Psych 1301 Final
Which of the following illustrates continuous reinforcement
Clara gets a chocolate bar from her father every time she completes a household chore.
While sitting in class, Paul heard two people whispering about an upcoming college event. Since this sounded more interesting to him than the lecture that was going on, Paul started listeding intently to what the two people were talking about, while completely ignoring the lecture. This is an example of _______________.
Selective attention
____________ refers to focusing one's consciousness on a particular stimulus
Selective attention
As we develop our _______ forms intentions and guides behavior.
Self
In the context of immediate versus delayed reinforcers, which of the following statements is true?
The short-term consequences of behavior often provide greater incentive than the long-term consequences.
Which of the following is true about the storage of information in long-term memory?
We tend to organize information in order of their hierarchy.
Side effects of _________ include cancer, heart disease, lung and respiratory diseases.
nicotine
Amphetamines
often abused for the euphoric rush that high doses can produce
Meditation
refers to an altered state of consciousness
__________ is defined as a simple unlearned response to a stimulus
Reflex
As we enter ________ sleep, our brain waves slow down from the alpha rhythm and enter a pattern of theta waves.
Stage 1
Naomi is afraid of dogs. While she is feeling relaxed, her therapist shows her a dog from a distance. The therapist gradually brings the dog closer until Naomi's fear is completely extinguished. Which of the following techniques did the therapist use to extinguish Naomi's fear of dogs?
Systematic desensitization
Sleep terrors
a sleep disorder similar to experiencing nightmares
During a survey conducted in a primary school, it was found that most of the students feared snakes, insects, thunderstorms, and darkness. According to Arne Öhman and Susan Mineka, the students might be _____ by evolutionary forces to develop these fears.
biologically prepared
_____ psychologists define learning as the process by which organisms change the way they represent the environment because of experience.
Cognitive
___________ is a scheduled of reinforcement in which every correct response is reinforced.
Continuous reinforcement
Cynthia has an intense fear of cats. Her psychologist repeatedly paired her love for classical music with the gradual exposure of Cynthia to a cat until her fear for cats was cured. In this scenario, which of the following techniques did Cynthia's psychologist use to cure her fear of cats?
Counterconditioning
A child who is afraid of water is tossed into a swimming pool with a floatation device to teach him how to swim. In this scenario, which of the following techniques is being used to reduce his fear?
Flooding
After being conditioned to fear a white rat due to a childhood incident, Albert began fearing all furry objects, such as rabbits and fur coats. Albert's fear of furry objects is due to _____.
Generalization
________ is an altered state of consciousness in which people are highly suggestible and behave as though they are in a trance.
Hypnosis
Example of a non conscious process
digestion of food
Some lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) users have _________, which are distorted perceptions or hallucinations that mimic the LSD trip, but occur days or weeks after usage.
flashbacks
Tracy had taken tennis lessons when she was very young and was a good tennis player in her school. However, she had not played tennis for years when she decided to enroll in a tennis class at college. At the tennis class, a moment after she picked up her racket, Tracy realized that she had shifted it to the correct forehand grip without even thinking. Tracy's _____ made this possible.
implicit memory
Once we have learned the multiplication tables, the recall of six times six is relatively automatic due to _____.
priming
Christopher knows a lot of facts about the planet earth. He knows that the circumference of the earth is 40,030 km even though he did not personally measure the circumference of the earth. This knowledge is referred to as _____.
semantic memory
When we look at a visual stimulus, our impressions of it may seem fluid enough. This is because _____
sensory memory briefly holds perceptions, making them seem connected
insomnia
sleep disorder that is characterized by the inability to fall or stay asleep
Narcolepsy is usually accompanied by _________, which is characterized by the collapse of muscle groups or the entire body, and a person cannot move during the transition from consciousness to sleep.
sleep paralysis
While on vacation, twelve years ago, Benjamin became extremely ill after eating some shrimps. To this day, he feels nauseous at the sight of shrimps and cannot eat them. Psychologists refer to Benjamin's response to shrimps as a _____.
taste aversion
In a variable-interval schedule, reinforcement is provided after a _____.
variable amount of time has passed
Which of the following is true about maintenance rehearsal?
It involves mentally repeating a list or saying the information to oneself.
Which of the following statements is true about long-term memory?
It is analogous to a biochemical "hard drive".
Which of the following is true about the serial position effect?
It is the tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items on a list.
In the terminology of observational learning, a person who engages in a response that is imitated is a _______.
Model
__________ is the acquisition of knowledge and skills by watching others rather than by means of direct experience.
Observational learning
Direct inner awareness
The knowledge of our own thoughts, images, emotions, and memories that we experience without the use of our sensory organs
Which of the following statements is true about taste aversions?
The unconditioned stimulus can occur hours after the conditioned stimulus.
There is no evidence to suggest that dreams express impulses we censor during the day
True