Psych 13-15
Anxiety
unpleasant emotional state characterized by physical arousal and feelings of tension, apprehension, and worry Physically alert; mental alert
Drawbacks of Antipsychotic medications
1. Schizophrenia not cured 2. Negative symptoms not effectively eliminated 3. Unwanted side effects often produced 4. Brain levels of dopamine globally altered; tardive dyskinesia sometimes developed 5. Revolving door pattern of hospitalization discharge and rehospitalization may occur
Stress of Adapting to A new Culture
1. Should I seek positive relations with the dominant society 2. Is my original cultural identity of value to me, and should I try to maintain it?
What is the DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders)
Describes more than 260 specific psychological disorders Includes symptoms, criteria that must be met to make a diagnosis, and typical course for each mental disorder Has increased in number of disorders classified over the years
Hans Selye researched the effects of exposure to extreme stress in rats
- Adrenal glands became enlarged - Stomach ulcers and loss of weight occurred - Thymus gland and lymph glands two key components of the immune system shrunk
Aversive Conditioning
- Is relatively ineffective type of behavior therapy that involves repeatedly pairing an aversive stimulus with the occurrence of undesirable behaviors or thoughts - Creates concerns about client harm or discomfort
Prolonged stress
- Stress causes pituitary to release ACTH - ACTH causes adrenals to release corticosteroid cortisol - Short term reduce inflammation enhance muscles long- term weaken immune system
Eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR) (Shapiro)
- Used with patients suffering from traumatic memories - Involves visually following therapist's waving finger while holding mental image of disturbing memories - Is effective in symptom relief from anxiety Limitations - Some research reports EMDR is no more effective that standard anxiety disorder treatments...
Pessimistic explanatory style
- accounting for negative events or situations with internal, stable, and global explanations Use internal, stable, and global explanations for negative events Predicts worse health outcomes
Ways to help prevent suicide
1. Actively listen 2. Don't deny or minimize person's intentions 3. Identify other potential solutions 4. Ask person to dealy decision 5. Encourage person to seek professional help
General Adaption Syndrome
1. Alarm a. Intense arousal b. Mobilization of physical resources c. Arousal remains above normal 2. Resistance a. Body actively tries to resist or adjust to the continuing stressful 3. Exhaustion a. Leads to physical exhaustion and physical disorders b. Symptoms of the alarm stage reappear only now irreversibly c. Energy reserves depleted and adaptation begins to break down, leading to death
Therapist acts as a model and aims for a collaborative therapeutic climate
1. Therapist helps client learn to recognize and monitor automatic thoughts that occur without conscious effort or control 2. Therapist encourages client to empirically test accuracy of his or her assumptions and beliefs 3. Therapist creates a therapeutic climate of collaboration that encourages client to contribute to the evaluation of logic and the accuracy of automatic thoughts
Reasons for attempting or committing suicide
1. View of life becomes more pessimistic and negative 2. View of self-inflicted death become more acceptable and positive 3. Suicide seen as escape from pain
Psychoanlytic Therapy
Freud -traditional psychoanalysis closely tied to Freud's theory of personality - psychoanalysis used to uncover unconscious conflicts - techniques and analyses used to unearth repressed memories - free association - dream interpretation - resistance; transference
Abnormal Brain Structures
50% of people show shome type of brain structure abnormality Most consistent finding: enlargement of the ventricles Loss of gray matter tissue and lower overall volume of the brain
Reducing Stress
Acceptance of ethnic and cultural diversity by new society Existence of some familiarity with new language and customs, advanced education, and social support from friends, family members, and cultural associations Similarity of new culture to old culture
Antipsychotic Medications
Antipsychotic medications- prescription drugs that are used to reduce psychotic symptoms; frequently used in the treatment of schizophrenia; also called neuroleptics
GAS:
Anxiety disorder characterized by excessive, global, and persistent symptoms of anxiety; also called free-floating anxiety When one source of worry is removed, another takes its place
Most common cognitive biases in major depressive disorder
Arbitrary inference Selective abstraction Overgeneralization- everything I touch I ruin Magnification and minimization- magnify negative emotions/interpretations and anything positive is going to be overlooked or minimized Personalization
Prenatal Age
As prenatal age increases the risk of offspring developing schizophrenia also increases Age increases the rate of mutation Mother's age made no difference Schizophrenia rate compared with fathers younger than 25 years Men in the 45-49 age group who fathered children were twice as likely to have offspring with schizophrenia as compared to fathers age 25 and older Men in the 50+ age range were three times more likely to produce offspring with schizophrenia
The Atypical Antipsychotics
Atypical antipsychotic medications- newer antipsychotic medications that in contrast with the early antipsychotic drugs block dopamine receptors in brain regions associated with psychotic symptoms rather than more globally throughout the brain resulting in fewer side effects
Explaining Phobias
Basic learning principles: some phobias can be explained in terms of classical conditioning, operant conditioning and observational learning Biological preparation: certain fears, such as to spiders or heights, have an evolutionary history and may represent a fear of contamination
Triple vulnerabilities model of panic
Biological predisposition toward anxiety Low sense of control over potentially life-threatening events Oversensitivity to physical sensations
Aaron Beck and Cognitive Therapy
Cognitive therapy- therapy developed by Aaron T. Beck that focuses on changing the client's unrealistic and maladaptive beliefs Problems due to negative cognitive bias that lead to distorted perceptions and interpretations of events Beck believes that major depressive disorder and other psychological problems are caused by distorted thinking and unrealistic beliefs
Personal Control
Control of stress producing event often reduces psychological distress or physical arousal Perception of personal control must be realistic to be adaptive Personal control is more valued in individualistic cultures Nursing home residents who had opportunities to make choices (high control) were more active, alert, and healthier than does who did not (low control)
Explaining Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Deficiency in serotonin, norepinephrine implicated Drugs that increase the availability of these neurotransmitters decrease symptoms Dysfunction in specific brain areas Areas involved in the fight or flight response Frontal lobes, which play a key role in our ability to think and plan ahead Heightened neural activity in caudate nucleus involved in regulating movements Contamination- irrational fear of contamination by dirt germs or other toxic substances. Typically accompanied by cleaning or washing compulsion Pathological doubt- feeling of uncertainty about having accomplished a simple task. Recurring fear that you have inadvertently harmed someone or violated a law. Typically accompanied by checking compulsion Violent or sexual thoughts- fear that you have harmed or will harm another person or have engaged or will engage in some sort of unacceptable behavior. May take the form of intrusive mental images or impulses Washing- urge to repeatedly wash yourself or clean your surrondings. Cleaning or washing may involve an elaborate lengthy ritual. Often linked with contamination obsession Checking...
Short-Term Dynamic Therapies
Definition- short-term dynamic therapies are types of psychotherapy that are based on psychoanalytic theory but differ in that they are typically time-limited and have specific goals Assumption - Therapist plays an active, more directive role, rather than neutral role - Interpretations are used to aid in patient recognition of hidden feelings and transference - Focus is primarily on current rather than past relationships - Interpersonal problems are seen as core of psychological symptoms Types - Interpersonal therapy (IPT) and identification of personal problems o Unresolved grief; role disputes; role transitions; interpersonal deficits
Behavior Therapy
Definition: behavior therapy focuses on directly changing maladaptive behavior patterns by using basic learning principles and techniques; also called behavior modification Assumptions - Maladaptive behaviors are learned, just as adaptive behaviors are learned. - Basic strategy involves unlearning maladaptive behaviors and learning more adaptive behaviors instead Types - Classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning
Humanistic Therapy
Definition: humanistic perspective emphasizes human potential, self-awareness, and freedom of choice Assumption - Most important factor in personality is the individual's conscious, subjective perception of self - People are seen as basically good and motivated by need for psychological growth Types - Client-centered therapy (Carl Rogers)
Motivational Interviewing
Definition: motivational interviewing helps clients overcome mixed feelings or reluctance about committing to change Assumptions - Client's self-motivated statements (self-talk) are encouraged and strengthened - Therapist use of empathic understanding and reflective listening helps client exploration of personal values and motivations for change
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Disorder characterized by the presence of intrusive, repetitive and unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels driven to perform (compulsions) Obsessive compulsive disorder- disorder characterized by the presence of intrusive, repetitive and unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels driven to perform (compulsions) Obsessions- repeated, intrusive, and uncontrollable irrational thoughts or mental images that cause extreme anxiety and distress. Common: fear of dirt, germs; pathological doubt about having completed a task Compulsions- repetitive behaviors or mental acts that a person feels driven to perform in order to prevent or reduce anxiety and distress or to prevent a dreaded event or situation. May be overt or covert
Cause:
Early views: disruption in attachment relationships in early childhood; neglect or physical, sexual, or emotional abuse in childhood Bisocial Developmental theory: 1. Combination of biological, psychological and environmental factors 2. Biological temperament characterized by extreme emotional sensititivy, impulsivity, and tendency.....
Eating and Feeding Disorders (DSM-5) Anorexia and Bulimia
Eating disorders involve serious and maladaptive disturbances in eating behavior, including reducing food intake, sever overeating, obsessive concerns about body shape or weight 90-95% of the people who experience an eating disorder are female
Depressive and Bipolar Disorder
Emotions violate criteria of normal moods in quality, intensity, and duration Depressive disorders and bipolar disorders are given distinct DSM-5 categories
Explaining Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Environmental, psychological, genetic, and other biological factors are probably involved in GAD Problematic anxiety can be evident from a very early age Early stressful experiences may contribute
Daily Hassles
Everyday minor events that annoy and upset people might be an important source of stress Number of daily hassles people experience is a better predictor of physical illness and symptoms than is the number of major life events experienced Women are more likely to report daily stressors are associated with friends and family Men are more likely to feel hassled by stressors that are school or work related Daily hassles- everyday minor events that annoy and upset people
Understanding and Helping to Prevent Suicide
Feelings of hoplessness and social isolation Recent relationship problems or lack of significant relationships Poor coping and problem solving skills Poor impulse control and impaired judgment Rigid thinking or irrational beliefs Major psychological disorder Alcohol or other substance abuse Childhood physical or sexual abuse Family history
Stress Fight or Flight and the Endocrine System
Fight or Flight Rapidly occurring chain of internal phsycial reactions that prepare people either to fight or take flight from an immediate threat First described by walter cannon
Walter Cannon
Fight-or-flight response- a rapidly occurring chain of internal physical reactions that prepare people to either fight or take flight from an immediate threat
Seery and others:
High and low levels of cumulative adversity were associated with poor health outcomes, experiencing some stress was healthier than experiencing no stress at all People who have had to cope with a moderate level of adversity develop resilience
Major Depressive Disorder
In major depressive disorder, a person must display most symptoms described in DSM-5 for two weeks or longer Persistent depressive feelings may or may not be triggered by life events Bereavement Seasonal affective disorder Persistent depressive disorder
Incraseing Access: meeting the need for mental health care
Innovations in increasing access Use of clinicians without traditional training Paraprofessionals Lay counselors Self-help groups Use of technology-driven solutions eHelp (computer, smart phone) skype supportive emails and text messages self administered cognitive behavioral therapies that use technology challenges use or effectiveness not guaranteed new ethical considerations must be addressed
Patterns of Adapting to a New Culture
Integration- low stress Assimilation- moderate stress Separation- high stress Marginalization- greatest stress
Albert Ellis and Rational Emotive therapy
Key premise of Ret is that people's difficulties are caused by their faulty expectations and irrational beliefs Psychological problems are explained by the ABC model Activating event (A) occurs Beliefs (B) about the event Cause emotional consequences ((C)) Irrational beliefs lead to self defeating behaviors, anxiety disorders, depressive disorder and other disorders
Lithium
Lithium- a naturally occurring substance that is used in the treatment of bipolar disorder Used to treat bipolar disorder (previously know as manic depression), interrupt acute manic attacks and prevent relapse Counteracts both manic and depressive symptoms in bipolar patients Prevents acute manic episodes over the course of a week or two Lithium level problems Too low= manic symptoms persist Too high= lithium poisoning, which causes vomiting, muscle weakness, and reduced muscle coordination Lithium blood level must be carefully monitored Action
The symptoms of major depressive disorder
Major depressive disorder is characterized by extreme and persistent feelings of despondency, worthlessness, and hopelessness, causing impaired emotional, cognitive, behavioral and physical functioning
Biomedical Therapies
Medical treatments for symptoms of psychological disorders include medication and electroconvulsive therapy Past centuries, patients were whirled, soothed, drenched, restrained, and isolated in an attempt to alleviate symptoms of psychological disorders Most common biomedical therapy today is psychotropic medications Psychotropic medication- drugs that alter mental functions alleviate psychological symptoms, and are used to treat psychological or mental disorders
Prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder
More than half of all people who have been through one episode of major depression can expect a relapse, usually within two years Symptoms tend to increase in severity and time between episodes decreases Left untreated, symptoms of major depression can easily last six months or longer and depression may recur and become progressively more severe
Some Additional Diagnostic Categories in DSM-5
Neurodevelopmental disorders substance related and addictive disorders Somatic symptom and related disorders paraphilic disorders disruptive, impulse control and conduct disorders
Social Anxiety Disorder
One of the most common psychological disorders More prevalent among women than men Core of social phobia seems to be an irrational fear of being embarrassed, judged, or critically evaluated by others Can vary by culture: Japanese men suffer from taijin kyofusho (fear that their own appearance or smell, facial expression, or body language will offend, insult, or embarrass other people) Social anxiety disorder- an anxiety disorder involving the extreme and irrational fear of being embarrassed, judged, or scrutinized by others in social situations
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Originally PTSD was associated with military combat, can develop in survivors of other extreme trauma Core symptoms have been identified Likelihood of developing PTSD is linked to personal or family history and/or magnitude of trauma experienced Posttraumatic stress disorder- a disorder triggered by exposure to a highly traumatic event which results in recurrent, involuntary, and intrusive memories of the event; avoidance of stimuli and situations associated with the event; negative changes in thoughts, moods, and emotions; and a persistent state of heightened physical arousal
Catastrophic cognitions theory (Hinton and others)
Oversensitive to physical sensations and also tend to catastrophize meaning of their experience
Social and Cultural Sources of Stress
People who live under difficult or unpleasant conditions experience chronic stress. People in less privileged groups have fewer resources with which to cope with stressors Crowding, crime, poverty, and substandard housing Chronic stress is also associated with lower socioeconomic status Personal perception of low social status is associated poorer physical health Racism and discrimination are another important source of chronic stress Subtle instances of racism called micro aggressions, contribute to chronic stress
Are people with mental illness as violent as the media portray them
People with a major mental illness belong to one of the most stigmatized groups and are more likely to be portrayed as violent Overall former mental patients do not have a higher rate of violence Those with symptoms of substance use disorder were most likely to engage in violent behavior Those with severe mental disorder symptoms display slightly higher levels of violence
Bipolar Disorder
Person experiences extreme mood swings Episodes of incapacitating depression alternate with shorter periods of extreme euphoria (manic episodes) Usually manic episode immediately precedes or follows a bout with major depression Small percentage of people experience only manic episodes Involves abnormal moods at both ends of emotional spectrum Biplar disorder- a mood disorder involving periods of incapacitating depression alternating with periods of extreme euphoria and excitement; formerly called manic depression Manic episodes- a sudden, rapidly excalating emotional state characterized by extreme euphoria, excitement, physical energy and rapid thoughts and speech
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Positive symptoms- in schizophrenia symptoms that reflect excesses or distortions of normal functioning, including delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thoughts and behavior 1. Delusions or false beliefs - can lead to dangerous behaviors 2. Hallucinations, or false perceptions - can be indistinguishable from reality 3. Severely disorganized thought processes and speech 4. Severely disorganized behavior Negative symptoms- in schizophrenia symptoms that reflect defects or deficits in normal functioning, including flat affect, alogia, and avolitation Consist of marked deficits or decreases in behavioral or emotional functioning. These symptoms can occur in combination and vary across cultures Flat affect- little to no emotion towards their environment Lack of speech- shut down you will try communicating and they will unable to Lack of movement/activity Greatly reduced motivation, emotional expressiveness or speech Catatonia- bizarre postures or grimaces, complete immobility, little/no speech, extremely agitated behavior, echoing of words just spoken by another person, or imitation of the movements of others
Developed counterconditioning
a behavior therapy technique based on classical conditioning that involves modifying behavior by conditioning a new response that is incompatible with a previously learned response
Prevalence and Course of Schizophrenia
Prevalence 200,000 new cases are diagnosed in United States per year Approximately 1 million americans are treated annually 1 percent of the U.S. population will experience at least one episode during life Most cultures correspond very closely to the 1 percdent Course Onsesnt of schizophrenia typically occurs during...
Prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder
Prevalence: 6% to 7% of Americans are affected by major depression Lifetime prevalence: about 5% of Americans at some point in their lives Gender: women are about twice as likely as men to be affected by major depression Women more vulnerable because Experience greater degree of chronic stress in daily life Have lesser sense of personal control More prone to dwell on their problems
NCS-R:
Psychological disorders are far more common than most people think. According to the national comorbidity survey replication (NCS-R) about one in four American adults has experienced the symptoms of some types of psychological disorder during the previous year. However, most people who experience such symptoms do not receive treatment.
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia- a psychological disorder in which the ability to function is impaired by severely distorted beliefs, perceptions, and thought processes Schizophrenia is diagnosed when two or more of these characteristic symptoms are actively present for a month or longer
Chronic Negative Emotions
Show strong link between negative and poor health People who are habitually anxious, depressed, angry or hostile are more likely to develop a chronic disease such as arthritis or heart disease
Not conclusive
Some people with schizophrenia do not show brain structure abnormalities Evidence is correlational Brain abnormalities seen in other mental disorders
Physical Effects of Stress
Stress can indirectly affect a person's health by promoting behaviors that jeopardize physical well-being, such as not eating or sleeping properly Stress can directly affect physical health by altering body functions, leading to physical symptoms, illness or disease
Cluster in certain families
The more closely related a person is to someone who has schizophrenia, greater the risk that she will be diagnosed with schizophrenia at some point in her lifetime If either biological parent of an adopted individual had schizophrenia, the adopted individual is at greater risk to develop schizophrenia Chromosome locations associated with genes that influence brain development, memory, and cognition seem related No specific pattern of genetic variation can be identified as the genetic cause of schizophrenia, but presence of certain genetic variations increases susceptibility The presence of certain genetic variations seems to increase the susceptibility to the disorder
Mindfulness approaches
Use mindfulness based interventions, mindfulness based therapies or mindfulness and acceptance therapies Involve present centered awareness without judgment Include techniques that target thoughts and behaviors Implements goal to change context in which thoughts are understood; observe and change their relationship to maladaptive thoughts and emotions Decentering
Techniques Based on Operant Conditioning
Uses Skinnerian principles such as Shaping- useful with patients who have intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, or schizophrenia Positive and negative reinforcement- used to increase the incidence of desired behaviors Extinction- the absence of reinforcement, is used to reduce the occurrence of undesired behaviors Token economy- a form of behavior therapy in which the therapeutic behaviors with tokens or points that may eventually be exchanged for tangible rewards Contingency management- carefully specified behaviors that "earn" the individual concrete rewards
The Immune System
Women who had been exposed to the flu virus during the first trimester had a sevenfold increased risk of bearing a child who later developed schizophrenia Mothers who were exposed to flu virus during the first or second trimester, show an increased rate of schizophrenia Schizophrenia occurs more often in those born in the winter and spring months when upper respiratory infections are most common
Type A behavior pattern-
a behavioral and emotional style characterized by a sense of time urgency, hostility, and competitiveness 1. An exaggerated sense of time urgency, often trying to do more and more in less and less time 2. A general sense of hostility, frequently displaying anger and irritation associated with heart disease 3. Intense ambition and competitiveness 4. Experience greater increases in blood pressure and heart rate
Post traumatic stress disorder-
a disorder that involves intrusive thoughts of the traumatic event, emotional numbness and symptoms of anxiety such as nervousness, sleep disturbances, and irritability When traumas are intense or repeated, some psychologically vulnerable people may develop PTSD
Dissociative identity disorder
a dissociative disorder involving extensive memory disruptions along with the presence of two or more distinct identities or "personalities" formerly called multiple personality disorder Not all mental health professionals are convinced that dissociative identity disorder is a genuine psychological disorder Is extreme form of dissociative coping High percentage of DID patients report having suffered extreme physical or sexual abuse. Child "dissociates from it, creating alternate personalities to experience trauma
Dissociative amnesia
a dissociative disorder involving the partial or total inability to recall important personal information
Group Therapy
a form of psychotherapy that involves one or more therapists working simultaneously with a small group of clients Advantages: Very cost effective e Actual interactions with others can be observed Support, encouragement, and advice provided by the other group members New behaviors can be tried in safe environment
Family therapy
a form of psychotherapy that is based on the assumption that the family is a system and that treats the family as a unit Advantages: May use many different approaches Involves immediate family members and important members of extended family Enhances effective of individual psychotherapy Goal: this therapy helps with difficulties in marriage or other committed relationships by improving communication, reducing negative communication, and increasing intimacy Types: Marital or couple therapy Behavioral couple therapy Enhancement effectiveness of individual psychotherapy
Cognitive theories-
a group of psychotherapies based on the assumption that psychological problems are due to illogical patterns of thinking; treatment techniques focus on recognizing and altering these unhealthy thinking patterns Assumption: Psychological problems are due to maladaptive thinking Treatment techniques focus on recognizing and altering these unhealthy patterns Types: Rational emotive behavior therapy (Ellis) Cognitive therapy (Beck) Cognitive- behavioral therapy (Hollon and others) Mindfulness-based therapies (Chiesa and others)
Cyclothymic disorder
a mood disorder characterized by moderate but frequent mood swings that are not severe enough to qualify as bipolar disorder People experience moderate but frequent mood swings for two years or longer Mood wings are not severe enough to qualify as either bipolar disorder or major depression People with it are perceived as being extremely moody, unpredictable and inconsistent
Stress
a negative emotional state occurring in response to events that are perceived as taxing or exceeding a person's resources or ability to cope
Borderline personality disorder
a personality characterized by instability of interpersonal relationships self-image and emotions and marked impulsivity Most serious and disabling of the personality disorders Moods and emotions are intense, fluctuating, and extreme, often vastly out of proportion Relationships with others are as chaotic, desperately afraid of abandonment "cutting" or other acts of self-mutilation, threats of suicide, and suicide attempts are common Highest prevalence among women, people in lower income groups, and native American men; lowest incidence was among women of Asian descent Characterized by instability of interpersonal relationships self-image and emotions and marked impulsivity -1.2 percent to 6 percent of the population - 10 percent...
Antisocial personality disorder (psychopath or sociopath)-
a personality disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of disregarding and violating the rights of others such individuals are also often referred to as psychopaths or sociopaths Central feature is a pattern of blatantly disregarding and violating the rights of others - Deceiving and manipulating others for their own personal gain - Seem to lack "conscience" - More prevalent in men than women - High rates of alcoholism and other forms of substance abuse Evidence often seen in childhood (conduct disorder) - Cruelty to animals - Attacking or harming adults or children - Theft - Setting fires and destroying property
Dissociative fugue
a type of dissociative amnesia involving sudden and unexpected travel away from home extensive amnesia, and identity confusion
Optimistic explanatory style
accounting for negative events or situations with external, ` unstable, and specific explanations Use external unstable and specific explanations for negative events Predicts better health outcomes; strong immune system
Anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by excessive weight loss, an irrational fear of gaining weight, and distorted body self-perception Decrease in brain activity of the neurotransmitter serotonin Genetic factors implicated in both Family interaction patterns Critical comments by parents Parental modeling of disordered eating Western cultural attitudes toward thinness Perfectionism, rigid thinking, poor peer relations, social isolation, low self-esteem associated with anorexia
Burnout-
an unhealthy condition caused by chronic, prolonged work stress that is characterized by exhaustion, cynicism, and a sense of failure or inadequacy Sources: people feel exhasusted as if they've used up all of their emotional and physical resources People experience feelings of cynicism, demonstrating negative or overly detached attitudes Exhaustion- used all of their emotional and physical resources Cynicism- demonstrating negative or overly detached attitudes toward the job or work environment Causes Overload Lack of control Solution Sense of community
Panic attack disorder
anxiety disorder in which a person experiences frequent and unexpected panic attacks
Agoraphobia-
anxiety disorder involving extreme fear of experiencing a panic attack or other embarrassing or incapacitating symptoms in a public situation where escape is impossible and help is unavailable
Positive Emotions
are associated with increased resistance to infection, decreased illnesses, fewer reports of illness symptoms, less pain and longevity
Exposure therapy
behavioral therapy for phobias, panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, or related anxiety disorders in which the person is repeatedly exposed to the disturbing object or situation under controlled conditions Techniques recognized as effective treatments for anxiety disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and obsessive-compulsive disorder Person gradually and repeatedly relives frightening experience under controlled condition to overcome fear and establish adaptive beliefs High success rate in treatment of anxiety disorders, PTSD, and OCD when combined with behavioral and cognitive techniques
Early stress researchers:
believed any change that required you to adjust your behavior and lifestyle would cause stress, developed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale
Personality disorder-
inflexible, maladaptive patterns of thoughts, emotions, behavior, and interpersonal functioning that are stable over time and across situations, and that deviate from the expectations of the individual's culture Odd, eccentric cluster: Paranoid personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder schizotypal personality disorder Dramatic, emotional, erratic cluster: Antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder
Anxiety disorders-
category of psychological disorders in which extreme anxiety is the main diagnostic feature and causes significant disruptions in the person's cognitive, behavioral, or interpersonal functioning Irrational; uncontrollable; disruptive
Cognitive appraisal model of stress-
developed by Richard lazarus, a model of stress that emphasizes the role of an individual's evaluation (appraisal) of events and situations and of the resources that he or she has available to deal with the event or situation
Traumatic event-
events or situations that are negative, severe, and far beyond our normal expectations for everyday life or life events
Stressors
events or situations that are perceived as harmful, threatening, or challenging
Specific Phobia
excessive, intense and irrational fear of a specific object, situation or activity that is actively avoided or endured with marked anxiety Encountering feared situation or object can provoke a full-fledged panic attack About 13% of the general population experiences a specific phobia More than twice as many women as men suffer from specific phobia
Psychological disorder or mental disorder
pattern of behavioral and psychological symptoms that causes significant personal distress, impairs the ability to function in one or more important areas of life, or both o The dividing line between normal and abnormal behavior often determined by social or cultural context o Strong social stigma attached to suffering from a psychological disorder o Pattern of behavioral or psychological symptoms must represent a serious departure from the prevailing social and cultural norms o Standard descriptions of disorders from the DSM-5 must be used
Phobia
persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, situation, or activity
Antianxiety Medications
prescription drugs that are used to alleviate the symptoms of anxiety Benzodiazephines (Valium, Xanax) Reduce anxiety increasing level of GABA Take effect rapidly and after a week or two effectively reduce anxiety levels Side effects include decreased coordination, reaction time, altertness Physical addiction and possible life-threatening withdrawl symptoms Effect intensified if combined with alcohol or over-the-counter drugs like antihistamines Non-benzodiazepine (Buspar) Doesn't effect GABA, perhaps effects dopamine or serotonin May take up to two or three weeks to work Doesn't reduce alertness or produce cognitive impairment
Telomeres-
repeated, duplicate DNA sequences that are found at the very tips of chromosomes and that protect the chromosomes genetic data during cell division With each cell division the string of telomeres gets shorter Shorter telomeres are linked with aging, age-related diseases, and mortality Elevated levels of the stress hormones cortisol and the catecholamines are linked to shorter telomeres People under chronic stress have shortened telomeres
Psychopathology-
scientific study of the origins, symptoms, and development of psychological disorders
Panic attack
sudden episodes of extreme anxiety that rapidly accelerates in intensity
Cognitive behavioral therapy-
therapy that integrates cognitive and behavioral techniques and that is based on the assumption that thoughts, moods and behaviors are interrelated o Integrates cognitive and behavioral techniques o Is based on the assumption that thoughts, moods, and behaviors are interrelated o Uses pragmatic approach as its hallmark o Is used across age groups o Is effective treatment for many disorders
Psychotherapy
treatment of emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal problems through the use of psychological techniques designed to encourage understanding of problems and modify troubling feelings, behaviors or relationships Psychotherapy uses psychological techniques to treat emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal problems Assumption: Psychological factors play significant role in troubling feelings, behaviors and relationships Types: Clinical psychologist, counseling psychologist, psychiatrist, psychoanalyst, licensed professional counselor, psychiatric social worker, and psychiatric nurse
Biomedical therapies
use of medications, electroconvulsive therapy, or other medical treatments to treat the symptoms associated with psychological disorders Biomedical therapy uses medication or other medical treatments to treat psychological disorder symptoms Assumption: Symptoms of many psychological disorders involve biological factors Types: licensed physicians, limited number of specially trained psychologists
