psych 201 final exam

Research that is undertaken primarily because the researcher is interested in research topic is called: a) pure research b) applied research c) clinical research d) general research

a) pure research

The brain and spinal cord make up the ______, which controls and commands bodily functions. a) autonomic nervous system b) peripheral nervous system c) central nervous system d) somatic nervous system

c) central nervous system

Which of the following statements is true of the nativist theory of language development? c) children bring neurological prewiring to language learning

c) children bring neurological prewiring to language learning

_________ is the loss of memory of personal information that is thought to stem from psychological conflict or trauma. c) dissociative amnesia

c) dissociative amnesia

Nicotine, alcohol, and many other drugs are pleasurable because they heighten levels of ______ a) norepinephrine b) amphetamine c) dopamine d) acetylcholine

c) dopamine

In the context of the human eye, the size of the ______ is sensitive to an individual's emotions. a) retina b) optic nerve c) pupil d) cornea

c) pupil

As we enter ________. our brain waves slowdown from the alpha rhythm and enter a pattern of theta waves. a) stage 4 sleep b) stage 3 sleep c) stage 1 sleep d) stage 2 sleep

c) stage 1 sleep

If you have a(n) __________ locus of control you tend to believe that you can influence when you receive reinforcers. d) internal

d) internal

________ refers to a sleep attack in which a person falls asleep suddenly and irresistibly. a) sleep terror b) sleep apnea c) insomnia d) narcolepsy

d) narcolepsy

A(n) _________ is a state of deprivation d) need

d) need

___________ tests are tests whose items must be answered in a specified, limited manner and have concrete answers. d) objective

d) objective

According to your text, children watching violence in the media are potentially impacted by all of the following EXECPT: a) increased emotional arousal b) observational learning might promote such behaviors c) habituation to violence may occur d) reduced probability of aggressive behavior

d) reduced probability of aggressive behavior

In the context of operant conditioning, an example of ________ is when you keep posting comments in social media to receive more "likes". a) punishment b) extinction c) regularization d) reinforcement

d) reinforcement

Although Crystal had practiced her presentation several times before class, she struggled in the middle part of her speech when she gave it in class. This pattern of forgetting illustrates __________. d) serial-position effect

d) serial-position effect

Which of Jeffery Arnett's five features of emerging adulthood is characterized by people having an optimistic belief that the world lies open before them? d) the age of possibilities

d) the age of possibilities

Which of the following is a focus of the psychodynamic theory? d) the far-reaching effects of childhood events on personality

d) the far-reaching effects of childhood events on personality

Which of the following Freudian psychic structures is present in a person at birth? d) the id

d) the id

In the context of stress, which of the following is true of predictability and control? d) the illusion of being in control allows people to feel that they are not at the mercy of the fates

d) the illusion of being in control allows people to feel that they are not at the mercy of the fates

If you were having trouble with balance, it would most likely be a problem with your _______ system a) auditory b) kinesthesis c) olfactory d) vestibular

d) vestibular

__________ such as pathogens, injuries, age, gender, end of family history of disease may strike us are the most obvious causes of illness a) biological factors

a) biological factors

The __________ is the final stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development. a) formal operational stage

a) formal operational stage

The flow of visual information seems smooth and continuous because of _________ memory, which can hold visual stimuli for up to a second. a) iconic

a) iconic

In the contexts of memory and forgetting, one of the cognitive explanations for infantile amnesia states that: a) infants do not make reliable use of language to symbolize or classify events

a) infants do not make reliable use of language to symbolize or classify events

Ava, a four-year-old girl, combines words to form her own sentences. In this scenario, Ava is demonstrating ___________. a) infinite creativity

a) infinite creativity

Which of the following statements is true about long-term memory? a) it is analogous to a biochemical "hard drive"

a) it is analogous to a biochemical "hard drive"

After returning from work, Greg contemplates whether he should stay at home or exercise at the gym. He wants to stay home because he likes to relax, but feels guilty about not getting enough exercise. He knows that if he goes to the gym, he will be glad that he is exercising but unhappy because he does not enjoy the activity. According to Neal Miller, this is an example of _____________. a) multiple approach-avoidance conflict

a) multiple approach-avoidance conflict

Sanchez, an eight year old boy, suffers from unpredictable panic attacks and constantly talks to his imaginary friends. b) demonological model

b) demonological model

Jane is a 10-year-old girl with a mental age of 12. Jane's intelligence quotient calculated using Wilhelm Stern's formula is __________. a) 120

a) 120

What is the name of the concept that infants are born with the innate ability to learn language? a) language acquisition device

a) language acquisition device

Which of the following is the most complex form of conflict? a) multiple approach-avoidance

a) multiple approach-avoidance

Which of the following is not a characteristic of psychological hardiness? b) aggression

b) aggression

According to James and Lange, _________ are the cognitive representations of automatic physiological and behavioral responses. b) emotions

b) emotions

_______ stress is considered to be healthful. b) eustress

b) eustress

Seligman suggested that when things go wrong, we sometimes develop inappropriate attributional styles toward the causes of failure. Which of the following was not proposed by him? b) negative or positive

b) negative or positive

Liz sustained a head injury in a car accident. When she was fully awake, the doctor approached her and asked her questions such as "What is the last thing you remember?" and "When were you born?" Liz was able to answer all these questions correctly. In this scenario, the questions asked to Liz summons up __________. a) conscious information b) preconscious information c) nonconscious information d) unconscious information

b) preconscious information

Because of her poor health, your Aunt B had to a lot of medication. She usually does a good job remembering to take it but sometimes forgets to do so. This forgetting is a failure of what type of memory? b) prospective memory

b) prospective memory

According to your text, which of the following is NOT a reason for dreaming? a) conflict theory b) role theory c) the biofeedback model d) the activation-synthesis model

b) role theory

Concerning dissociative identity disorders, which of the following is inaccurate about their identities? b) the identities must not be aware of each other

b) the identities must not be aware of each other

The loudness of a sound is expressed in ______. a) volt b) decibels c) watts d) hertz

b) decibels

The Atkinson-Shiffrin model of stages of memory intends to __________. b) determine whether and for how long information is retained in memory

b) determine whether and for how long information is retained in memory

One potential reason why women and certain groups are significantly effected by alcohol is because a) they are more sensitive to the chemical b) they produce less aldehyde dehydrogenase than other groups c) of cultural norms d) they produce more aldehyde dehydrogenase than other groups

b) they produce less aldehyde dehydrogenase than other groups

_______ refers to learning that is hidden or concealed. a) successive approximations b) modeling c) latent learning d) observational learning

c) latent learning

__________ refers to our ability to bring desired changes through our own efforts. a) self-efficacy

a) self-efficacy

Which of the following terms denotes a trick of perceptual constancies on the eye? a) retinal disparity b) a visual illusion c) an absolute threshold d) depth perception

b) a visual illusion

Which of the following is one of Selye's three stages in the general adaptation syndrome? b) the exhaustion stage

b) the exhaustion stage

________ tells us whether we are falling and provides cues to whether our body is changing speed. a) clairvoyance b) the olfactory sense c) the vestibular sense d) telepathy

c) the vestibular sense

Which of the following is true of collectivists? c) they are more likely to conform to group judgements

c) they are more likely to conform to group judgements

Which of the following is a new basic taste that was recently added to the primary taste qualities? a) bitter b) koshoo c) umami d) sweet

c) umami

Observational learning is one of foundations of __________. d) social cognitive theory

d) social cognitive theory

Sleepwalking typically occurs during: a) REM sleep b) stage 1 c) stage 2 d) stage 4

d) stage 4

Which of the following is not a characteristic of middle adulthood? a) sense of smell declines

a) sense of smell declines

Which of the following neurotransmitters is involved in emotional arousal and sleep? a) serotonin b) acetylcholine c) norepinephrine d) gamma-aminobutyric acid

a) serotonin

Which of the following plays a significant role in sleeping, sneezing, and coughing? a) reticular formation b) medulla c) pons d) cerebellum

b) medulla

________ is best defined as a sudden variation in an inheritable characteristic, as distinguished from a variation that results from generations of gradual selection a) classical conditioning b) mutation c) natural selection d) adaptation

b) mutation

________ is the concept that holds that adaptive genetic variations among members of a species enable individuals with those variations to survive and reproduce a) genetic drift b) natural selection c) biased mutation d) reinforcement

b) natural selection

Eli is a school student. Her teacher's appreciation motivates her to study well. She also aims to impress her teacher and parents by getting into a good university after she graduates from high school. Eli's performance goals seem to be met through ____________. d) extrinsic rewards

d) extrinsic rewards

Anaya is a teenager who has just started wearing braces. She hates going to school now because she thinks that everyone is looking at her and laughing. She believes that she must look her best at all times. Which of the following concepts of Piaget's adolescent egocentrism is depicted in this scenario? d) the concept of the imaginary audience

d) the concept of the imaginary audience

Every morning, Jaclyn's parents watch for the school bus to arrive. They repeatedly are looking out the window to see if the bus has arrived. This schedule is a __________. a) fixed-ratio schedule b) variable-ratio schedule c) fixed-interval schedule d) variable-interval schedule

d) variable-interval schedule

Schizophrenia is characterized by ___________. b) disturbances in thought and language, perception and attention, motor activity, and mood

b) disturbances in thought and language, perception and attention, motor activity, and mood

___________ is best described as the direction of one's romantic interests and erotic attractions- toward members of one's anatomic sex, the other anatomic sex, or both. b) sexual orientation

b) sexual orientation

____________ is best described as the field of psychology that is about personal well-being and satisfaction; joy, sensual pleasure, and happiness; and optimism and hope for the future. c) positive psychology

c) positive psychology

_______ primarily study how we perceive and mentally represent the world, how we learn, remember the past, plan, problem solve, and use language. a) Cognitive psychologists b) Human factors psychologists c) Social psychologists d) Developmental psychologists

a) Cognitive psychologists

Which of the following statements is true of the biological views that explain the origins of anxiety disorders? a) a predisposition toward anxiety, in the form of a high reactive autonomic nervous system, can be inherited

a) a predisposition toward anxiety, in the form of a high reactive autonomic nervous system, can be inherited

According to Ainsworth, infants who show __________ are least distressed by their mother's departure, play by themselves without fuss, and ignore their mothers when they return. a) avoidant attachment

a) avoidant attachment

When you are training a pet, you are most likely relying on which of the following psychological perspectives? a) behaviorist b) functionalist c) biological d) cognitive

a) behaviorist

Which of the following is a similarity between adolescence and emerging adulthood? a) both are ages of feeling in-between

a) both are ages of feeling in-between

In ____________, the problem solver associates freely to the elements of the problem, allowing "leads" to run a nearly limitless course. a) divergent thinking

a) divergent thinking

_________ believed that general intelligence was responsible for overall performance on mental ability tests. b) Charles Spearman

b) Charles Spearman

A(n) ______ expresses the strength and direction (positive or negative) of the relationship between two variables a) independent variable b) non-varying constant c) correlation coefficient d) dependent variable

c) correlation coefficient

In the context of hunger, adaptive thermogenesis causes ____________ when someone goes on a diet. c) the body to burn fewer calories

c) the body to burn fewer calories

Which of the following statements is true of hormones? a) they are secreted exclusively by the pituitary gland b) they transmit hereditary traits across generations c) they are secreted directly into the bloodstream d) they are secreted exclusively by glands that have ducts

c) they are secreted directly into the bloodstream

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which of the following is true of children in the concrete operational stage? c) they center on the motives of wrongdoers as well as on the amount of damage done when assigning blame

c) they center on the motives of wrongdoers as well as on the amount of damage done when assigning blame

Which of the following senses is dominant in human beings? a) touch b) smell c) vision d) hearing

c) vision

Someone who does not run on the wrong side of the road because it's the law is exhibiting which stage of moral reasoning? a) conventional

a) conventional

Naomi is afraid of dogs. While she is feeling relaxed, her therapist shows her a dog from a distance. The therapist gradually brings the dog closer until Naomi's fear is completely extinguished. In this scenario, which of the following techniques is being used to extinguish Naomi's fear of dogs? a) systematic desensitization b) free association c) discrimination d) generalization

a) systematic desensitization

Celia is taking an interest inventory. One of the questions asks her to select her preferred activity from among traveling, reading books, and cooking. The question does not give her a "none of the above" option. What is the format inventory called? a) forced-choice format

a) forced-choice format

Eugene believes that he can bring about positive changes in his life through his own efforts. Psychologists would say that Eugene has _____ b) high self-efficacy expectations

b) high self-efficacy expectations

In the context of behavior therapy methods, which of the following statements is true of flooding? a) it overrides the principle of extinction b) it involves continuous exposure to fear-evoking stimuli c) it is pleasant but ineffective d) it is based on principles of operant conditioning

b) it involves continuous exposure to fear-evoking stimuli

Ophelia is 51 years old. She has begun to experience hot flashes and finds it difficult to sleep at night. More often than not, she finds herself feeling pessimistic and unmotivated. She also has a certain amount of anxiety. Ophelia is most likely experiencing the ________ of middle adulthood. c) climacteric phase

c) climacteric phase

_______ is defined as a way of evaluating the claims and comments of other people that involves skepticism and examination of evidence. a) conditioning b) introspection c) critical thinking d) reinforcement

c) critical thinking

The blind spot: a) is caused by nearsightedness b) increases in size with age c) is insensitive to visual stimulation d) can be cured with laser surgery

c) is insensitive to visual stimulation

The embryo is connected to the placenta by the _____________. c) umbilical cord

c) umbilical cord

Mr. Rupp's memory has always been spectacular. He can see an image, like a painting or a page in a book, and recall exactly all of the details of either one. Mr Rupp's ability to remember these specific details is known as ________. d) eidetic imagery

d) eidetic imagery

______ cannot be experienced through sensory awareness or direct inner awareness. a) operant conditioning b) nonconscious processes c) classical conditioning d) conscious processes

b) nonconscious processes

_______ cannot be experienced through sensory awareness or direct inner awareness. a) operant conditioning b) nonconscious processes c) classical conditioning d) conscious processes

b) nonconscious processes

According to ________, when we see modeled behavior being reinforced, we are vicariously reinforced. a) systematic desensitization b) observational learning c) the conflict theory d) the contact hypothesis

b) observational learning

The _______ is the branch of the autonomic nervous system that is most active during when you are scared. a) central nervous system b) parasympathetic division c) sympathetic division d) somatic division

c) sympathetic division

The pain message is relayed from the spinal cord to the _____ and then projected to the cerebral cortex making us aware of the location and intensity of the damage. a) medulla b) ganglions c) thalamus d) cerebrum

c) thalamus

According to ethologist Konrad Lorenz, _________ only occurs during a critical period of development. d) attachment

d) attachment

The ___________ is the branch of the autonomic nervous system that is most active during processes that restore reserves of energy to the body. b) parasympathetic nervous system

b) parasympathetic nervous system

Prior to conditioning, Michael salivates in response to lasagna placed in his mouth. Using classical terms, the food would be labeled the ______, while Michael salivating would be labeled _________. a) unconditioned response; unconditioned stimulus b) unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response c) conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus d) conditioned stimulus; conditioned response

b) unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response

Which best characterizes Howard Gardner's view of intelligence? c) "There are multiple intelligences which are influenced by different areas in the brain"

c) "There are multiple intelligences which are influenced by different areas in the brain"

Which of the following is a principle of critical thinking? a) Oversimplify problems if necessary b) Choose critical thinking over research ethics if required c) Insist on evidence d) Avoid being skeptical

c) Insist on evidence

At the start of the exam Bobbi did not notice any distracting sounds. As time passed she became more and more aware of the ticking clock on the wall. What is this an example of? a) Absolute threshold b) Subliminal stimulation c) Sensory adaptation d) Just noticeable difference

c) Sensory adaptation

Knowing how to play a piano without much conscious effort illustrates ________ memory d) implicit memory

d) implicit memory

In classical conditioning, the term extinction can be misleading because: a) extinction is a continuous and irreversible process b) conditioned stimuli cannot lose the ability to elicit conditioned responses c) extinction does not change the mental representation of one's environment d) spontaneous recovery of extinguished conditioned responses can occur

d) spontaneous recovery of extinguished conditioned responses can occur

__________ is the process by which test scores from various population groups, are obtained and organized so that test results can be compared to those with similar demographic profiles. d) standardization

d) standardization

Identify a true statement about environmental influence on intelligence. d) studies support the view that children's early environment is linked to academic achievement

d) studies support the view that children's early environment is linked to academic achievement

Visual stimuli can be flashed too briefly, below our absolute threshold for conscious perception, to enable us to process them. This is an example of _______. a) dark adaptation b) the difference threshold c) light adaptation d) subliminal stimulation

d) subliminal stimulation

In Gestalt psychology, ____________ is sudden perception of relatioships among elements of the mentally represented elements of a problem that permits its solution. a) insight

a) insight

__________ is the acquisition of knowledge and skills by watching others rather than by means of direct experience. a) free association b) systematic desensitization c) observational learning d) cognitive mapping

c) observational learning

On a bright, sunny day, Manny leaves a dimly-lit movie theater and goes out into the street. The _____ in his eyes adjust to the sudden increase in light a) fovea b) ganglion cells c) pupils d) optic nerves

c) pupils

_________ are defined as stimuli that increase the frequency of behavior. a) aversive stimuli b) punishments c) reinforcers d) unpleasant stimuli

c) reinforcers

According to the general adaptation syndrome, the levels of endocrine and sympathetic activity in the ________ are lower than the levels in the alarm reaction but still higher than normal. c) resistance stage

c) resistance stage

After telling the police officer everything she could recall about when she went into the bank, Lucas got to the point that he could no longer recall any more information. At that point, Lucas was most likely experiencing __________. c) retrieval failure

c) retrieval failure

Professor Schwiesow is trained as which of the following? a) clinical psychologist b) counseling psychologist c) school psychologist d) humanist psychologist

c) school psychologist

Which of the following statements is true of amphetamines? a) they increase hyperactivity b) they reduce irritability when consumed in high doses c) they improve hunger and appetite d) they provide a euphoric rush when consumed in high doses

d) they provide a euphoric rush when consumed in high doses

Darryl has been a cocaine addict for over three years. He is a regular user of the drug. His body is now habituated to the drug, and hence he requires twice as much cocaine as he did initially to achieve similar effects. In this scenario, Darryl is displaying ________. a) regularization b) cyclothymia c) parasomnia d) tolerance

d) tolerance

Michaela works as waitress and she knows that the more tables that she waits on the better the likelihood of more tips. This schedule is a __________. a) fixed-ratio schedule b) fixed-interval schedule c) variable-interval schedule d) variable-ratio schedule

d) variable-ratio schedule

Which of the following statements highlights the relationship between dopamine and schizophrenia? a) People with schizophrenia may have more receptor sites for dopamine in area of the brain that is involved in emotional responding b) dopamine fails to produce any pleasurable effects that heighten the sensory experience of a patient suffering from schizophrenia c) underutilization of dopamine by the brain is connected with hallucinations and disturbances of thoughts and emotions d) schizophrenia manifests as a result of an imbalance in dopamine levels between two adjoining neurons with conflicting electrical charges

a) People with schizophrenia may have more receptor sites for dopamine in area of the brain that is involved in emotional responding

Daniella thinks that she is extremely overweight despite having a normal body weight. She avoids eating food and has recently lost a lot of weight. Despite this, she continues to think that she is overweight. Which eating disorder is Daniella most likely suffers from? a) anorexia nervosa

a) anorexia nervosa

People with ________ alternate between extremes of adulation in their relationships when their needs are met and loathing when they feel scorned. a) borderline personality disorder

a) borderline personality disorder

Identify the factors that make up the Big Five factor model. a) extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness

a) extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness

Research on acculturation shows that people who do not fully surrender their traditional backgrounds: a) have higher self-esteem than those who do

a) have higher self-esteem than those who do

In the context of organization in long-term memory, a(n) __________ is an arrangement of items into groups or classes according to common or distinct features. a) hierarchy

a) hierarchy

While on a study tour, Kruti realized how the trip had really helped her gain perspectve on her life and why she is working towards earning her degree. What theory best explains this? a) humanism

a) humanism

Which of the following is true of the trait theory? a) it focuses on describing traits rather than tracing their origins

a) it focuses on describing traits rather than tracing their origins

Kim has a poor appetite and has lost a severe amount of weight in the past few months. She is unable to concentrate or make decisions. She no longer wants to live and wishes to die. Psychologists are most likely to diagnose Kim with ___________. a) major depressive disorder

a) major depressive disorder

In the context of motor development of children, which of the following statements is true of activities like rolling over, sitting up, crawling, creeping, walking, and running? a) most infants engage in these activities in the same sequence

a) most infants engage in these activities in the same sequence

Which of following hassles is an example of an environmental hassle? a) noise

a) noise

Lisa, a high school student, is suspicious of her classmates. She does not trust them and keeps a distance from everyone at school. Lisa is most likely suffering from ___________. a) paranoid personality disorder

a) paranoid personality disorder

After surviving the horrible car accident, Jesus has experienced intense fear and avoids driving a car. He most likely is suffering from __________. a) post traumatic stress disorder

a) post traumatic stress disorder

According to Louis Thurstone, _________ are the eight specific factors that make up intelligence. a) primary mental abilities

a) primary mental abilities

According to behaviorists, personality is formed by ____________. a) situational or environmental influences

a) situational or environmental influences

Psychological disorders are: a) sometimes associated with faulty perception or interpretation of reality

a) sometimes associated with faulty perception or interpretation of reality

If the ________ is damaged, a person can form visual memories but not verbal memories. a) thalamus

a) thalamus

According to your text, if you are American you are most likely stressed about __________. a) the future of the nation

a) the future of the nation

Dave could not remember the last digit of his friends cell phone number so he kept trying different digits until he found the right one. In this scenario, which of the following methods did Dave use? a) the systematic random search algorithm

a) the systematic random search algorithm

Which of the following is one of the most common concerns about the Cannon-Bard theory? a) the theory says that emotions occur independently from the environment

a) the theory says that emotions occur independently from the environment

The __________ mind contains primitive instincts such as sex and aggression. a) unconscious

a) unconscious

Chelsea sells used cans and she has noticed over the years that when you initially quote a high price for a car people tend to not have a drastically different counteroffer. This is an example of: b) a framing effect

b) a framing effect

Tom is a loner who shows little interest in making friends and does not exhibit much emotion. However, he is a star performer at work. His job involves updating a database to reflect the most recent events occurring in the world. He is showing signs of _____.​ b) antisocial personality disorder

b) antisocial personality disorder

Suzanne Kobasa and her colleagues studied business executives who seemed able to resist illness despite stress. In one phase of the research, executives completed a battery of psychological tests, and the researchers found that the psychologically hardy executives tended to ___________. b) appreciate change as an interesting incentive to personal growth

b) appreciate change as an interesting incentive to personal growth

According to Jung's hypothesis, which of the following refers to the primitive images contained in the collective unconscious? b) archetypes

b) archetypes

Baby Sam's dad could not stop laughing because every time he touched the soles of his feet his toes would fan out. In this scenario, the baby is exhibiting the ____________. b) babinski reflex

b) babinski reflex

Mary has schizophrenia and shows symptoms of hallucinations, delusions, lack of emotional expression and social withdrawal. Mary exhibits ____________. b) both positive and negative symptoms

b) both positive and negative symptoms

It seemed like no matter what you are talking about, Sam always thought you were talking about him. What type of delusion is he suffering from? b) delusions of reference

b) delusions of reference

__________ is the quality of language that permits one to communicate information about objects and events in another time and place. b) displacement

b) displacement

In the context of the origins of dissociative disorders, both psychodynamic and learning theories suggest that: b) dissociative disorders help people keep disturbing memories or ideas out of mind

b) dissociative disorders help people keep disturbing memories or ideas out of mind

Mark and Mindy have two daughters. Their oldest daughter moved to a different city to pursue her graduate studies a few years ago. Recently, their younger daughter also moved to a different country for her undergraduate studies. Now, Mindy is bereft and is unable to figure out what to do with her free time. This scenario best illustrates the ____________. b) empty-nest syndrome

b) empty-nest syndrome

Which of the following is true of metabolism? b) fatty tissue in the body metabolizes food more slowly than muscle tissue does

b) fatty tissue in the body metabolizes food more slowly than muscle tissue does

Which of the following is the correct order of prenatal development? b) germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage

b) germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage

How to perform different skills and actions is a component of ________. b) implicit memory

b) implicit memory

Which of the following is true of crystallized intelligence? b) it is shown more generally by vocabulary

b) it is shown more generally by vocabulary

In the context of the general adaptation syndrome, which of the following is true of the fight or flight reaction? b) it stems from a period in human prehistory when many stressors were life threatening

b) it stems from a period in human prehistory when many stressors were life threatening

High self-efficacy expectations are accompanied by: b) low levels of adrenaline

b) low levels of adrenaline

In the context of the five-factor model, which of the following traits are characteristics of neuroticism? b) nervousness, moodiness, and sensitivity to negative stimuli

b) nervousness, moodiness, and sensitivity to negative stimuli

Kyle is possessed by the thought that he might develop a severe disease due to the germs. He tries to put these disturbing thoughts out of his mind by washing his hands several times a day. Kyle demonstrates: b) obsessive-compulsive disorder

b) obsessive-compulsive disorder

When Angelica studies for her college classes, she actively thinks about the new information, thinks about its applications, and tries to generate her own examples based on her experiences. Using levels of processing terminology, Angelica is: b) processing the information at a "deep" level so that it is more likely to be encoded into long-term memory

b) processing the information at a "deep" level so that it is more likely to be encoded into long-term memory

Which of the following is true of psychological needs? b) psychological needs differ markedly from one person to another

b) psychological needs differ markedly from one person to another

The __________ assumes that the more similar something is to our expectations, the more likely the entity belongs to that category. b) representativeness heuristic

b) representativeness heuristic

Carole walked into a Moroccan restaurant and was surprised that she did not see any utensils. Her surprise stems from the fact that she has never eaten without utensils before. This is an example of ___________. b) schema

b) schema

___________ are beliefs that we can accomplish certain things. b) self-efficacy expectations

b) self-efficacy expectations

Peggy Blake and her colleagues construct a scale of "life-changing units" to measure the impact of life changes among college students. Surveys with students revealed that: b) some of them considered academic success to be stressful

b) some of them considered academic success to be stressful

The critical factor in state-dependent retrieval is the influence of: b) the person's mood at the time a memory is encoded and retrieved

b) the person's mood at the time a memory is encoded and retrieved

In the context of the drive-reduction theory, which of the following is true of acquired drives? b) they are developed through experience

b) they are developed through experience

Jenny was beginning to panic as the store began to become crowded with shoppers. Jenny most likely suffers from ________. c) agoraphobia

c) agoraphobia

A two-year-old has a pet dog named Sophie. The child visits her neighbor's pet dog. Even though the neighbor's dog is larger and of a different color, the child points to it and calls it a dog. Which of Piaget's cognitive processes is the child demonstrating? c) assimilation

c) assimilation

Pansy is romantically and sexually attracted to both males and females. She is most likely to be labeled ____________. c) bisexual

c) bisexual

In relation to the question of what determines intelligence, most psychologists agree that: c) both heredity and environment are important in determining intelligence

c) both heredity and environment are important in determining intelligence

According to the different kinds of support for coping with stress, _________ involves listening to people's problems and expressing feelings of sympathy, caring, understanding, and reassurance. c) emotional concern

c) emotional concern

_________ in part reflects the horrors of mass destruction of human life through war and genocide, frequent events in the 20th century. c) existentialism

c) existentialism

Johnny has always feared going to the dentist as he associated these visits with pain. After repeated visits to the dentists, Johnny also developed the fear of bright lights as he has started associating it with the dentist's cabin. In the given scenario, the development of Johnny's fear of bright lights is due to ___________. a) selective attention b) general adaptation c) higher-order conditioning d) counterconditioning

c) higher-order conditioning

Jenny is obsessed with collecting chocolate wrappers. She picks up wrappers from the road and stacks them at her house. Jenny is most likely suffering from c) hoarding disorder

c) hoarding disorder

When a child utters the words "mama", it may signify meanings as varied as "There goes Mama", "Come here, Mama", and "You are my Mama". Such single words used by children to express complex meanings are known as ___________. c) holophrases

c) holophrases

Clark Hull's drive-reduction theory states that: c) humans learn to engage in behaviors that reduce a state of arousal

c) humans learn to engage in behaviors that reduce a state of arousal

The _________ is a pea-sized structure in the brain that is involved in many aspects of motivation, including sex, aggression, and hunger. c) hypothalamus

c) hypothalamus

Motives are ___________. c) inferred from behavior

c) inferred from behavior

Explicit memory is: c) information that can be clearly stated

c) information that can be clearly stated

Behavior that is rewarded by partial reinforcement is ________ resistant to extinction. a) not b) completely c) more d) less

c) more

Pointing to a cat and saying, "This is not a dog" is a(n) ___________ of the dog concept. c) negative instance

c) negative instance

Which of the following is a focus of Erikson's theory of personality and development? c) social relationships

c) social relationships

In boys, pituitary hormones stimulate the testes to increase the output of __________, which in turn causes enlargement of the penis and testes and the appearance of body hair. c) testosterone

c) testosterone

Researchers estimate that the heritability of the extraverted personality is ___________. d) 40% to 60%

d) 40% to 60%

The __________ is the division of the peripheral nervous system that regulates glands and activities such as heartbeat and respiration. d) autonomic nervous system

d) autonomic nervous system

Which of the following statements is true of prelinguistic vocalizations? d) babies babbling frequently combines consonants and vowels

d) babies babbling frequently combines consonants and vowels

Humor helps people cope with stress by ________. d) creating positive cognitive shifts that result in positive emotions

d) creating positive cognitive shifts that result in positive emotions

Cory was driving the car when an accident occurred that killed his best friend who was with him. When Cory woke up the next morning, he couldn't remember where he was or what had happened the night before. He is most likely exhibiting ____________. d) dissociative amnesia

d) dissociative amnesia

Tom, a high school senior, is very clear that he wants to study medicine. He spends his summer volunteering at hospitals and studies very hard for all his tests. He subscribes to medical journals so that he does not miss out on developments in the medical field. Tom is determined to study hard at Harvard Medical School. According to Erickson's theory of psychological development, Tom is demonstrating __________. d) ego identity

d) ego identity

Which of the following statements about suicide are correct? d) extracting a promise not to die by suicide before calling or visiting a helping professional seems to prevent some suicides

d) extracting a promise not to die by suicide before calling or visiting a helping professional seems to prevent some suicides

A researcher places a baby in a room with many different objects. Then, he records the amount of time the baby spends looking at any one stimulus or object. This shows the baby's visual preference. In this scenario, the researcher is most likely measuring the baby's ________. d) fixation time

d) fixation time

According to your text, one of the most common complaints concerning the Kinsey reports was that ____________. d) it was collected from a non-random sample

d) it was collected from a non-random sample

According to Maslow's Hierarchy of needs, what must be developed immediately prior to esteem needs? d) love and belongingness

d) love and belongingness

Brown and McNeil's experiment on the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon revealed that: d) memory storage systems of humans are indexed according to both visual and audio cues

d) memory storage systems of humans are indexed according to both visual and audio cues

According to William Masters and Virginia Johnson: d) men and women have similar biological responses to sexual stimulation

d) men and women have similar biological responses to sexual stimulation

Cancer is characterized by the development of abnormal, or mutant, cells that may tae root anywhere in the body: in the blood, bones, digestive tract, lungs, and sex organs. If their spread is not controlled early, the cancerous cells may ________. That is, establish colonies elsewhere in the body. d) metastasize

d) metastasize

Max's three-year-old typically says things like, "I seed it" and "Mommy sitted down". These examples illustrate ____________. d) overregularization

d) overregularization

Disaster victims may experience debilitating anxiety reactions months and years after the actual disaster. These patients are diagnosed with ___________. d) post-traumatic stress disorder

d) post-traumatic stress disorder

Essay tests are examples of ___________. d) recall

d) recall

In a study by Elizabeth Loftus, subjects watched a film of an automobile accident, then answered a series of questions, including one asking them to estimate the speed of the cars. What factor affected the subjects' estimate of how fast the cars in the film were traveling? d) whether the words used in the question suggested greater speeds

d) whether the words used in the question suggested greater speeds

Which of the following statements is true of shaping? a) It reinforces progressive steps toward the behavioral goal b) It uses the technique of positive punishment c) It is used solely to teach simple behaviors d) It extinguishes learned or conditioned behaviors

a) It reinforces progressive steps toward the behavioral goal

______ intensifies most emotions and is central to the experience of fear and anxiety. a) epinephrine b) prolactin c) thyroxin d) vasopressin

a) epinephrine

Which of the following represents your full genetic potential? a) genotype b) the action potential c) the resting potential d) phenotype

a) genotype

In the context of behavioral genetics, identify the correct statement. a) Heredity refers to the transmission of non-biological cultural factors from one generation to another b) Heredity is apparently involved in psychological disorders ranging from anxiety and depression to personality disorders c) Heredity does not play a role in substance abuse and self-esteem d) Heredity factors include environmental factors such as the social environment of an individual

b) Heredity is apparently involved in psychological disorders ranging from anxiety and depression to personality disorders

People withdrawing from chronic alcohol use may experience _________ with heavy sweating, restlessness, disorientation, and frightening hallucinations. a) cyclothymic disorder b) delirium tremens c) pryomania d) kleptomania

b) delirium tremens

Nearsightedness can result when the eyeball is elongated such that the images of: a) nearby objects are magnified to twice their original size b) nearby objects are focused behind the retina c) distant objects are focused in front of the retina d) distant objects are shrunk to less than their original size

c) distant objects are focused in front of the retina

Mindfulness meditation provides clients with techniques they can use to: a) improve hypnotic suggestibility b) ruminate about problems c) focus on the present d) achieve spiritual goals

c) focus on the present

Two identical model cars are parked at the far end of a parking lot. You are able to determine that one of the cars is closer to you than the other because it appears to be slightly larger, even though you know it is the same as the other. This is an example of what perceptual cue? a) overlap b) linear parallax c) texture gradient d) size constancy

d) size constancy

In the context of altering consciousness through drugs, ______ is a problem characterized by loss of control over consumption, social impairment, risky use, and tolerance and withdrawal symptoms. a) paranoid personality disorder b) impulse control disorder c) oppositional defiant disorder d) substance use disorder

d) substance use disorder

Which of the following statements is true of the scientific method? a) Psychologists are guided by principles of critical thinking as they try to draw conclusions from research evidence collected through the scientific method b) The scientific method of research begins by testing a hypothesis c) Psychologists using the scientific method of research always confuse correlations-or associations-between research findings with cause and effect d) The scientific method is a strict set of guidelines that psychologists must adhere to when conducting research on human behavior

a) Psychologists are guided by principles of critical thinking as they try to draw conclusions from research evidence collected through the scientific method

Phoebe recently suffered a major fall in which she sustained brain injuries. Since then, she has had immense difficulty in communicating with others. She appears to understand what is said to her, but her responses are slow and laborious. Her sentences are always incomplete with important grammatical words missing. Which of the following conditions best reflects Phoebe's case? a) broca's aphasia b) retrograde amnesia c) wernicke's aphasia d) epilepsy

a) broca's aphasia

Three-year old Derris watches the children's television show "Spongebob Squarepants". At first, Derris became really excited whenever he saw a Spongebob doll. Now Derris gets excited whenever he sees any yellow sponge. Derris is displaying stimulus ______. a) generalization b) sprawl c) discrimination d) confusion

a) generalization

Which of the following best identifies the behaviorists primary emphasis for the study of psychology? a) observable behavior b) conditioned stimuli c) introspection d) cognitive processes

a) observable behavior

When a patient insists on having a medical cure but a physician does not believe that medicine is necessary, the physician may prescribe sugar pills. Such fake pills are called ______ a) placebos b) antidepressants c) noceboes d) analgesics

a) placebos

When a patient insists on having a medical cure but a physician does not believe that medicine is necessary, the physician may prescribe sugar pills. Such fake pills are called ______ a) placebos b) noceboes c) analgesics d) antidepressants

a) placebos

Some researchers consider the ______ to be the "executive center" of the brain, where the decisions are made to keep information in working memory and to solve problems. a) prefrontal cortex b) cerebellum c) thalamus d) corpus callosum

a) prefrontal cortex

B.F. Skinner proposed a) that organisms learn to behave in certain ways because their behavior has a positive outcome b) the theory of psychoanalysis c) that organisms behave in certain ways because of inherited traits and not acquired traits d) the basic theories of functionalism

a) that organisms learn to behave in certain ways because their behavior has a positive outcome

According to cognitive psychologists, ___________. a) the changes caused by learning influence an organism's behavior b) the changes caused by learning fully determine an organism's behavior c) learning is a temporary change in behavior d) people are most likely to imitate behaviors that are inconsistent with their values

a) the changes caused by learning influence an organism's behavior

A number of people with severe cases of epilepsy have split-brain operations in which much of ________ is severed. a) the corpus callosum b) the somatosensory cortex c) wernicke's area d) the reticular formation

a) the corpus callosum

Which of the following statements is true of sleep? a) teenagers sleep eight hours a day b) people need more sleep when they are under stress c) newborn babies sleep less than 10 hours a day d) older people need more sleep than younger adults

b) people need more sleep when they are under stress

Sofia does not like eating vegetables. To ensure that she eats vegetables, her mother offers her an extra helping of dessert every time Sofia finishes her vegetables. In the context of behaviorism, this is known as ______ a) catharsis b) reinforcement c) introspection d) psychoanalysis

b) reinforcement

People with _______ stop breathing periodically, up to several hundred times per night. a) insomnia b) sleep apnea c) sleep terrors d) narcolepsy

b) sleep apnea

The term _______ refers to the deliberate placing of certain ideas, impulses, or images out of awareness. a) cognitive mapping b) suppression c) free association d) repression

b) suppression

Amy accidentally hit her elbow against the edge of a wall. Amy's mother rushed to her and rubbed the affected elbow. Amy's pain subsided. Which theory would best explain this incident? a) the opponent-process theory b) the gate theory c) the place theory d) the signal-detection theory

b) the gate theory

One potential reason why women and certain ethnic groups are significantly affected by alcohol is because a) they are more sensitive to the chemical b) they produce less aldehyde dehydrogenase than other groups c) of cultural norms d) they produce more aldehyde dehydrogenase than other groups

b) they produce less aldehyde dehydrogenase than other groups

A hypothesis is a: a) formal definition of an independent variable b) frustrating state of existence c) statement about behavior or mental processes that is testable through research d) statement about something you are interested in

c) statement about behavior or mental processes that is testable through research

Which of the following statements is true of applied research? a) It is broad and nonspecific in its approach b) It is categorized as research for its own sake c) It is designed to find solutions to personal or social problems d) It has no immediate application to personal or social problems

c) It is designed to find solutions to personal or social problems

According to the American Psychological Association's Handbooks of Ethics in Psychology, which of the following criteria must be met for psychologists to use deception in their experiments? a) They believe the individuals might not be willing to participate b) They collect stratified samples c) The participants are debriefed afterward d) Only if the names of participants are kept anonymous

c) The participants are debriefed afterward

Bobby was standing in line to purchase a movie ticket. All of a sudden, the man in front of him took a few steps back and stepped on Bobby's foot. Bobby immediately felt pain in his foot. This sensation was transmitted to the spinal cord and the brain through _______. a) pituitary glands b) glial cells c) afferent neurons d) efferent neurons

c) afferent neurons

If you are upset over something that you saw on social media, most likely your _______ is highly active right now. a) broca's area b) medulla c) amygdala d) thalamus

c) amygdala

The _______ perspective works on the assumption that thoughts, fantasies, and dreams- and the inborn or instinctive behavior patterns of various species- are made possible by the nervous system and especially by the brain. a) psychodynamic b) cognitive c) biological d) humanistic-existential

c) biological

An association among variables is known as ______ a) a constant b) a sample c) correlation d) volunteer bias

c) correlation

Jeff's dog barks and growls at the sound of a stranger's car pulling into his driveway, yet the dog wags its tail and gets excited at the sound of Jeff's car. In this scenario, the difference in the dog's reaction to the sound of Jeff's car and that of a stranger's car is due to __________. a) generalization b) spontaneous recovery c) discrimination d) free association

c) discrimination

Derris is a research assistant in Dr. Smith's psychology lab. When the participant asked him what the conditions of the study were, Derris replied "I do not know". This is an example of a _____ study. a) case b) blind c) double-blind d) correlational

c) double-blind

Jane is a practicing psychologist who assesses the mental status of people charged with crimes and shares her findings with the courts. Jane is most likely a(n) _______ a) health psychologist b) environmental psychologist c) forensic psychologist d) industrial psychologist

c) forensic psychologist

Esteban finds that he is often very anxious and not at ease. Which of the following neurotransmitters might help him the most? a) norepinephrine b) endorphins c) gamma-aminobutyric acid d) serotonin

c) gamma-aminobutyric acid

People deprived of rapid eye movement sleep: a) spend less time in REM sleep during subsequent sleep periods b) have fewer chances of experiencing REM rebound c) learn more slowly d) experience paradoxical sleep

c) learn more slowly

These neurons fire when an animal observes the behavior of another animal and that behavior stimulates imitative behavior in the first animal. a) catecholamines b) interneurons c) mirror neurons d) motor neurons

c) mirror neurons

Exposure to very loud sounds can lead to damage of the auditory nerve or hair cells, resulting in ________. a) conductive deafness b) tympanosclerosis c) sensorineural deafness d) perichondritis

c) sensorineural deafness

Kira, an eight year-old girl, sometimes walks in her sleep. She also responds to questions while she is up and about. However, when she wakes up in the morning, she does not remember the incident. In the context of sleep disorders, Kira is exhibiting symptoms of ________. a) insomnia b) sleep apnea c) somnambulism d) sleep terror

c) somnambulism

As we enter ________, our brain waves slowdown from the alpha rhythm and enter a pattern of theta waves. a) stage 4 sleep b) stage 3 sleep c) stage 1 sleep d) stage 2 sleep

c) stage 1 sleep

Which of the following statements is true of the absolute threshold? a) It is determined by measuring the rate a person becomes less sensitive to stimuli of low magnitude and more sensitive to stimuli that remain the same b) It is used to represent the minimum difference in the magnitude of two stimuli required to tell them apart c) It is used to measure the intensity of sensory input by using the sensory adaptation process d) It is determined by exposing individuals to progressively stronger stimuli until the minimum stimuli the person can detect is found

d) It is determined by exposing individuals to progressively stronger stimuli until the minimum stimuli the person can detect is found

Visual acuity is highest when images are focused on the fovea because of the high concentration of _____ in the region. a) rods b) peripheral cells c) bipolar cells d) cones

d) cones

_______ form a fatty substance called myelin. a) neurotransmitters b) white blood cells c) red blood cells d) glial cells

d) glial cells

Shana is a young girl who was in a bus accident a few years ago. Since her accident, Shana only remembers people she had met before the accident and instances from her childhood. However, she is unable to remember people she met recently or events that are currently happening in her life. She reads the same newspaper for several days without realizing that she has read it before. The accident has made Shana permanently store new information because she sustained an injury to her ______ a) corpus callosum b) reticular formation c) cerebral cortex d) hippocampus

d) hippocampus

Which of the following is an altered state of consciousness? a) centration b) cognitive dissonance c) free association d) meditation

d) meditation

On his first day as a school psychologist, Daniel took a trip to the school ground and quietly sat in the corner watching the children play. He noticed several patterns in the way children behaved with each other, especially when they were playing games. Daniel is most likely using the method of ______ a) introspection b) mass survey c) reinforcement d) naturalistic observation

d) naturalistic observation

The ______ conducts sensory input to the brain, where it is relayed to the visual area of the occipital lobe. a) lens b) sclera c) cornea d) optic nerve

d) optic nerve

_________ refers to the tendency to perceive a broken figure as being complete or whole. a) the law of common fate b) law of continuity c) principle of perceptual organization d) principle of closure

d) principle of closure

Adam a sleep researcher, noticed that his sleeping patient had a high level of neurological arousal. The patient is most likely in _______ sleep. a) stage 1 b) stage 3 c) stage 2 d) rapid eye movement

d) rapid eye movement

Jenny is preparing for an english test, and her brother is playing music loudly in the next room. She focuses on reading her english text books and ignores the music. In this scenario, Jenny is using _____. a) cognitive dissonance b) countertransference c) regularization d) selective attention

d) selective attention