Psych 105 UCSB Final
results of the autism theory of mind experiment
Children with Autism performed significantly worse on sally-anne task Found task hard even though IQ matched and were older Down Syndrome performed just as well as 4 year olds individuals with autism have problems that are domain specific about thinking about mental states
False photography test with children with autism
Children with autism pass this test at equal rates as typical 4 years-olds confirming the issue is domain specific and about theory of mind and not about complexity of tasks
What did the Guess who task do and what were the results?
Asked for child to figure out which character (out of the ones on the picture) was the experimenter describing Children were told to ask about race so they could perform better 2 conditions: Race matters& Race doesn't matter Children are reluctant to mention race Harms performance-children are taught to not talk about race even when talking about it is benefirical
Who do children have asymmetry with?
Asymmetry between who children are comfortable with and who is perceived as good in society
social cateogrization
Can define things like how people think a persons attributes would become in certain social groups
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Judgement
Cared more about justifications than the moral judgements themselvesThe why behind things being good or bad
Sally-Anne task (false beliefs) results:
Children say (4-5 years age) answer correctly but 3 year old think sally will search in the box. They expect her to look in the location where the ball actually is and don't assume she is unaware of where the ball is because they know same result with the smarties task
Self-Discipline: Delay of Gratification test showed:
Delay of gratification (4-5 year old's) predicts academic achievement (high school) Self-control may matter more than IQ
Not about STEM vs. Not STEM- what happens when people associate brilliance with specific jobs?
Disciplines where people think "innate brilliance" is needed to succeed have a high proportion of men AND: Disciplines where people think "innate brilliance" is needed to succeed have a lower proportion of African Americans
what did Jane Elliot do?
Divided the class into blue eyes and brown eyes to have children experience discrimination Each day one of the 2 groups got benefits Children fought based on these groups and developed social groups and stereotypes Later in the week the privileged groups was switched After it wasn't quite as bad When minimal groups are made relevant to children affects them and it matters
what are some differences in environment that could affect IQ
Effects of shared environment (e.g. children in the same family) Effects of non-shared environment Different experiences within the family Different experiences/ environmental factors outside the family Varies by socioeconomic status (SES)
Are there really sex differences? What does the study of sex based stereotypes say?
Ex: systematic thinking (machines/processes/causation of objects in physical world) v. empathic thinking (other people thoughts feelings in social world) measured by self-report scales: Autism Quotient (AQ) Mean score in men is higher than that of women BUT the differences between the averages of each sex is smaller than range of differences within each sex
what are the implications of not talking about race?
Experiment w/ White 5-year olds and parents Parents do not discuss raceParents predict no racial attitudes for children Children attribute more positive traits to white than black people
How do transgender children's gender preferences look compared to gender-typical kids?
Experiment: Tested children who identified with biological sex and those that were transgender Transgender kids are listed as the gender they identify with and their responses correlated with their gender identity
Who shows explicit/implicit bias more?
Explicit bias is huge in 5 year olds and declines as they age (adults show no explicit bias) Implicit bias is stable through adulthood both of these results are for while children and adults
when tested on social hierarchy how did hispanic children in the US respond?
Explicit: both Hispanic children and adults vary on black or white outgroups Hispanic that compare their group to black they showed explicit preferences for their ingroup (Hispanic over black) When outgroup was white, children and adults had no preference over White or Hispanic Implicit: (IAT) Hispanics and black or Hispanics and whitesPreferences or Hispanic over black = significant
White Participants' Preference is shown by:
Explicit: by around kindergarten, white children are willing to say they prefer white friends Implicit: also around kindergarten, white children show a learned association between white/good and black/bad Although white adults are unlikely to say explicitly say they like White people more, they show equal levels of implicit bias
False Belief Watermelon task conditions
Familiarization: the experimenter puts the watermelon in the green (dark grey) box! So she has a true belief that it is in the green box. True belief condition: Actor is present and watches the watermelon move boxes. She has a different true belief that the watermelon is in the yellow box False belief condition: infant saw watermelon moved to the yellow box while actor was not there and so she has a true belief that it is in the green box but in reality it is in the yellow box Actor either went to the green or yellow box and watched which situation infants found surprising
Mere exposure test in 3 month olds found that..
3 groups of patients (white Israelis in Israel, black Ethiopians in Ethiopia, black Ethiopians in Israel) infants are shown pictures of white and black men and women and they found that people like not look at race most familiar to them- if they have enough exposure to both they have no preference
earliest signs of race based categorization occur when?
3 year olds look longer at own race face
How does gender guide learning?
4-5 year olds use gender to decide what to play and what to wear gender trial: A study where researchers showed children 2 kids Girl named Jordan that liked the game gazoop Boy named baily liked the game babber Girls chose gazoop Boys chose babber Race trial: Children are at chance they didn't use race as a factor in decision making- gender is particularly important in deciding what to play with or what to wear
At what age do strong same-race preference show?
5 years old
is spanking good for children?
70% of US parents said yes in 2012 but studies show that spanking leads to less compliance and ore aggression and antisocial behavior
why do infants succeed at false belief tasks while 3 year olds fail?
Babies seem to have competence (can pass looking time tests) Performance is hard on verbal tasks (Children do not pass Sally-Anne until approx. 5 years old) Maybe competence is there all along, but performance develops
False Beliefs and the theory of mind - Sally Anne Task
Introduced to 2 dolls: 1 named Sally (left) and 1 named Anne (right) Sally puts her ball in the basket and then goes away When sally is gone Anne moves the ball to her box Now sally is back, where will sally look for her ball?In her basket Where is sally's ball really? In the box its a false belief because dally believes her ball is in the basket but it its really in the box
False photography test with children
Mini room with chair and bed and there is a toy on the chair and a picture was taken on a polaroid and then the toy moved onto the bed Child is asked where the stuffed animal is on the picture Typical 4 year-olds say toy in is on the chair in pic while toy is in the bed in real life
what is the still face paradigm?
a mother will play with her infant and then present a neutral face- researcher then measures babies reaction to mothers neutrality
secondary transfer is
secondary transfer that having contact with one kind of outgroup can lead to more positive outlooks at not only that race but other races as well
what is the most common attachment style in the world for infants?
secure attachment style
Social soothing: skin to skin contact does what for infants?
skin to skin contact reduces pain in infants, stabilizing their heart rate and breathing in premature infants, and helps heal infants that are sick
Average SAT scores in males in females and the differences are...
standard across time- males only score only 30 points higher than women on these tests over time
Oxytocin and the study of love and bonding experiment studies what relationship and what were the results?
studies the relationship between mothers and infants (and later fathers and infants) and results show that the more oxytocin that a mother had during and after pregnancy the more love and bonding they feel for the infant. When mother and infant touch oxytocin levels rise Mothers and fathers have identical levels of oxytocin after 1 month from the child being born
Book called Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mom by Amy Chua shows what?
that Chinese parents were more authoritarian and had the same levels of closeness and that authoritative parenting wasn't related to academic success for Chinese Americans like it did for European Americans
what is joint attention?
the ability to focus on what another person is focused on
describe insecurely attached-avoidant infants in strange situation study.
the infant has little overt distress when mother leaves and is likely to ignore the mother when she returns 20% of US infants
describe insecurely attached-ambivalent infants in the strange situation study.
the infant is distressed when the mother leaves and is NOT soothed when she returns 15% of US infants
what are inhibited children more likely to have as adults?
anxiety, depression and phobias
explicit preference can be shown by..
asking directly (who do you like?)
implicit preference can be shown by...
asking indirectly (implicit associations tests- IAT)
What are possible mechanisms for attachment?
association between caregiver and pleasure (feeling good) emotional needs and physical comfort evolutionary theories say its instinctive for survival
Do attachment styles change over time?
attachment style is stable over time (9 to 18 months) it can change when life circumstances change or if a relationship changes because attachment styles are based on relationships and not just the person
Socio-cultural differences in parenting examples include:
authoritative parenting is best for middle-class Americans Authoritarian parenting is more common in African-American and Asian-American families and it leads to more positive outcomes
nature- parenting and temperament
babies of certain types of parents are more likely to have certain personality characteristics (DNA)
nurture- parenting and temperament
being raised with a different type or parenting can change temperament/personality
How do infants attempt to maintain proximity to caregivers?
bids for interaction (smiling, vocalizing) distress calls (yelling ,crying) active proximity seeking (following)
skin to skin soothing right after birth does what for newborns?
breast feeds longer cry less more stable temperature and blood sugar it can even affect future genetic expression
Motivation to control prejudice may reduce outward expression of explicit preferences, but
but there is still evidence of implicit bias
what do all babies have in common?
caregivers
Natural experiment of neglect in developing infants are seen in orphanages, what are the results of this?
children are adopted from orphanages at different ages infants who were not adopted by 8 months failed to form typical attachment styles and seek closeness with everyone (not just family) even for children adopted after 8 months these attachment styles did not develop regularly and these children didn't know how to navigate relationships later in life
Why do children imitate everything even if it's irrational?
children are predisposed to copy even when these steps were clearly unnecessary They view adult as a teacher- they expect to be taught
experiment of goodness of fit of child and family results show:
children that have early puberty have more negative outcomes warmth and reactivity affect onset of puberty higher uninhibited children are less reactive and go with the flow inhibited children have high stress and are reactive low tanner scores = later puberty high tanner score = earlier puberty sympathetic nervous system reactivity measured as high in inhibited and low in uninhibited children who are inhibited are highly reactive SNS and high tanner scores with low warmth from family children with these traits but low warmth from family have higher tanner scores, but not the highest. children who are uninhibited with high SNS activity and lots of warmth from family have lower tanner scores which is really good! but children with these facts but low warmth from family have the highest tanner scores (early puberty = more issues later in life)
case study of spanking children shows:
cognition in infants is affected by excessive spanking kids that were spanked more had lower cognition compared to those that were not spanked
what is the difference in cultural norms in Japan and what do most children have for an attachment style?
culture stressed interdependence and thus most infants display insecure attachment-ambivalent styles.
what is the difference in cultural norms in Germany and what do most children have for an attachment style?
culture stresses independence and discourages clingy behavior and thus most children show insecure attachment-avoidant style.
Why Study Individual Differences
dentity individuals with potential Identify individuals who are at risk Provide support & opportunities to people who could use them best (Targeted interventions)
when do social preferences based on race arise?
early school years
what develops that can help distinguish competence v. performance issues?
executive functioning which inhibits controls, task rule switching and more
when does perpetual categorization start?
infancy
describe securely attached infants in the strange situation study
infant becomes distressed when mother leaves but readily soothed when she returns 65% of USA infants
goal-directed agents is the way in which infants should see what?
infants should see adults as goal directed agents - Actions should have a specific weight and understanding as to why they are enacted (aka what the goal of an action is)
theory of mind successes and experiment that proves this is true
infants think of actions as driven by goals and desires for example they expect people to reach to objects they want infants will be shocked when experimenter reaches for an object that's in the place of the original object that was reached for - book on a a shelf and experimenter grans it (infant habituated) -next trail the book is on a new shelf and a mug is placed on original shelf - if experimenter grabs mug infant is shocked and if experimenter goes to new shelf where book is the child is not shocked -infant infers that experimenter wants the book and they is why he kept grabbing it- assumed even if book is in new place that is still what the experimenter wants- so infant is inferring mental state of experimenter -- experiment replicated with metal hand and not a person and infants had no expectations of the claw wanting the book
explain the experiment testing newborn preferences to faces
infants were shown a paddle that either had no decal features, scrambled features, or regular facial features and researchers measured howe much babies would turn their head to follow the paddle Results showed babies would rather look at the face than the other 2 options
foundations of social understanding is:
the theory of mind and thinking of other people as having mental Staes (desires, beliefs, thoughts, knowledge, pretense)
cultural differences are related to levels of inequality, describe how this is possible.
the threat of being at the bottom of the social ladder pushes them to get to the top and changes the focus of important traits that parents want their children to have high levels of income inequality (USA) has 2/3 say hard work is an essential quality to instill in children in Sweden (low income inequality) they emphasize imagination over hard work
Thomas and chess 1977 has a longitudinal study of temperament which states:
there are a few types of temperament within NYC babies -easy/non-reactive/uninhibited babies account for 40% and they are playful and not upset by new things -difficult/reactive/inhibited babies account for 10% and have irregular biological routines and respond negatively to novel things slow to warm up babies account for 15% of babies and they have low levels of activity, withdrawn, eventually adapt to new situations, more reserved but adaptable.
Are there differences in attachment in children?
there are individual differences in the nature of attachment across children
what skills do infants need in order to imitate someone?
they have to understand relative social partners/relationships they have to pay attention to those people and follow their gaze and think about their actions (Joint attention)
Why do infants want to maintain proximity?
they want together things provide safety want to learn
Do children understand mental states of other from infancy or does it develop?
it develops: experiment Broccoli or crackers Experimenter choses broccoli over crackers 18 month old gave her veggies if they see that she liked that more even if they liked crackers 14 month olds always gave her crackers even if she didn't like them because they love crackers
What did the study of violation of expectation question?
it questioned if infants have an internal working model about relationships
what is the study of violation and what were the results?
it takes infants with already developed attachment styles (secure or insecure) and measured responses to good (comfort crying baby) or bad parental behavior (don't comfort crying baby) results: children with secure attachment looked longer at unresponsive caregiver trials then those with insecure attachment
Mary Ainsworth Strange Situation experiment design was...
longitudinal and cross cultural in Uganda and the USA she had children endure the same parental behaviors and measured the reactions that infants of different cultures and within the same culture displayed
Authoritarian parenting
low acceptance and high demand many rules/demands, few explanations and little sensitivity to child's needs
Disengaged parenting
low acceptance and low demand few rules/demands, parents uninvolved, insensitive to child's needs
long term effects of permissive parenting
low controlling and high responsiveness of parents leads to kids that are impulsive, lack of self-control, perform poor academically and have high rates of antisocial behavior
Permissive parenting
low demand and high acceptance few rules/demands, children allowed much freedom by indulgent parents
Why do kids fail the belief task at 3 years old?
may not understand how to track the true state of the world and the world in someone else's mind OR it could be a performance issue
Autism Theory of Mind experiment design
used sally-anne task Typically developing 4 year old Mental IQ matched sample with Autism Spectrum Disorder (average age 12 years) Mental IQ matched sample with Down's Syndrome (average age of 11 years)
what were the results of children in Congo who were given he strange situation test?
most children show secure attachment styles
whose voice and face does an infant prefer?
mothers face and voice are preferred also fathers/caregivers face
What could stop a baby from developing an attachment style?
neglect- when serve and return is broken the development of the brain not only stops making connections it also induces extreme stress
is infant imitation rational?
no , even if they know actions aren't necessary they will perform them Children perform over-imitation
are 3 year olds good at executive functioning tasks?
no 3 year olds are really bad at EF tasks and performance on EF tasks tends to be correlated w/ performance on False Belief tasks
does social soothing work only with parents?
no social soothing can work with any person and infant
do chimps also imitate irrationally?
no, chimps skip the unnecessary steps; they go directly to the necessary steps to get a treat
Gender influences Hiring (STEM)- what usually occurs when STEM jobs are hiring?
Same C.V. for lab job, only difference is name Karen millerBrian miller Males more likely to be hired Professors more willing to mentor males Males were offered starting salaries Both males and females (who do the hiring) show effects
do kids always care about race?
race isn't everything for example: Children care more about how someone sounds than how they look
What was the Harlow's Monkeys experiment?
raised monkeys from birth with 2 mothers wire mother that provided food but no comfort cloth mother that provided comfort but no food
environmental and socialization approaches to individual differences state what?
Sex differences are learned from immersion within a culture, where there are different expectations on men and women We treat men and women differently so they end up actually acting differently
evolutionary approaches to individual difference describe what?
Sex differences arise from different evolutionary pressures faced by males and females
What Did Harlow's Monkeys show?
results showed monkeys stayed on cloth mother for 7/8 hours and wire mother for up to 1 hour which shows that the need for comfort and safety the monkeys were drawn top that over the desire for food
Postconventional/principled level (stages 5&6)
Universal principles (ex: equal human rights) should be followed Regardless on how pother people see you or what the actual rules are
Piaget & Kohlberg both subscribed to this philosophy and created stage theories of moral development
Use explicit rationalization interview procedure to make stage theories to see how moral development unfolds throughout childhood
Cases of extreme deprivation in Romanian colleges include cases of:
romanian colleges- infants deprived close contact with an adult (1 caregiver to 12 infants) where their is a lack of responses to distress and no evidence of attachment to "favorite caregivers" children not shown affection regularly
There is not asymmetry in race preference
White participants show large pro-white bias Black participants show no significant bias which is the same in older and younger children
Conventional Level (stages 3&4)
You should do things so that people see you as "good" Good reputation Justified by people will see you as good if you do that or bad if you do that
children encode gender in what way?
Young children encode schema-consistent information from stories easier than inconsistent information
Baumrind Scales of Parenting
2 dimensions: acceptance/responsiveness which measures degree is support and sensitivity demandingness/control which measures the degree of regulation and control
Describe the strange situation experiment.
An infant is in a new environment with their parent, a stranger walks in, the parent leaves, the infant is in a new environment with a stranger, parent later returns this is a tool for evaluating attachment relationships within each child and their parent
Are there differences in STEM aptitude between genders?
By elementary school, children associate math with boys This is before there are actually any differences in academic performance in math Males less likely to associate "Female" w/ Science
What is one method to test social hierarchy in different racial groups?
Child introduced to in group or out group children and measure responses in preference based on race
Generic labels communicate relevance in which way?
Children and adults were more likley to give essential responses (say the property applies to all category members) after hearing generic language Stereotypes can be passed across generations by parents likelihood of using generic language
How can we increase female interest - what experiment tests this?
Children play a game where the guess the contents of a cup based on smell Assigned to the "Be a Scientist" or "Do Science" condition Girls in the "Do Science condition" were more interested
Gender can be used as motivation, as seen in the Rhodes and Brickman 2008 study the Implications of gender causing people to be treated differently :
Children played a (novel) game and learned that another child (boy/girl) did better than them Gender Identity of child (varying factor) who "did better" influences performance Gender unidentified: do better Same gender: do better Opposite gender: do worse
Roommate studies
College freshman at the start and end of quarter Randomly assigned to same-race or other-race roommate Same race reported more satisfaction with roommate and involved in each other social networks Inter-racial roommates- white students have more positive automatic people and were less anxious to interact with black people
colorblind parenting refers to
Colorblind parenting: White parents are reluctant to talk about race 10% of white parents talk about race 80% say its important to talk about it
community based contact - tests compare children Hawaii and massachusetts on stereotyping and essentialism; what were the results of the tests
Comparison of 2 communities in Hawaii and MassachusettsChildren between ages 4 and 11 results: children were more likely to stereotype the outgroup when living in Mass then living in Hawaii Children in Mass increased stereotyping as they aged Contextual differences due to differences in essentialism
what is Imitation behavior
Copy actions they may have seen before and actions they have never seen before
when tested on social hierarchy how did black children in the South Africa respond?
Cosa people (black ethnic group in SA) Preference for white and colored people Preferred Cosa over foreign black person Internalized hierarchy between different races White = more power= more status in community More likely to chose and be friends with people with high status
what does the emphasis of egalitarianism actually do though its message is clear?
Focus on egalitarianism"Everyone should be treated equally" Problem: leads to reduction of awareness of bias and greater stereotyping Egalitarianism is an issue because equality and equity are not the same
Kohlberg's theory of gender
Gender identity developed around 2 years old "I am a boy" Gender stability Developed around 3-4 years old "I've always been a boy" Gender constancy Developed around 5-7 years old "Even if you cut your hair you're still a girl or a boy"
generic language example:
Generic: look at this Zarpie! Zarpies hate ice cream
Gender socialization at a toy store looks like:
Girls by princes and boys buy superhero's Girls want pink stuff and blue stuff Boys want blue stuff and pink stuff Companies manipulate what genders are interested
How does the differences in hormone levels in utero affect the way that that child acts later in life?
Higher fetal testosterone levels = more male typical gendered play preference in preschool
Transgender children have core gender identity is at odds with biological sec and gender assigned at birth are they prone to the same social categorizations?
Highly resistant to socialization -Parents try to socialize them into the gender they are born as and think this s a stage and this fails and children still think they are their desired gender
Individual differences measure
How and why do individual children differ from each other during development?
what is attachment theory?
Hypothesizes that early relationships create an 'internal working model' of how infants think that interpersonal relationships will play out... and that this internal working model provides info about how adults relationships will/should be
Two big problems with IQ
IQ tests are designed to predict performance Features other than 'general intelligence' correlate as much with academic success (ex: self-discipline, executive function)
Genetic contribution and experience matter in terms of IQ
Identical twins> fraternal twins> unrelated children raised together Shared experience matters: Fraternal Twins > siblings
Gardener's Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Identifies at least eight mental abilities, each with a distinct biological basis and course of development.
stereotype task
Included positive and negative statements when asking which kid (in pic) would do a certain thing Kids given a score of 1 each time they picked the stereotypical answer over 9 trials
What is temperament?
Individual differences in emotion, motor behavior, reactivity, and self-regulation (earliest measure of "personality")
How do infants respond to still face paradigm experiment?
Infant works hard for response and gets upset when these actions don't cause their mother to elicit responses
cross modal categorization task is
Infants know that there are 2 genders and match voice to appearance By 9 months infants have understanding of 2 gender categorization
Results of the false belief watermelon test
Infants seemed to understand both true and false beliefs Looking longer at the unexpected search location in both conditions Especially surprising because 3-year-olds fail multiple versions of false belief tasks Infants tracked the false belief of the actor and expected them to stay in line with her false belief
specific language example
Look at this Zarpie! This Zarpie hates ice cream!
no label language example
Look at this one! This one hates ice cream
How racial bias manifests depends on what features?
MANY THINGS! Including: Contact/familiarity societal hierarchy- How we talk- need to address race
Minimal Group Theory
Make a group seem important people will care about it
what is goodness of fit?
Match between child's temperament and the environment (particularly the parenting they receive)
do parents talk to their children differently?
Parent-talk at science museum (Crowley et al, 2001) Boys get more explanations Children's behaviors didn't change base on gender
do parents have gender expectations?
Parental gender expectations: how adults play with infant they don't know and basically half to know the age and gender of the child before playing with it example: Boy get s fun big movements and is told he will have a really cool job in future Girl is cuddled and is told she can be miss America
Does the gender influence thinking about your child and their abilities?
Parents of boys over estimate child's ability Parents of girls underestimated child's ability In reality there is no gender difference
socialization differences based on gender start when?
People interact with boys and girls differently, starting at infants Gender reveal parties
What scores do individuals with autism get when tested on systematic of empathic thinking?
People who are diagnosed with autism get much higher scores on systematic thinking than empathetic thinking
Stages of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Judgement- stage theory
Preconventional Level (Stages 1&2) Conventional Level (stages 3&4) Postconventional/principled level (stages 5&6)
Historical Moral Development
Rationalism: We can study morality by looking at children's explicit reasoning How people justify their own or others behavior- how was action good or bad = rationalize
in an experiment where children randomly assigned to interact with either a reliable or unreliable experimenter what occurred?
Reliable experimenter: says she will bring crayons and does Unreliable experimenter: says she will bring crayons and doesn't
How do intelligence Tests Work?
Rely on very large samples Test a variety of tasks Compare individual performance to norms (by age)
Preconventional Level (Stages 1&2)
Rules should be followed because they are rules, avoid punishmentAvoid punishmentAuthority figures are rightJustification is that you'll get into trouble
Explicit friendship preference study design and results show:
Set of studies w/ 10 month, 2 years, 5 years White infants were introduced to 2 experimenters 1 was white and 1 was black It was assumed that the ones that look like them have their preference but -10 month old and 2 year olds have no race based preferences -10 month old were actually slightly more likely to approach the black individual -Preschoolers are very likely to have interracial relationships
difference between sex and gender is:
Sex = biological categorization Gender = social categorization as male or female
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH): genetic females (XX) produce more androgens (male hormones) than typical, how do they act and how do they see themselves?
Show more rough play and interest in "boy" activities Higher male-like spatial cognition test scores These girls are not socialized differently heir desire to engage in "boys" activities are due to hormones and these girls do not show a desire to be male or feel uncomfortable within their gender identity
when tested on social hierarchy how did Chinese children in the China respond?
Similar patterns Ingroup- Chinese Outgroup-black Implicit bias - stable Black - bad/ Chinese - good Later in life they realize that white and good are not all the same At age 10 Chinese children associate white with status - leading to differences in implicit bias
is temperament stable over time?
Somewhat: 4 month olds show stable reaction to novelty inhibited - high reactive and distressed uninhibited relaxed and calm very few children switch temperaments as adults inhibited infants are more fearful as toddlers and still avoid new things
Stages of Piaget's theory of Moral Judgement
Stage 1- Moral realism (under 7 years old)Outcomes matter Rules= rigidly acceptedPunishment- chosen by authority figure Stage 2: Transitional period (8-10 years)Interactions with peers teach children that rules can be constructed and changed by the group Stage 3: Moral Relativism (11 years +)Intentions matterRules: product of social agreementPunishment = "fair" and "fits the crime"
Draw a scientist Test tests what?
Tests associations between science & male in kids results showed decreasing associate of scientists and gender
Theory of mind
Theory of mind is the knowledge of what you hold internally within your consciousness and knowing that others have that as well within their own consciousness
social categories
There are people and they are divided into different groups (US V THEM) Some social categories are socially obvious (gender or race- assumed by visual cues) but ethnic groups/language/religious groups are internal features you cannot always tell them apart
what is more common for minority parents to talk about with their children regarding social categorization?
These parents have the talk with their children about race
What is the contact hypothesis?
We like people we have regular contact with (familiar/comfortable) Increasing contact with "outgroup' members can attenuate social group conflict but also make people more likely to like people outside of their own group
what did Rebecca bigger do?
Went to classes and made blue and yellow groups and mimicked the same sort of system as Jane Elliot Found ingroup preferences emerge fastest when children are given a visual marker of group (t-shirt) and the groups labeled
essentialism task
What do children think this adult (picture) looked like as a child? There was a picture of 2 different race children under the picture of the adult Then asked if this adult could change her skin color if she could would she and how? More essentialist responses- higher scoreEssentialist- she was born that way
children's general abilities when born include:
ability to form relationships, preference for human speech and faces, ability to emit social signals
How does socioeconomic status affect IQ?
for children in low income families the estimated genetic influence on IQ is close to zero minimal expected environment - if conditions are very impoverished children do not attain their genetic potential
what are the earliest measures in temperament (how emotional someone is)?
general mood and reactivity to new things are good measures of temperament in infants
School-based contact and the ambiguous situation task
get characters and they get to decide is that character is good or bad white 1st and 4th graders : at homogenous schools (905 white) saw black as more negative heterogenous schools (<70% white) = no effect of race
long term effects of disengaged parenting
having low demanding and low responsiveness leads to kids that have high rates of antisocial behavior, poor self-image, internalize problems, and have poor academic and social performance
IQ Heritability
heritability for IQ= 0.50 Heritability = proportion of observed variability that can be explained by genetic inheritance Still leaves 50% of the variation to explained, by environment
Authoritative parenting
high acceptance and high demand reasonable demands, consistently enforced, sensitivity to child's needs
long term effects of authoritarian parenting
high controlling and low responsiveness results in kids having average levels of academic and social skills, but have low self-confidence, they are also highly likely to conform to society's social norms
long term effects of authoritative parenting
high demanding and high warmth and responsiveness leads to kids that are competent (social and academic), popular with peers, in control of their own behavior, and display high levels of self-esteem
What are attachment's functions in Harlows monkeys?
increased emotional support and support learning and exploration
How do families with no mothers respond to newborn infants regarding amygdala activation and oxytocin levels?
in a study of 48 gay couples: fathers that are primary caregivers had amygdala activation just like mothers the choice of being a full time caregiving parent is what matters- not if you're the mother or father or even the biological parent
Can "mere exposure" to people from one group increase liking for members of that group?
in some cases yes! familiarizing adults to photographs of many different people show that people prefer faces they've seen before even if they cannot recall seeing them
What does oxytocin do to the amygdala?
oxytocin surge in birth activates a primitive structure in the amygdala that opens up and stays open forever in mothers it also opens up in father but only 25% of what is ignited in mothers
what are the responses to the strange situation experiment?
securely attached, insecurely attached-avoidant, insecurely attached-ambivalent
Contact hypothesis
we like people that we are around more often
weed v orchids theory
weeds can survive anywhere regardless of experience while orchids need specific care but florist when treated well
social and cultural network
where learning happens- connected to various people through social relationships
Piaget's theory of Moral Judgement
who is naughtier ? Little boy called to dinner- On enters the room where there is a chair with 15 glasses on it and it is by the door- child doesn't know chair is there and all the cups get broken OR Little boy tried to get cookies from cupboard and while he was trying to get the cookies the cup fell down and broke while boy reached for cookie jar younger children say boy who broke 15 cups is naughtier and older children say boy trying to steal cookies is naughtier (intention)
Example: Kohlberg's Heinz DilemmaShould he steal the drug?
yes because your family will think you're bad if you dont yes because the right to life is greater than the right to property, so your wife deserves the drug no because if you steal the drug eve
do children infer mental states?
yes- children expect adults to teach and there they consider outside mental states even though children don't need to know why the person does the things in order to copy
Can newborn infants engage in social interactions?
yes: babies can mimic facial expressions after being only 1 hour old