Psych 109 unit 3 test

What did the narrator of the segment say about true altruism?

It is very difficult to measure, as competing explanations for helping cannot be ruled out

The lowball technique

Jack has agreed to purchase a new car for $18,000. However, just before he gets ready to sign the contract, the salesman tells Jack that the sales manager will not approve the amount allowed for his trade-in, and that the contract will have to be higher, probably around $19,000. Jack has just been the victim of ________.

That's not all

Linda was shopping for a new sweater. She was ready to spend around $50. Then she saw one that had a sake tag saying it had been reduced from $150 to $75. Even though it appeared to be almost identical to the less expensive sweaters, she bought it thinking it was a good deal.

Mr. and Mrs. Brown were looking to buy an outdoor table and chair set that was advertised at $500. After they said they'll take it, the salesman explained that they had to pay an extra $100 for the store to assemble the pieces, another $125 for the umbrella, and an additional $50 for the umbrella stand.

Low balling

Which of the following best describes existing gender differences with respect to Lee's (1988) styles of love?

Men tend to score higher on ludus love, but women score higher on pragma love.

Foot in the door

Michael asked Brian, his teammate, to give him a ride home after the soccer game. Once they were on their way, he said, "You don't mind if we stop a little bit away from here and pick up three more people who are coming to my house, do you?"

If in the classroom exercise there had only been a few highly attractive participants, and many less attractive participants, what would the likely result of this be?

Most participants should have shifted their preferences downwards and accepted less attractive partners.

Stimulus overload would interfere with potential helping behavior at which step of Latané and Darley's (1970) five-step model of helping?

Noticing the event

the lowball procedure

One technique for gaining compliance is to offer a very favorable deal to someone, then change the terms of the deal to make it less attractive after the target person has accepted the initial deal. This is known as ________.

Lowballing

Only after Jenna agreed to babysit for Mr. and Mrs. Williams' two-year-old twins for $5.00 an hour, was she told that their cousin, another toddler, was staying with them that night and that she would be watching him too.

Several people in the video segment stated that they did not help because the situation was unclear. However, in some situations, making the situation clearer did not seem to increase helping. In what scenario was the situation clearer, yet people did not stop to help?

When the person needing help was lying next to an empty liquor bottle

Informational social influence is based on our desire to ________.

be correct and have accurate perceptions

Normative social influence is based on our desire to ________.

be liked or accepted by others

The finding that infants spend more time looking at attractive, as compared to unattractive, faces supports the hypothesis that

beauty is objective.

The effectiveness of low-balling seemed to be based on the psychology of

commitment.

According to social exchange theory, an outcome from a relationship will produce satisfaction if it falls above a person's

comparison level.

Individuals from Eastern cultures are more likely than those from Western cultures to

conform to a public norm.

Diffusion of responsibility results in

decreases in helping when multiple people are present.

The foot-in-the-door technique takes particular advantage of the

desire to maintain consistent self-perceptions.

The belief that others will or should take the responsibility for providing assistance to a person in need is called

diffusion of responsibility.

"Good Samaritan" laws

encourage bystanders to intervene in emergencies, increase the cost of failing to help, are fairly rare in the United States.

An evolutionary explanation for the relationship between a face's symmetry and its perceived attractiveness is that

facial symmetry is associated with physical health and fitness.

The concepts of ostracism and conformity are related in that

failure to conform can lead to ostracism.

Research on the marital trajectory suggests that once a couple's children have grown up and left the home,

marital satisfaction tends to increase.

The more we see and interact with other people, the more we like them. This statement captures the essence of the ______ effect.

mere exposure

Arlene finds that even though she sat in the opposite corner of the classroom as Ronda did during the entire term of their chemistry class, when they bump into each other at a party, she seems to like Ronda more than the strangers around. This is best explained by

mere exposure effect

Research on attractiveness and helping indicates that

we are more likely to help attractive people than unattractive people.

Which of the following is true about the "hard-to-get effect?" All of these.

we are turned off by those who reject us because they are committed to someone else, we prefer individuals who are moderately selective over those who are nonselective, we like dates who selectively desire us more than they desire others.

The matching video suggests that in the real world, someone who was blind

would have a relatively good idea how physically attractive he or she was

According to the results of Milgram's studies, woman's obedience level was different from men.

False

The Authority figure in the study was the "Teacher" in control of administering the shocks.

False

The people administering the shocking did not experience any conflict or stress while administering the shocks.

False

The victim (person being shocked) was not an accomplice of the experimenter, and tried to answer the questions correctly.

False

Students who were asked to help create blood donation campaign posters were more likely to donate blood when the campaign started a week later.

Foot in the door

In Milgram's study, 60-65% of people went all the way to the top of the switchboard, administering the highest voltage of shock, obeying the authority figure present.

True

In one study, the obedience of Milgram's subjects was 90%, meaning 90% of the subjects in the experiment, obeyed the authority figure.

True

Milgram wanted to study under what conditions would a person obey authority that commanded actions that went against conscious.

True

Milgram's original motive of the experiment was to understand how the German people could permit the extinction of the Jews.

True

Stanley Millgram conducted a series of studies called "Blind Obedience to Authority."

True

The "teacher" is instructed to give a shock starting at 15 volts when the "subject" answered a question incorrectly.

True

The subjects were 40 males ages between the ages 20-50 residing in the greater New Haven area

True

Normative influence tends to produce ____, whereas informational influence leads to ____.

public conformity; private conformity

What percentage of the participants in Milgram's study of destructive obedience demonstrated complete obedience to the experimenter?

65%

Many participants in the social influence study conducted by ______ gave public responses that they privately knew to be inaccurate.

Asch

Door in the face

At the little league game, some parents were asked to volunteer to man the concession stand. None of them volunteered. Later, when the dame parents were asked to contribute to a travel fund for the team, they gave much more money than parents who were not asked to volunteer to man the concession stand.

Which of the following is likely to be a reason passers-by did not help when the street was crowded?

Diffusion of responsibility is more likely to be an issue on crowded streets

Sixteen-year-old Kate asked her parents if she could go away for a skiing weekend with some older friends. Predictably, they said "No." The next day, when she asked if she could just go for the day, which is really all she wanted, they said "Yes."

Door in the face

Consider situations in which other people are able to see you help another person, versus situations in which no one is around to see you help. Which type of helping motivator would be predicted to be less important in conditions in which no one will witness the helping act?

Expectation of external rewards

Which of the following was NOT a motivation to help as presented by the video segment?

Expectation of punishment for not helping

Shannon is always giving rides and loaning money to her friend Meg. Which helping motivator explains why Meg would be predicted to help Shannon if help was needed?

Expectation of reciprocity

Which of the following was NOT offered as a reason why people sometimes fail to help others?

Poor morals

doing or saying what others around us do or say; coming to feel or think as others around us do

Public conformity is ________; private acceptance is ________.

Dana says, "When I don't help other people, it makes me feel really guilty." This is an example of which helping motivator?

Reduction of anxiety

You're out with friends when a talk show host walks up and asks if you'll answer a few trivia questions on camera. When he asks how many feet are in a mile, your first friend says 2,000 and your second friend says 3,000. You don't know the correct answer, so you say 2,500. Your response is similar to the judgments made by participants in which study?

Sherif (1936)

Dutton and Aron (1974) examined the effects of arousal on attraction by conducting a study in which a female approached and asked survey questions of men on a rickety suspension bridge. Which of the following scenarios is most analogous to the results of this study?

Ten minutes after you've begun a strenuous workout, the person next to you strikes up a conversation, and you immediately feel attracted to him/her.

What was the narrator's end message regarding cooperation and prosocial behavior?

That as we all benefit from cooperation, we should try and find ways to increase prosocial behavior

commitment/consistency

The foot-in-the-door technique is based on the ________ principle of compliance.

People are less likely to help others when they are walking alone. According to the video segment, why might this be the case?

The potential risk of helping another person is higher when you are alone.

According to Milgram one of the things that's a prerequisite for carrying out acts that are evil is to shed responsibility to the person in charge.

True

Rita has a strong desire to establish and maintain social contact with others. Rita has

a high need for affiliation.

"I find that others are reluctant to get as close to me as I would like them to. I often have dreams that my husband doesn't love me like he used to, and that he leaves me unexpectedly. I guess I have this need to lose myself in the person I love, and this sometimes scares them away." A person who is ______ attached most likely wrote those words.

anxiously

Interpersonal attraction between two people is likely to be increased when they

are similar on demographic variables.

According to the bystander effect (Latané & Darley, 1970), if you just witnessed a mugging, you will be most likely to call for help if you

are the sole witness

Ada had missed the notes for several classes and asked Rob for the notes for one day. Rob gave the notes to Ada, who copied them and then asked Rob for a week's worth of notes. Because of the ________, Rob is highly likely to give Ada the notes.

foot-in-the-door technique

As stated in the video segment, kin selection is a potential motivator for helping that would lead people towards

helping others who are or appear to be related to you.

Darley and Batson (1973) found that the helping behavior of seminary students was best predicted by

how much time they had.

Interpersonal credits a person earns by following group norms are called _____ credits.

idiosyncrasy

Joe is usually very agreeable, and goes along with his friends' plans. Tonight, however, he tells his friends that he does not want to go with them to crash a party. Joe's friends accept his refusal to join them, because Joe usually goes along with the group. This is because Joe has

idiosyncrasy credits

According to social impact theory, the source's proximity in time and space to a target determines the source's

immediacy.

Research suggests that self-disclosure reciprocity is more important

in the early stages of a relationship.

A cultural orientation in which independence, autonomy, and self-reliance take priority over group allegiances is called

individualism.

It's Libby's first day in college. When she approaches the professor to have an "add" form signed, she listens to other students to see if they address the professor as "Professor," "Dr.," "Mrs.," or by her first name, and then she does the same. This is an example of

informational influence

When we conform to others' behaviors or attitudes because we believe that their interpretations of an ambiguous situation are more accurate than ours, ________ has occurred.

informational influence

Research on culture and helping indicates that collectivist cultures are more likely to help their _____ and less likely to help their _____.

ingroup; outgroup

The proposition that people help others in order to counteract their own feelings of sadness is called the _____ model.

negative state relief

The unspoken rule dictating that we should treat others as they have treated us is called the

norm of reciprocity.

The empathy-altruism model suggests that when escape from a situation is easy, people will

offer help only when they have empathic concern.

When asked to guess their assigned numbers, students were relatively accurate in their estimates despite not being able to see the numbers. The explanations they gave for their estimates suggests that

one of the primary cues we use to determine our own physical attractiveness is how others respond to us.

Women conform more and men conform less when they believe they are being observed. Eagly (1987) argues that this occurs because

people feel greater pressure in public to behave in ways consistent with their gender role.

The numbers students were assigned were meant to represent

physical attractiveness

Men are more likely than women to help others in situations involving

physical danger and an audience.

According to your textbook, the single best predictor of whether two people will get together is

physical proximity.

The change of beliefs that occurs when a person privately accepts the position taken by others.

private conformity

A superficial change in overt behavior, without a corresponding change of opinion, produced by real or imagined group pressure.

public conformity

The door-in-the-face technique is based on the ________ principle of compliance.

reciprocity

Keith and David are most likely to have a communal relationship if they are _____ and most likely to have an exchange relationship if they are _____.

romantic partners; strangers

Ainsworth and colleagues (1978) identified three basic attachment styles which they termed

secure; avoidant; anxious/ambivalent

The ways in which people are affected by the real or imagined presence of others is called

social influence.

The social norm that motivates us out of a sense of duty and obligation to help those who are dependent on us is the norm of

social responsibility

According to the empathy-altruism hypothesis, altruistic behavior is primarily the result of

taking another's perspective

The tendency to unconsciously mimic the nonverbal behavior of others is called

the chameleon effect.

Wilma and Fred have been having difficulty in their relationship. Wilma thinks that Fred puts less than his share of time into the relationship and doesn't try to please her. Fred gets quiet and sulks when Wilma makes these accusations. Wilma and Fred's relationship seems to display

the demand/withdraw interaction pattern

The bystander effect refers to the finding that

the greater the number of bystanders, the less likely individuals are to help.

LeVay's (1991) examination of the human brain found that

the hypothalamus of homosexual men was similar in many respects to that of heterosexual women.

Mario believes that people desire and form relationships with others who are similar in terms of physical attractiveness. Mario subscribes to

the matching hypothesis.

The presumed reason that putting an overturned wheelchair by the person who needed help resulted in more helping was

the overturned wheelchair made the situation less ambiguous, and people were more likely to help when they thought help was really needed.

The video on the matching phenomenon showed that when students were asked to pair up with others in a classroom exercise

the partner pairs that resulted had approximately equal assigned numbers

The bystander effect refers to the tendency for

the presence of others inhibits helping.

The video segment showed that people were less likely to help when

the streets were crowded.

Although equity theory suggests that both partners who are overbenefited and underbenefited feel uncomfortable, the partner who is _________ is more likely to perceive inequality as a problem.

under benefited