Psych 120A Midterm practice
The examples of Phineas Gage and Capgras delusion are most consistent with which of the following views? a. Behaviorism b. Structuralism c. Dualism d. (Neutral) Monism
(neutral) Monism
iconic memory duration
1 sec
According to the Atkinson & Shiffrin Modal Model of Memory, the echoic sensory buffer lasts around -------- , the iconic sensory buffer lasts around --------- .
3‑4 s, 250 ms
When allocating our attention to moving objects, about how many items can we simultaneously track? a 1 b 10 c 7 +/- 2 d 4
4
Which feature is the most important in terms of image segmentation and edge detection? a A dark region b A light region c A point in the image where there is a sudden change from dark to light d A point in the image where there is a gradual change from dark to light
A point in the image where there is a sudden change from dark to light
Conrad (1974) found that participants were most likely to confuse similar sounding letters and termed this error: a Persistence of vision b Echoic errors c Phonological skips d Acoustic confusions
Acoustic confusions
Levels of Processing Transfer Appropriate Processing
Analyzing information to produce more elaborate and enduring memory traces. Memory is dependent on the relationship between learning and testing.
Which area of the brain has been shown to process motion? a Area VT b Area V1 c Area MT d Intraparietal sulcus
Area MT
Chase and Simon (1973) demonstrated that which of the following facilitates the storage of information? a Practice b Having a higher IQ c Attaching meaning to information d Thinking about the information for a longer amount of time
Attaching meaning to information
Typing is probably something you've practiced for many years of your life. Now when you type a paper, you don't need to be thinking about, or looking at, the keys to be able to write your report. In this case, typing would be an example of a(n): a Controlled process b Automatic process c Overt process d Inattentional blindness
Automatic process
Since she has been on vacation for a week, Natalie can hardly wait to talk to her best friend. Natalie is temporarily worried because they decided to meet at a restaurant that is notoriously crowded. After meeting, she realizes that it is actually easy to focus only on her friend's voice and block out of all of the other conversions. Natalie is experiencing the: a Change blindness b Cocktail party effect c Cherry effect d Bottlenecking
Cocktail party effect
Order the different conditions of Donders' experiment, based on observed average reaction times, from shortest to longest: Detection Condition Discrimination Condition Choice Condition
Detection Condition Discrimination Condition Choice Condition
Match these terms to their definitions. Agnosia Prosopagnosia Fusiform Face Area (FFA) Lateral Occipital Cortex (LOC)
Difficulty recognizing or perceiving one kind of visual stimulus Difficulty in recognizing individual faces Is selectively activated when people engage in a facial recognition task Is selectively activated when people do an object recognition task
Trying to multi-task, or focus your attention on more than one thing is referred to as: a Selective attention b Divided attention c Automaticity d Controlled processing
Divided attention
In regards to Craik and Tulving's 1972 study, which question led subjects to have the highest free recall performance? a Does this rhyme with another word? b Does this fit into a sentence? c Is this in upper case letters?
Does this fit into a sentence?
In comparison to Austin Naber, how is David Eagleman completing the cup-stacking task? a Eagleman's brain appeared to be devoting more neural resources and attention to the task. b Austin's brain was devoting more attentional resources because he enjoys this task more. c There was no real difference between performance or neural activity. d Eagleman's brain was calm and he is able to use a limited amount of neural resources to complete the task.
Eagleman's brain appeared to be devoting more neural resources and attention to the task.
Based on H.M.'s and Clive Wearing's case, what is the hippocampus necessary for? a Encoding new information and experiential memories b Remember procedural tasks c Recalling your name d Maintaining your IQ
Encoding new information and experiential memories
Having external or internal cues present while trying to remember information that was present during encoding that information leads to more successful retrieval. This is called: a Encoding specificity b State-dependent specificity c Recall success d Retrieval specificity
Encoding specificity
As you saw in lecture and the textbook, Deep Blue uses a brute force computation approach whereas programs like the Cleverbot you interacted with uses an "if-this-then-that" approach. Do you think a Cleverbot could use a brute force computation approach be more "realistic and clever" (since most of you have found it not to be too clever..)? Select one: True False
False
In the sitcom The Office, one of the protagonists (Jim) offers a mint to another protagonist (Dwight) every time Jim plays a specific sound on his computer. After about a week of doing this, Jim plays the sound on his computer but doesn't offer anything to Dwight. Yet, Dwight automatically reaches his hand out for a mint. This is an example of operant conditioning. Select one: True False
False
Recognizing a person but not knowing where you've seen them before is an example of an error occurring due to: a False memories b Memory reconstruction c Reminiscence bump d Source monitoring
False memories
Say that you are taking part in an experiment in which you have to learn lists of words. Here are the three lists you see: Trial 1 -- Robin, sparrow, starling Trial 2 - Bluebird, crow, seagull Trial 3 -- Cardinal, parakeet, pigeon Which of the following lists would suffer most from proactive interference? a. Table, chair, lamp b. Tiger, dog, mouse c. Finch, blue jay, hawk d. Watch, ring, necklace
Finch, blue jay, hawk
Which area of the brain appears to be important for directing resources of working memory? a Frontal lobes b Parietal lobes c Occipital lobes d Central sulcus
Frontal lobes
Match these Gestalt Principles to their definitions: Similarity Proximity Good Continuation Closure
Group together features of the image whose properties are like each other Group features of the image that are close together Group together features that form a smooth and continuous path Group together features that together form a complete shape
Both H.M. and Clive Wearing had damage to their: a Frontal lobes b Hippocampus c Parietal lobes d Occipital lobes
Hippocampus
Where does working memory take place in the brain? a The temporal lobes b Mainly in the parietal lobe c Mainly in the occipital lobe d In modality-specific regions in the brain
In modality-specific regions in the brain
The inability to notice an unexpected stimulus due to focused attention is termed: a Change blindness b Lapse of attention c Inattentional blindness d Visual agnosia
Inattentional blindness
What does the critical lure refer to in the DRM paradigm? a It is the most common error subjects make. b It is the trick the researchers play on the subjects. c It is the categorical gist of the list subjects are exposed to. d It is the most important, or critical, aspect of any study.
It is the most common error subjects make.
In the first lecture of this week, a few days ago, you've have learned about the Short-Term Memory store in the Atkinson and Shiffrin Modal Model of Memory. You thinking back to the notion of STM, and its position in the model, is an example of a. Short-term memory b. Long-term memory c. Sensory memory
LTM
The primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment), is typically attributed to: a. Implicit memory b. Long-term memory c. Short-term memory d. Sensory-memory
LTM
Which of these is a good explanation for the symmetry bias? a Many real objects tend to have symmetry b Symmetry only appears in objects by accident c Objects with symmetry tend to appear in the background d Real objects with symmetry tend to surprise us
Many real objects tend to have symmetry
Match the philosophical view with its description Idealism Physicalism Dualism Neutral monism
Only the mind exists Only the body exists Both the mind and body exist separately The mind and body are the same thing
What do illusions reveal about the assumptions that the brain makes during perception? a Perception is not as useful as sensation b These assumptions are usually incorrect c Perception often depends on guesses d Our brains cannot be tricked
Perception often depends on guesses
Stewart is a senior in high school and has had to change his school email account each year. As he is entering his new password, he keeps getting an error message because the password is wrong. It turns out that he keeps entering his freshman year password. His inability to remember his newest password in this example is due to: a Proactive interference b Retroactive interference
Proactive interference
In regards to the Stroop task, _______ has been argued to be more automatic while _______ is more controlled. a Reading the color of the ink; Reading the color of the word b Reading the color of the ink; reading the color of the ink c Reading the word; Reading the color of the ink d Reading the color of the ink; Reading the word
Reading the word; Reading the color of the ink
A subject is completing a Flanker task. Like the one mentioned above, they need to press the right arrow when the target is an H or K and the left arrow when it is an S or C. Based on what you know of attentional load, which of the following should have the slowest response time? a H H H H H H H b H H H K H H H c S S S H S S S d K K K H K K K
S S S H S S S
The process of narrowing your attention onto chosen stimuli is called: a Divided attention b Selective attention c Dichotic listening d All of the above
Selective attention
Sort the components of the Modal Model from the first to the last store.
Sensory Memory Short-term memory Long-term memory
Whatever you are thinking about right now is occupying your ________ memory. a Sensory b Short-term c Long-term d None of the above
Short-term
Some researchers have argued that humans are not capable of multi-tasking and, instead, may just be doing what? a Switching between tasks b Zoning out c Selecting only one thing and continuing to pay attention to it d Prioritizing which tasks are important to us and doing them first
Switching between tasks
Comparing two images of the same object point by point to see if they are exactly the same is what approach to recognition?
Template Approach Template Matching The Template Approach The Template Matching Approach ALL CORRECT
Visuospatial sketchpad Phonological loop Central executive
The ability to imagine and manipulate visual information in your mind The ability to store auditory information in your mind The coordinator of information between working memory areas
The dominant scientific view among scientists is that cognition may be explained based on: a The operations of the physical brain b The operations of a non-physical mental substance c Both A and B d Neither A or B
The operations of the physical brain
In the rubber pencil illusion, why does your solid pencil look more fluid? a It is because you are wiggling your pencil so fast. b The persistence of vision where your pencil once was, compared to where it is now, creates the appearance of fluidity. c The pencil is moving at a speed to fast for your brain to process and therefore partial information is lost. d Your long-term memory is trying to store information while your sensory memory is still processing it.
The persistence of vision where your pencil once was, compared to where it is now, creates the appearance of fluidity
The video above discussed research by Molloy et al. (2015). The researchers recorded neural activity while participants completed a high and low-load task. What did the neural results indicate about subjects' ability to process an auditory tone while completing a high-load task? a They could hear the tone and visually process information at the same time. b They appeared to hear the tone but ignored it. c Their neural activity did not show anything meaningful. d They did not appear to consciously hear the tone.
They did not appear to consciously hear the tone.
In the "Mental Rotation" experiment, it generally takes people longer to decide whether the objects are the same when: a They have to perform another task at the same time b They have to compare more than two stimuli c They have to rely on memory rather than comparing them directly d They have to compare stimuli that have a large rotational offset from one another
They have to compare stimuli that have a large rotational offset from one another
Based on Posner (1980), what is one possible purpose of attention? a To help us remember what task we are doing b To help us see where to look and focus our eyes c To prepare the mind for processing in a pre-attentive phase
To prepare the mind for processing in a pre-attentive phase
The fact that you read both sentences with the 'correct' word (red and bed) despite them being the same is an example of:
Top-down processing
--------------- refers to the idea that the match between how an item is initially encoded and how it is cued for recall is very important.
Transfer‑appropriate processing
The Astonishing Hypothesis formulated by Francis Crick expresses a monist (or neutral monist) point of view. select one: True False
True
The fact that at times we see objects we know even where there is very little visual information -- as in seeing a cow in the image below -- is an example of top-down processing.
True
Single-feature Search Conjunction Search Feature-integration theory
Using attention to find an object with one defining characteristic Using attention to find an object with more than one defining characteristic Suggested purpose of attention is to bind different characteristics of items together into a seamless perception
Recall Natalie's conversation with her friend mentioned in Question 5.05. Imagine that while she is having a conversation with her friend at the restaurant, the neighboring table is talking about Natalie Portman's latest movie. If the early selection models always accurately predict what attention will block, which of the following would be true? a When the table mentions Natalie Portman, that conversation will briefly distract Natalie from her friend's voice. b When the table mentions Natalie Portman, Natalie will not be distracted from her friend's voice unless they start shouting about the movie. c Natalie will hear the neighboring conversation only if she is personally interested in movies. d Natalie will pay attention to all streams of information equally.
When the table mentions Natalie Portman, Natalie will not be distracted from her friend's voice unless they start shouting about the movie
Support from early selection models of attention came from dichotic listening tasks showing that participants were able to block out many of the following from their unattended ear. Which of the following did participants notice? a. If the sex of the voice changed between female and male b. The same word repeated nearly 30 times c. If the message was played in reverse d. The language of the voice changed e. The voice changed to a pure tone f. Their name
a,e
Match the following items to the appropriate concept from Gibson's framework for perception. a. a bell ring b. Mental representation of a bell ringing. c.Excitation of basilar membrane and cilia inside the inner ear d.Sound wave generated by the bell ringing.
a.distal object b.perceptual object c.proximal stimulation d.informational medium
The cognitive process of selecting information for further processing is called: a Sentience b Consciousness c Attention d Perception
attention
What is the process that moves information from sensory memory into short-term memory? a Attention b Encoding c Retrieval
attention
Which of the following lists would be harder to recall (assuming you are recalling right after the list is presented, with no delay): a. X, D, R, J, L, P, O, F, M b. P, V, B, D, T, G, E, Z, C
b. P, V, B, D, T, G, E, Z, C
The purpose of the Little Albert experiment was to show that: a children do not have a natural fear of anything b behavioral responses can be dramatically modified by conditioning c furry animals are an unconditioned stimulus d you could get away with some crazy stuff in those days
behavioral responses can be dramatically modified by conditioning
The cognitive approach includes: a Behavioral measures b Theories of underlying mental processes c Both A and B d Neither A or B
both a and b
Perception takes place in the: a Brain b Spinal cord c Sensory organs d Eyes
brain
Dramatic recent progress in artificial intelligence is largely based on: a much larger computer memory stores. b computer programs that can learn rather than being programmed. c better computer programmers. d much faster computers.
computer programs that can learn rather than being programmed
In the Where's Waldo task, you are looking for a character that has a striped shirt, striped hat, and possibly several accessories. Which type of search does this represent? a. automaticity b. Single-feature c. Dichotomous d. conjunction
conjunction
Imagine someone suffers a brain lesion to their left hemisphere. They will likely have an impairment in their -------- visual field whereas they will likely have no impairment in the --------visual field.
contralesional, ipsilesional
If you casually scan the flower image above, your attention is automatically captured by the red flower. This would be an example --- attention.
covert
A light-absorbing material will tend to look _______ than a light-reflecting material a lighter b darker c It depends on the lighting conditions
darker
Which of these would not be considered part of 'Cognition'? a Memory b Language c Digestion d Perception
digestion
The finding that recognizing your name being said in the unattended ear during dichotic listening tasks is evidence AGAINST which model of attention? a. Late Selection b. Early Selection c. Attenuator d. All of these are consistent with this finding
early selection
Every day in psychology class, Riley sits next to a student that brings a strong cup of coffee. The smell is very noticeable to Riley. When it comes time to take the test, Riley notices that the student with coffee is late. While taking the test, Riley struggles remembering a difficult term but is pleasantly surprised when the coffee student shows up with her usual cup of coffee. After smelling the coffee, the answer suddenly returns to her. Having the coffee smell present during both encoding and testing may have helped due to: a. Encoding specificity b. Long-term memory c. State-dependent learning d. Transfer-appropriate processing
encoding specificity
According to Broadbent's early selection model of attention, meaning of information is processed before the filter of attention is applied. Select one: True False
false
According to the Template-Matching theory of object recognition, we recognize objects by decomposing them into features and then "reconstructing" the object likely to have generated the pattern of sensation at the retina. Select one: True False
false
If someone suffered a lesion to their temporal cortex, they might acquire a deficit in using visual information to guide motor behavior (such as grasping). Select one: True False
false
If you have to search for a red X among a bunch of distracter green Xs, adding a greater number of distracters will increase the time it takes to find the target. Select one: True False
false
One important shortcoming of Biederman's GEONS theory is that without having a structural description of the GEONS it would be impossible to tell apart two exemplars of the same object. Select one: True False
false
Sensation is best thought of as an inferential process. Select one: True False
false
Historically, Artificial Intelligence has been least successful at tasks that require: a Fast performance b Many calculations c Large memory d Flexible thinking
flexible thinking
Allen is working on his math homework and is working through a particularly difficult problem while his mother is shouting for him to come downstairs for dinner. After yelling several times in a row, she goes upstairs to ask why he is ignoring her. Allen reports that he never even heard her because he was focusing so hard on his math problem. The math problem most likely is a ------- task for Allen due to difficulty and attentional demands it places on him.
high‑load
Counting the number of objects in a scene depends on . a depth perception b top-down processing c image segmentation d visual grouping
image segmentation
'Latent learning' refers to learning that occurs: a in the absence of reinforcement b slowly, over a long period of time c based on a food reward d based on a genetic predisposition
in the absence of reinforcement
Mary is talking on her cellphone while at the store and is devoting her full attention to her conversation. While she is walking down the aisle, a young woman next to her trips and falls. Mary does not look at the woman and continues to talk and shop. The woman that fell things Mary is very rude and insensitive to not offer to help. While this may be true, it is also possible that Mary didn't see the woman fall because she was experiencing: a. Selective attention b. Inattentional blindness c. Change blindness d. Divided attention
inattentional blindness
What technique did the Structuralists use to study the mind?
introspection
If we don't encode something well and are unable to retrieve that information, it: a may have become subject to proactive interference. b may have decayed. c may have been subject to retroactive interference.
may have decayed.
The puzzle of how your thoughts and feelings arise from the action of the physical brain is referred to as the a. The great debate b. Computational complexity problem c. The dualism divide d. Mind-body problem
mind-body problem
atch the description to the correct operant learning technique: Removing an unpleasant stimulus Generating an unpleasant stimulus Removing a pleasant stimulus Generating a pleasant stimulus
negative reinforcement positive punishment negative punishment positive reward
In the Nature vs. Nurture debate, Behaviorists believed that cognition was the product of: a Nature b Nurture c A combination of Nature and Nurture
nurture
eaching a dog to "shake hands" on command, using a food reward, is an example of: a. A mix of classical and operant conditioning b. Classical conditioning c. Operant conditioning
operant conditioning
In the Disney movie The Lion King, the wise Rafiki hits Simba on the head every time he starts thinking of the past -- in order to make him stop. Rafiki's approach is an example of
positive punishment
Knowing how to ride a bike is an example of -------- memory, but remembering the day you learned to is an example of --------- memory.
procedural memory, episodic memory
Scientist A is trying to produce the same results that scientist B reported, using the same methods. This is called: Duplication b Replication c Reproduction d Copying
replication
At the highest levels of the information stream, you will be most likely to encounter neurons selective for . a oriented edges b specific object and faces c specific shapes d spots of light
specific object and faces
The brain can use differences in disparity between objects to determine the depth of the objects. This is an ability called:
stereopsis
Consider the following scenario. An intergalactic team of psychologists discovers a planet with robot-like androids and is trying to understand them. Which school of psychology does a researcher probably belong to if he/she uses the following research method: Asking the robots to verbally report on their internal processes . a. Dualist b. Structuralist c. Behaviorist d. Cognitive
structuralist
Data from the 'Greebles' study challenge the idea that . a specific brain regions are devoted to specific tasks b the FFA is specialized to process faces c the FFA is used for object recognition
the FFA is specialized to process faces
The most sophisticated computing device in the (known) universe is:
the human brain
According to the Atkinson & Shiffrin model of attention, if someone were to have an impaired short-term memory 'store' they could not form new long term memories. Select one: True False
true
Attention is the main process determining what information in the sensory register gets transferred into short term memory. Select one: True False
true
Consider the two tables pictured in the image below. They are a good example of the "metric information" criticism of Biederman's GEONS theory. Select one: True False
true
The Ventral Attention Network is important for reorienting, in a bottom-up manner, your attention towards external stimuli. Select one: True False
true
Mishkin and Ungerleider (1982) concluded that the ventral stream is for processing while the dorsal stream is for processing . a what; where b where; what c what; when d where; how
what; where
The perception pathway corresponds to the pathway, while the action pathway corresponds to the pathway. a size; distance b where; what c what; where d distance; size
what; where
Holds a small amount of information for a limited time. Holds an unknown amount of information for long periods of time Holds large amounts of incoming information for a very short period of time.
→ Short-term memory → Long-term memory → Sensory memory
Match the the definition to the appropriate brain region/pathway Is primarily concerned with detecting the presence of edges in a visual stimulus Is primarily concerned with representing spatial information present in a visual stimulus Is primarily concerned with representing how to motorically interact with an object given its visual shape Is primarily concerned with representing identity information present in a visual stimulus
→ early visual cortex, → the "where" (dorsal) stream, → the "how" (dorsal) pathway, → the "what" (ventral) stream
Match the following attention impairments. deficit of attention in which patients fail to detect and respond to (and in fact seem entirely unaware of) stimuli presented in the contralesional visual field. a restriction of visual attention such that the patient can only be aware of one object at a time, despite intact visual acuity a condition in which a patient can detect and respond to a stimulus presented in the contralesional visual field unless a second stimulus is simultaneously presented in the ipsilesional visual field.
→ neglect, → simultanagnosia, → extinction