Dr. Steinguard wants to demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship between stress and memory. Which of the following research methods should he use?
experimental method
Dr. Amani is interested in investigating why women are more able to correctly interpret emotional expressions than men. In this case, he is most interested in the scientific goal of _____ behavior.
explaining
Which of the following is subdivided into episodic and semantic memory?
explicit
Which of the following refers to the conscious recollection of information, such as specific facts and events and, at least in humans, information that can be verbally communicated?
explicit memory
_____ has to do with remembering who, what, where, when, and why. _____ has to do with remembering how.
explicit, implicit
When using the computer as an analogy to explain the relationship between cognition and the brain, the brain is described as the computer's _____ and cognition is described as its _____.
hardware, software
Vince suffered serious brain injury to his cerebellum in a motorcycle accident. What effect will this have on Vince's life?
he wont remember how to ride his motorcycle
In the context of how memory is organized, which of the following is true of schemas?
helps interpret information
_____ is the proportion of observable differences in a group that can be explained by differences in the genes of the group's members.
heredibility
_____ is the tendency to report falsely, after the fact, that we accurately predicted an outcome. It is sometimes referred to as the "I-knew-it-all-along effect."
hindsight bias
According to evolutionary psychologists
human behavior is traceable to problems early humans faced in adapting to their environments.?
According to the _____, people have the ability to control their lives and are not simply controlled by the environment.
humanistic
Which of the following involves memory for skills?
implicit
_____ includes the systems involved in procedural memory, classical conditioning, and priming.
implicit
People very quickly adapt to the procedures and behaviors appropriate at a birthday party. General knowledge of what to expect and how to behave at a birthday is called a(n)
implicit memory
Recalling the names of the members of a famous football team is an example of
implicit memory
_____ refers to the degree to which changes in the dependent variable are due to the manipulation of the independent variable.
independent variable
Bertha met two students from another school at a convention. She enjoyed their company a great deal and was very impressed with how nice they were. Bertha now believes that all of the students from that school must also be nice and is considering transferring there. Bertha is using
inductive reasoning
Psychological research involves studying a sample of participants in order to draw conclusions about the population from which the sample is drawn. This is an example of
inductive reasoning
Standardization
involves developing uniform procedures for administering and scoring a test, as well as creating norms, or performance standards, for the test
A case study
is an in depth history on a person
Which of the following is true of long-term memory?
it is complex, and is divided into explicit and implicit memory.
In the context of memory processes, which of the following scenarios best illustrates the process of encoding information?
listening to a lecture
According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory, information can last up to a lifetime in
long term
The hippocampus, the temporal lobes in the cerebral cortex, and other areas of the limbic system play a very important role in _____ memory.
long term
When you are asked to recall your first day of kindergarten, you rely on _____, whereas when you are asked to recall the name of a person you just met a few seconds ago, you rely on _____.
long term, short term
Which of the following is the second step in the scientific method?
make a hypothesis or prediction
_____ refers to the retention of information or experience over time.
memory
_____ is an individual's level of intellectual development relative to that of others.
mental age
Cognitive psychology is the study of
mental processes such as "attention, language use, memory, perception, problem solving, creativity, and thinking"
According to Hermann Ebbinghaus
most forgetting takes place soon after an individual learns something
Dr. Jimand poses as a student for his study of foreign students who are adjusting to college life in the United States. Dr. Jimand lives in the dorm with the students and attends classes with them. The students do not know that he is a researcher. Which of the following research methods is Dr. Jimand using?
naturalistic observation
Which of the following is the first step in the scientific method?
observe
Which of the following statements is true of people who are gifted?
often skilled leaders
Researchers usually must submit their findings to a journal for review by their colleagues, who make a decision about whether to publish the paper depending on its scientific merit. This process is known as a
peer view
According to Baddeley, the _____ is specialized to briefly store speech-based information about the sounds of language.
phonological loop
Professor Jordan has suggested to his students that as study time increases, grades increase. The professor is describing a
positive correlation
Hudson works in the product-development department of a large toy company. His job is to take abstract theories of child development and implement them in functional ways so that they can be used to create a toy. According to Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, Hudson would most likely score high on a measure of _____ intelligence.
practical
Brian conducts a study to examine the ability of boys and girls in solving difficult mathematical problems. He expects girls to perform much better than boys and communicates his expectation to the participants in a subtle manner. This is an example of
prediction/hypothesis
____ provide an objective description of how variables are going to be measured and observed in a particular study.
predictions
In the context of psychological research methods, which of the following scenarios is an example of the survey method?
presents a standard set of questions, or items, to obtain people's self-reported attitudes or beliefs about a particular topic.
Having a better memory for items at the beginning of a list demonstrates the _____, whereas having a better memory for items at the end of a list demonstrates the _____.
primacy, recency
_____ is the activation of information that people already have in storage to help them remember new information better and faster.
priming
Jeremiah, an eight-year-old boy, did not learn to tie his shoelaces until he was six years old. Now, he ties them expertly while talking to others and without looking at his feet. Such skills are associated with _____ memory.
procedural
In his practice, Dr. Wagner stresses the role of unconscious processes and unresolved childhood conflicts that influences individuals' behavior. Dr. Wagner's belief aligns with the _____ approach to psychology.
psychodynamic
During a therapy session, Mrs. Brown's therapist, Donald, asks Mrs. Brown about her dreams because he believes that they are a key to her unconscious mind. In this scenario, Donald is most likely using the _____ approach to psychology.
psycodynamic
_____ refers to researchers' allocation of participants to groups by chance, to reduce the likelihood that an experiment's results will be due to preexisting differences between groups.
random assignment
A _____ is a sample that gives every member of the population an equal chance of being selected.
random sample
Asking an eyewitness to describe a suspect's physical appearance to a sketch artist would be an example of a _____ task, whereas asking an eyewitness to identify a suspect on the basis of a lineup of five possible assailants is an example of a _____ task.
recall
Retrieval is the memory process that
recalls memories out of long term
The memory of emotionally significant events that people often recall with more accuracy and vivid imagery than everyday events is known as
recognition
Multiple choice exams involve testing a student's _____ abilities, whereas essay exams involve testing _____ abilities.
recognition, recall
Minutes before her biology test, Katie tries to learn the definition of "osmosis" from her class notes. She repeats the definition over and over again in her mind until she is confident that she will remember it. Which of the following methods is Katie using to help her memorize the definition?
rehearsal
If an intelligence test produces the same score over multiple administrations but it doesn't accurately measure intelligence, then the test is _____ but not _____.
reliable, valid
Janel was sexually abused by her uncle when she was five years old. This experience was so devastating and traumatic that she removed the memory from her conscious awareness. This is an example of a(n)
repressed memory
Shannon is an excellent student. She rewrites her class notes after each class. Rewriting her notes is a form of
retention
_____ refers to the process by which information gets into memory storage.
retention
Proactive and retroactive interference are examples of
retrieval failures
A _____ is the subset of a population selected to participate in the study.
sample
A person's knowledge about the world is known as _____ memory.
semantic
Your knowledge of the alphabet and multiplication tables is most likely to be stored in your _____ memory.
semantic
In which subsystem of long-term memory is your knowledge of how to drive a car and how to ride a bike stored?
semantic memory
According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory, which of the following memory systems has a time frame of up to 30 seconds?
sensory
The _____ is the tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list more readily than those in the middle.
serial position effect
After hearing a friend's telephone number for the first time, Harold was immediately able to recite all seven digits of the phone number in perfect order. Harold most likely used his _____ to recite these digits.
short term memory
Dr. Badal is a psychologist who studies achievement motivation among groups of African American, Latino, and Asian American people. Dr. Badal likely practices the _____ approach to psychology.
socio cultural
If a psychologist studies about the behavioral differences between people from two religions, he or she is most likely following the _____ approach to psychology.
sociocultural
According to Gardner's multiple intelligences, which of the following frames of mind describes the ability to think three-dimensionally?
spatial
Cognitive psychology studies all of the following EXCEPT
telepathy
After careful observation, Dylan has stated a hypothesis that spending money on other people leads to greater happiness than spending money on oneself. In accordance with the scientific method, which of the following steps is Dylan most likely to take next?
test through empirical research
Which of the following is true of brain structures and memory functions in long-term memory?
that they are focuesed in a set of neurons
If a child's mental age is higher than her chronological age, this means that
the child's IQ is above average
_____ is the ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time.
villigance
In the context of ethics guidelines in psychological research, deception is ethically allowed
when it could alter ones behavior in an experiment
