Psych 111 Exam 3

Dis Slides: Deindividuation

Uninhibited behavior when individual anonymous o When an individual is placed in a crowd, the unconscious mind of everyone emerges and creates a collective mind o Minimizes self-awareness o Less inhibition (self-consciousness) more impulsiveness o Minimizes concerns for social evaluation

Dis Slides: Social Roles

Unwritten rules of social behavior on role

Dis Slides: Pluralistic Ignorance

When everyone in a group really thinks X is the case, but each person believes that everyone but them really believes Y, and so keeps their belief to themselves o Ex: I won't ask this question because I think it is a "stupid question" and everyone else knows the answer. However, in reality no one knows the answer to the question.

Group Differences of Personality: Gender differences

Women more agreeable than men *Think about gender expectation*

What is difference between behaviorist and cognitive model of personality?

behaviorist model (only study observable/external behavior) cognitive model (can scientifically study internal behavior)

Dis Slides: Prejudice

• Negative affect (emotions/feelings) about members of a group • Ex: I get angry when I see a woman doing a man's job

Dis Slides: Discrimination

• Negative behavior toward members of a group • Ex: I don't hire women managers

Dis Slides: Stereotype

• Negative cognition (beliefs/thoughts) about members of a group • Ex: I believe women can't do everything men can do

Dis Slides: Persuasion

Process of guiding another to adopt an idea, belief, or action Persuasion is a change of an attitude or belief because of receiving a message

Dis Slides: Emotional coping

Regulate stress emotions E.g. Distract one-self, get social support

Dis Slides: Social Norms

Unwritten rules of social behavior based on situation

What is psychoanalytic model?

intrapsychic conflict (btwn id, superego and ego) --->anxiety --->reliance on defense mechanisms

Humanistic psychologists differ from psychoanalytic theorists by focusing on:

the healthy personality

Dis Slides: Cataclysmic events

Sudden major events that usually effect many E.g. Hurricane, Earthquake, War

Defense Mechanism: Regression

A reversion to immature patterns of behavior

Dis Slides: Pessimists Believe...

positive events=outside of their control, will not happen again negative events=caused by them, more will come

Dis Slides: Bait and Switch

"Bait" with something not available; then "switch" to something more costly o Ex: Advertise a delicious/perfect burger at a fast food place, however not actually available when you get there. Instead you get a sad looking burger.

Dis Slides: Correspondence Bias

(the fundamental attribution error) The theory of how people explain others' behavior; for example, by attributing it either to internal dispositions (enduring traits, motives, and attributions) or to external situations - Dispositional attributions - attributing behaviors to a person's disposition and traits - Situational attributes - attributing behavior to the environment

What are alternative approaches to personality?

-Psychoanalytic -Humanistic -Behavioral -Social Cognitive -Trait

Dis Slides: Social Loafing

A person exerts less effort to achieve a goal when they work in a group than when they work alone

Defense Mechanism: Projection

Attributing one's own thoughts, feelings or motives to another

Behavioral Choice

Behave in way reinforced most often in past

Defense Mechanism: Reaction Formation

Behaving in a way that is exactly the opposite of one's true feeling

Behavioral/Behaviorist Model on personality

Behavioral: o Foundation: Laboratory studies, primarily with animals o Key Ideas Personality is response tendency shaped by reinforcement history Environmental determinism Behaviorist Model= environment-->behavior-->consequences (also influences behavior)

Dis Slides: Optimism Bias

Belief that bad things only happen to others o Ex: Even though I know sun rays can cause cancer I won't put sunscreen on because I think it won't happen to me.

Dis Slides: Just world belief

Belief that world is fair o Bad things happen to bad people o Good things happen to good people

What is self efficacy?

Beliefs about performance capacity in particular

Group Differences of Personality: Professional differences

Business professionals most conscientious Creative professionals most open Social science students more open than law students *Think about what different jobs require of the individual*

What was foundation of humanistic perspective of personality?

Case studies of clinical patients in client centered therapy

What was foundation of psychodynamic perspective of personality?

Case studies of clinical patients in psychoanalysis

Dis Slides: Primary causes of stress

Conflict Cataclysmic events Life changes Chronic stress Hassles Job stress Frustration

Group Differences of Personality: Political differences

Conservatives most conscientious Conservatives least open *Think about how political beliefs may influence personality traits*

Dis Slides: Dispositional Inferences

Correspondence Bias Actor-Observer Bias Self-Serving Bias Belief Perseverance Optimism bias Just world belief Overconfidence Phenomenon

Defense Mechanism: Rationalization

Creating false but plausible excuse to justify unacceptable behavior

Dis Slides: Group Think

Desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision-making outcome

Defense Mechanism: Displacement

Diverting emotions from their original source to a substitute target

Dis Slides: Compliance techniques

Foot in the Door Door in Face Bait and Switch Low-Ball

Trait Model on personality

Foundation- Statistical analysis of empirical data from personality tests Key ideas Individuals are unique Traits are consistent patterns of feelings, behaviors, and thoughts

Group Differences of Personality

Gender differences Professional differences Political differences

Dis Slides: Unhealthy coping

Giving up Blaming oneself Striking out at others Indulging in unhealthy behaviors

What are key ideas of humanistic perspective of personality?

Goodness of human nature Emphasis of free will Importance of subjective experience (carl rogers)

Humanistic/Humanistic Model on personality

Humanistic: Foundation- Case studies of clinical patients in client centered therapy o Key ideas Goodness of human nature Emphasis of free will Importance of subjective experience o Key concept: Self-Concept: mental model of abilities and attributes Humanistic Model= -congruence=self-concept meshes well with actual experience -incongruence=self-concept doesnt mesh well with actual experience

What are key concepts of psychoanalytic perspective of personality?

Id=instinctual energy (pleasure principle) Superego=conscience (morality principle) Ego=rational mediator (reality principle)

Dis Slides: Self-discrepancy Theory

Ideal self (who you want to be) Ought self (who you should be) Real self (who you believe you are) Ex: think about how you may portray yourself on social media compared to how you really are

How do id, ego, and superego relate?

If id (pleasure) dominates--->overly impulsive person If superego (conscience) dominates--->overly controlled person If ego (reality) dominates--->healthy person

Dis Slides: Why is stress important?

Impedes performance Contributes to acute illness Contributes to chronic illness Shortens life

What was foundation of social cognitive perspective of personality?

Laboratory studies with humans, primarily children

What was foundation of behavioral perspective of personality?

Laboratory studies, primarily with animals

What are defense mechanisms?

Unconscious psychological strategies for dealing with anxiety -repression -projection -displacement -reaction formation -regression

dis slides: What is Personality?

Individual differences that influence feeling, behaviors, and thoughts across time and situations. An individual's unique set of consistent behavioral traits Personality trait: to behave in a particular way in variety of situations

What is personality?

Individual differences that influence feelings, behaviors, and thoughts across time and situations

What are key ideas of social cognitive perspective of personality?

Individuals are self-organizing, self-reflecting, and self-regulating Self efficacy impacts behavior (Bandura)

Defense Mechanism: Repression

Keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious

Dis Slides: Life changes

Major changes found to predict illness E.g. Death of spouse, marriage, retirement, job change, birth of a child

study this, test format=100 mc

Mon 12/11 (4:00 - 5:30) 1324 EH Weitan chapters=12 (personality), 13 (social behavior), 14 (stress, coping, health), 15 (psychological disorders), & 16 (treatment of psychological disorders) [NOT REALLY NECESSARY TO REVIEW BOOK]

Five Factor Model *Make sure to know what characteristics are associated with each personality trait*

Most personality traits are derived from 5 traits Conscientiousness=Organized, disciplined, dependable, and punctual Agreeableness=Trusting, Helpful, cooperative, sympathetic, and modest Neuroticism=anxious, hostile, self-conscious, insecure, and vulnerable Openness=Curiosity, Imaginativeness, preference for variety, and Independent thinking Extraversion=outgoing, sociable, upbeat, friendly, assertive, and affectionate

Dis Slides: Door in Face

Not going along with large request; then more likely to accept smaller request o Ex: Don't agree to buying a $50 badge for autism, but agree to donate $1 for autism

dis slides: what are defense mechanisms?

Unconscious psychological strategies for dealing with anxiety -repression -projection -displacement -reaction formation -regression -rationalization

Dis Slides: Low-Ball

Only reveal part of the obligation at first o Commit to a great deal, then must accept the worse one

Dis Slides: Bystander effect

People are less likely to help when there are multiple bystanders o Everyone thinks "someone else will help" o Potential danger in helping

Dis Slides: Belief Perseverance

Persistence of one's initial conceptions, as when the basis for one's belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives. o Tendency to maintain beliefs even after they've been discredited o Ex: When you were a kid you don't get a flu shot because someone said they are bad for you. You still don't get a flu shot even though it has been scientifically proven.

Dis Slides: Chronic Stress

Persistent threat or danger E.g. Poverty, discrimination, chronic pain

What are key ideas of behavioral perspective of personality?

Personality is response tendency shaped by reinforcement history Environmental determinism (B.F. Skinner)

IMPORTANT; WHAT TO STUDY

Personality=lecture Social Psych=lecture treatment/disorder=lecture health=glossary (on canvas)

Dis Slides: Stress

Physiological, emotional, and behavioral responses to... o Perceived threat or danger o Events that tax or exceed perceived ability to cope

Dis Slides: Interpersonal Attraction

Positive feelings towards another o Due to proximity, similarity, and physical attractiveness

Dis Slides: Attitudes and Behavior

Positive or negative beliefs and feelings towards people, objects, events, etc. o Attitudes are implicit (unconscious) o Attitudes are strong and based on personal experience

Dis Slides: What is coping?

Process of dealing with perceived threat or sense of being overwhelmed Cognitive Physiological Emotional Behavioral

dis slides: Alternative approaches to personality

Psychoanalytic Humanistic Behavioral Social Cognitive Trait

Psychoanalytic/ Psychoanalytic Model on personality

Psychoanalytic: Foundation - Case studies of clinical patients in psychoanalysis o Key Ideas Unconscious influences behavior Personality formed in early childhood o ID - instinctual energy (pleasure principle o Superego - conscience (morality principle) o Ego - rational mediator (reality principle) id=I want to do that now! superego=its not right to do that ego=maybe we can compromise Psychoanalytic Model=Intrapsychic Conflict (between ID, Ego and Superego)-->anxiety--->Reliance on defense mechanisms

What is social cognitive model of personality?

Reciprocal Determinism environment (stimuli from social or physical environment, reinforcement contingencies)<--->person (personality characteristics, cognitive processes, self regulation skills)<--->behavior (nature, frequency, intensity)

Dis Slides: Actor-Observer Bias

Refers to the tendency to make dispositional attributions for the behavior of others but situational attributions for our own behavior Ex: When someone else is late to class, it is because they are irresponsible, but when you're late to class, it's because the bus was late

What is key concept of humanistic perspective of personality?

Self-concept=mental model of abilities and attributes

Social Cognitive/Social Cognitive Model on personality

Social Cognitive: Foundation-Laboratory studies with humans, primarily children o Key ideas Individuals are self-organizing, self-reflecting, and self-regulating Self-efficacy impacts behavior (Self-efficacy is beliefs about performance capacity in a particular situation) Reciprocal determinism - the idea that internal mental events, external events and overt behavior influence each other. Social Cognitive Model= reciprocal determinism environment (stimuli from social or physical environment, reinforcement contingencies)<-->person (personality characteristics, cognitive processes, self-regulation skills)<-->behavior (nature, frequency, intensity)

Dis Slides: Group Processes

Social Loafing Group Think Group Polarization Deindividuation Bystander Effect Pluralistic Ignorance

Dis Slides: Social Perception

Something we construct in our head We think we see the world in a objective way This is not the case

Determinants of Personality

Sources of personality differences Genetics (40%) Environment (60%) Interaction of genetics and environment - genetic predisposition leads to choice of environment Components of environment Shared environment o Family o Race, ethnicity, culture o Neighborhood o School Unique Environment o Birth order o Sibling interaction o Parental interaction o Peers

Dis Slides: Group Polarization

Tendency for a group to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of its members

Dis Slides: INTERSECTIONALITY

The concept of intersectionality is not an abstract notion but a description of the way multiple oppressions are experienced. Crenshaw argues that Black women are discriminated against in ways that often do not fit neatly within the legal categories of either "racism" or "sexism"—but as a combination of both racism and sexism

Dis Slides: Social Cognition

The study of how we interpret, analyze, remember, and use information about the social world. Social cognition is the process of thinking about and making sense of oneself and others.

Dis Slides: Overconfidence Phenomenon

The tendency to be more confident than correct o To overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs

Dis Slides: Self-Serving Bias

The tendency to perceive ourselves favorably (i.e., we take credit for success, but failures are not our fault). o Ex: If I do well on the exam, I'm smart! If I don't do well on the exam, there was something wrong with the exam.

Dis Slides: Foot in the Door

Those who agree to one request were 2x more likely to agree to the 2nd request o Ex: Agree to watching someone's cat the 1st time and causes you to agree the second time

Dis Slides: Healthy personalities

Type B - laid back, mellow • Low anger • Optimists • Time perspective • Social UNHEALTHY PERSONALTIES= • Type A - Competitive, hostile, workaholic o Rushed for time, Impatient, competitive, Hostile

What are key ideas of psychoanalytic perspective of personality?

Unconscious influences behavior Personality formed in early childhood (freud)

Dis Slides: Behavioral coping

address event causing stress E.g do what needs to be done, alter situation, get help from others

Dis Slides: Cognitive coping

appraise and modify thinking about situation causing stress

Dis Slides: Physiological coping

change physiological response E.g. exercise, biofeedback, meditation

Dis Slides: Job stress

concerns related to job E.g. performance, security, change, coworker conflict, burnout, supervisor conflict

What is behaviorist model of personality?

environment-->behavior-->consequences (--->behavior)

Dis Slides: Hassles

everyday annoyances found to predict illness E.g. Lack of privacy, disliking work, interpersonal conflict, being let down by friend

Dis Slides: Conflict

forced choice between incompatible goals Approach-Approach Avoidance-Avoidance Approach-Avoidance

according to Freud, "I want it, and I want it, now," refers to the part of the personality he called the

id

Dis Slides: Zimbardo's Study

o Conformity - Changing behavior because of real or imagined group pressure o Compliance - Changing behavior following request without perceived authority o Obedience - Changing behavior following direct commands from authority figure

Dis Slides: Asch's Conformity

o Informal pressure Internalization The desire to be right o Normative pressure Compliance The desire to be accepted

Dis Slides: Personalities that cause increase in heart disease

o Type A o Anger o Pessimism

Dis Slides: Optimists Believe...

positive events=caused by them, more will come negative events=outside of their control, will not happen again

What is humanistic model of personality?

self concept and actual experience=congruence, then well-adjusted self concept and actual experience=incongruence, then poorly adjusted

Dis Slides: Frustration

tension from blocked goal