Psych 2040 Test 2
When speaking, gestures and tone of voice comprise ________ cues.
paralinguistic
Gender differences in self-esteem begin to emerge during ________. A) toddlerhood B) puberty C) late adulthood D) middle childhood E) early adulthood
B) puberty
A person's evaluation of his or her ability to reach a goal is known as ________. A) self-concept B) self-efficacy C) self-esteem D) self-complexity E) self-image
B) self-efficacy
Allen, a white high-school student, is competing with Kim Jong, an Asian-American student for a spot on the school's mathematics team. Allen is aware of recent research demonstrating that Asian students typically perform better on math problems than do American students. This knowledge could affect Allen's performance because ________. A) stereotype threat can occur among dominant group members if a comparison is based on an aspect of performance on which the dominant group is expected to do better B) stereotype threat can occur among dominant group members if a comparison is based on an aspect of performance on which the dominant group is expected to do worse C) stereotype threat can occur among dominant group members only if other members of the dominant group are not present in the audience D) stereotype threat can not occur among dominant group members E) stereotype threat can only occur among dominant group members under extremely high levels of stress
B) stereotype threat can occur among dominant group members if a comparison is based on an aspect of performance on which the dominant group is expected to do worse
Our self-concept varies periodically because ________. A) our subjective experience of in-groups and out-groups changes over time B) we do not experience all aspects of our self-concept simultaneously. C) our experiences cause subtle changes in our personalities D) our intergroup comparisons change over time E) we do not consciously recognize negative aspects of our self-concept
B) we do not experience all aspects of our self-concept simultaneously.
Katherine and Amy are members of the same sorority at college and are members of the school's swim team. They have been trying to master a difficult dive from the high board at the college's swimming pool. Amy is showing faster improvement in the dive than Katherine is. If they compare their performance as team mates and sorority sisters, social identity theory suggests that ________. A) Katherine should dislike Amy more B) Amy should dislike Katherine more C) Katherine should like Amy more D) neither Katherine's nor Amy's liking for each other should change E) Amy should like Katherine more
C) Katherine should like Amy more
Research indicates that self-esteem can be altered by ________. For these procedures to work, the individual ________ of the procedures. A) respondent conditioning; must remain unaware B) observational learning; must remain unaware C) classical conditioning; may be either aware or unaware D) operant conditioning; may be aware E) observational learning; must remain aware
C) classical conditioning; may be either aware or unaware
The personal identity ________. A) conceptualizes the self as a member of particular social groups B) allows us to attribute our successes to external causes C) conceptualizes the self as a unique individual D) prevents us from recognizing most discrepancies between our behavior and our attitudes E) allows us to attribute our failures to external causes
C) conceptualizes the self as a unique individual
When we compare ourselves to others who are less capable, we are engaged in a(n) ________. A) downward attribution B) upward attribution C) downward social comparison D) upward social comparison E) lateral social attribution
C) downward social comparison
Judy has recently been reflecting about all of the positive personal and professional life changes she has experienced over the past decade. The MOST likely reason she is engaging in this reflection is because she ________. A) has little interest in considering her future self B) finds it useful in planning for her future self C) finds it gratifying to see improvement over time D) is actually searching for any mistakes she has made over the past decade E) currently is experiencing many negative life events
C) finds it gratifying to see improvement over time
An individual's view of the self may ________ to the extent that a reported high self-esteem level implies superiority to others. A) be associated with lower rates of bullying B) lead to exhibitionism C) need to be frequently defended D) cause an increase in introspection E) need to be increased
C) need to be frequently defended
George was listening as a friend described him to someone else on the telephone. His friend's description included "friendly, taller, active" and similar terms. As a result, George is now probably thinking of himself in terms of ________. A) collectivist relationships B) indeterminant relationships C) intergroup comparisons D) intragroup comparisons E) individualistic relationships
D) intragroup comparisons
In an experiment, prior to receiving negative feedback from one of 20 interviewers, female participants were told 1) your interviewer gives everyone a negative evaluation, 2) your particular interviewer is sexist, and is only negative toward females, or 3) all 20 interviewers are sexist. Condition ________ was most damaging to participants because ________ were (was) seen as evidence of ________. A) 3; the 20 sexist interviewers; pervasive sexism B) 2; that one interviewer, in contrast to other interviewers, was sexist and; particular animosity toward females C) 1; that one interviewer was negative toward everyone; the threat posed by one person's bottomless negativity D) 2; the fact that one interviewer gave positive feedback only to males; amplifying the effects of negative feedback for women E) 1; the fact that one interviewer was negative toward everyone; the idea that only one interviewer was necessary in order to injure self-esteem
A) 3; the 20 sexist interviewers; pervasive sexism
According to recent research, white males performed less well on an "athletic performance task" when they expected to be compared to ________ males. When the same task was called a ________, white males performed better when they expected to be compared to ________. A) Black; "sports intelligence task"; Black males B) Black; "feelings about sports task"; white females C) Black; "sports intelligence task"; other males in general D) Asian; "body kinesthetic task"; females in general E) Black; "sports skills task"; Asian males
A) Black; "sports intelligence task"; Black males
________ comparisons are based around attributes ________ with ________, but which are ________ to (from) ________ group. A) Intergroup; we may share; other members of our group; contrasted; another B) Intragroup; we may share; other members of our group; contrasted; another C) Intergroup; we may differ on; members of another race; similar; another D) Intragroup; we may differ on; females, if we are male; shared; a male E) Intragroup; we may share; only individuals we relate to on another attribute; different; a similarly featured
A) Intergroup; we may share; other members of our group; contrasted; another
In the United States, gender differences in self-esteem are most pronounced among ________. A) White lower class people B) White upper class people C) non-White middle class people D) prison populations of all races E) non-White lower class people
A) White lower class people
________, Bobby Ray argues, would change his life forever. It is likely that Bobby Ray would be ________ a year later than(as) he would now predict. A) Winning the lottery; not as happy B) Having a bad car accident; even less happy C) Winning the lottery but failing to turn in the ticket on time; angrier D) Having a bad car accident and having to get around in a wheelchair; less optimistic E) Having a bad car accident in which a friend was hurt; more guilty
A) Winning the lottery; not as happy
Implying that we are not as good as another person on some dimension may result in ________ and/or ________. A) an ingratiation effect; lower our audience's expectations B) humiliating ourselves; significantly raise our audience's expectations C) an appearance of insincerity; raise our audience's expectations D) less self-efficacy; future poor performance on the dimension E) an appearance of incompetence; drive away competent others
A) an ingratiation effect; lower our audience's expectations
Consider a situation where you had "evil" thoughts about someone, and subsequently, the object of your wish had a bad accident. Research shows you would ________. A) be likely to believe at some level that you were somehow responsible B) take a pledge to have evil thoughts about others whom you admire C) reject someone else's suggestion that you had anything to do with the accident D) only feel guilty if you received a call from the object of your wish wanting to be friends E) resolve to think evil thoughts about others whom you did not like
A) be likely to believe at some level that you were somehow responsible
Thomas has concluded that, on average, he is academically superior to the peers around him. As a result of this comparison, over the next six months, his self-esteem will ________. A) be reliably higher B) be increasingly lower C) remain high unless his view is challenged by contrary evidence D) be high unless friends distance themselves from him E) drop as soon as he stops making the self-serving comparisons
A) be reliably higher
Nisbett and Wilson (1977) showed that, after an action, we examine our ________ and generate ________ reasons for why we acted a certain way. A) behavior; often inaccurate B) feelings; mostly accurate C) attitudes; highly insightful D) behavior; mostly complex E) feelings; family-of-origin-based
A) behavior; often inaccurate
Prior to Taylor and Brown's (1988) important article, it had always been assumed that ________ is a cornerstone of good mental health. A) being realistic B) being open and communicative with others C) a high sense of self-worth D) feeling fully in control E) a supportive family of origin
A) being realistic
Sylvia, a foreign-exchange student from China, rarely takes credit for her achievements in school, preferring to say that her accomplishments are due to her very good teachers. She usually explains her failures as being caused by her own faults, however. This reflects the importance of ________. A) cultural differences in the self-serving bias B) the self-effacing bias C) gender differences in the self-serving bias D) personal resistance to the above average effect E) the negative influence of overly high self-esteem
A) cultural differences in the self-serving bias
When people described themselves as they were five years ago, or as they are today, they saw their past self as more ________, and their present self as more ________. A) dispositionally guided; situationally variable B) situationally variable; dispositionally guided C) socially-challenged; financially-challenged D) time-management-oriented; content-focus-oriented E) trait-simple; trait-complex
A) dispositionally guided; situationally variable
Betty and Vera are best friends who are both being treated for depression. Betty has come to believe that Vera's case of depression is much worse than her own case. Consequently, Betty is making a(n) ________ comparison that will likely ________ her self-esteem, and cause her to feel ________. A) downward; increase; closer to Vera B) upward; decrease; somewhat distant from Vera C) downward; decrease; closer to her other friends D) downward; increase; increasingly distant from Vera E) upward; increase; just about the same toward Vera
A) downward; increase; closer to Vera
A study of chronic dieters found that making an initial tempting food item available caused them to ________ a second appealing dish. A) eat more of B) eat less of C) eat the initial item but ignore D) combine (and then eat) the first item with E) angrily reject the initial item but sadly reject
A) eat more of
In negotiating a new roommate's perception of his (David's) personal qualities, David may agree with his new roommate's self-assessment as a(n) ________ because it aids David in "selling" David's view of himself as a(n) ________. Additionally, David may downplay his own ________. A) gifted athlete; excellent student; athletic accomplishments B) gifted athlete; excellent student; accomplishments in other areas C) gifted "ladies' man"; excellent student; same-sex orientation D) depressed ne'er-do-well; excellent student; unrealistic optimism E) son of a wealthy eastern industrialist; financial-aid student; future plan to ask his new roommate for a loan
A) gifted athlete; excellent student; athletic accomplishments
Young has argued that a(n) ________ may come as the result of an inconsistency between a core value, one held by an organization one is a member of. For example, honesty as it relates to someone in the U.S. military and the requirement to keep one's homosexuality (a core value) a secret. A) identity conflict B) homophobic response C) organizational breakdown D) leadership failure E) fear of reduced cohesiveness
A) identity conflict
Recent research has shown that, in young adults, 1) consistent early nurturing by parents ________ implicit self-esteem; 2) overprotective early parental behaviors ________ implicit self-esteem. A) increases; reduces B) increases; also, unexpectedly, increases C) unexpectedly reduces; may reduce D) increases; increases explicit, rather than E) increases explicit, rather than; reduces both explicit and
A) increases; reduces
Chris describes himself as liberal when thinking of himself as an American, but conservative when compared to other college students. These are ________ comparisons. A) intragroup B) intergroup C) shifting standards D) individualistic E) political
A) intragroup
In a Crandall study, binge-eating norms in sororities showed that individual members' bingeing habits could be predicted by ________. A conflict between these behaviors and personal values may initially arise because ________. A) knowing their best friends' eating habits; we may be attached to a group before knowing all its norms B) knowing their best friends' eating habits; our personal values may be compromised due to peer pressure C) whether their eating was done at the sorority house or in a restaurant/other eating place; our personal values may be compromised due to peer pressure D) the financial status of a given sorority member; in part, the financial differences between members gave rise to the differential behaviors in the first place E) knowing a member's pre-sorority eating habits; we may be attached to a group before knowing all its norms
A) knowing their best friends' eating habits; we may be attached to a group before knowing all its norms
Whether we wish it or not, Shakespeare admonishes that we are ________ on a stage, and that we're in the position of ________. A) merely players; presenting ourselves to an observing and potentially changing audience B) merely players; attempting to manipulate others in the service of our own ends C) mortal fools; avoiding the appearance of "cluelessness" on a daily basis D) insignificant specks; playing up our abilities to people less competent E) glorious headliners; adopting a posture of humility while attempting to get our needs met
A) merely players; presenting ourselves to an observing and potentially changing audience
Juan is one of three Brazilian students currently attending a college in Indiana. His roommate, Eric, is one of several thousand Hoosiers attending the same college. As a result, Juan is ________ to be aware of his racial status than Eric is of his at any given time. A) more likely B) equally likely C) more likely when women are present; less likely when men are present D) less likely E) more likely when men are present; less likely when women are present
A) more likely
In Ross and Wilson's interesting experiments, participants who perceived a past self as ________ were likely to be more critical of ________ than when they perceived their past self as ________. A) more recent; past mistakes; further in the past B) more recent; past successes; further in the past C) further in the past; past mistakes; more recent D) further in the past; past successes; more recent E) more recent; rosy expectations of the future; further in the past
A) more recent; past mistakes; further in the past
When thinking about a bad or happy event and predicting our future level of happiness, we tend to ________. A) neglect all the other factors that will contribute to our future state of mind over time B) assume the bad or happy event will change us in some meaningful way C) assume others will view us differently as the result of some bad or happy event D) underplay the fact that a bad or happy event will likely change us in meaningful ways E) forget that others may experience bad or happy events over time, leading us to not be able to make appropriate comparisons
A) neglect all the other factors that will contribute to our future state of mind over time
Bradford, a gay man, recently applied for a job as a fifth-grade teacher. Shortly before his second interview with school administrators, which was to include some interaction time with current students, Bradford completed an on-line survey that included questions about his sexual orientation. It was explained that the survey was completely unrelated to the school system, and that the orientation items were being asked by a gay-rights organization. Bradford did not think that he was particularly nervous or anxious during his interactions with the students. Recent research (Bosson, Haymovitz and Pinel, 2004) suggests that ________. A) non-verbal measures of anxiety may have been higher than otherwise because the on-line survey may have made Bradford's homosexuality more salient B) verbal self-report measures of anxiety may have been lower than otherwise because the on-line survey may have made Bradford less self-conscious of his sexual orientation C) verbal self-report measures of anxiety may have been higher than otherwise because the on-line survey may have made Bradford more self-conscious of his sexual orientation D) non-verbal measures of anxiety may have been lower than otherwise because the on-line survey may have made Bradford's homosexuality less important E) verbal self-report measures and behavioral measures of anxiety are unreliable indicators of an individual's state
A) non-verbal measures of anxiety may have been higher than otherwise because the on-line survey may have made Bradford's
Differences between shy and non-shy people appeared to be ________ online compared to offline because of the ________ of ________. A) reduced; absence; visual and auditory feedback B) increased; absence; encouragement offline C) reduced; presence; empathy toward shy males by females D) reduced; absence; physical threat cues from another person E) increased; absence; comforting contextual cues
A) reduced; absence; visual and auditory feedback
Kayla has decided to get a body piercing. Her expectation is that she might well receive ________ by (from) her mom's mainstream friends. This will likely cause her to ________ identify with ________. A) rejection; more closely; others who have a body piercing B) acceptance; more closely; others who have a body piercing C) rejection; less closely; other kids at school D) rejection; more closely; kids who were forced to give up their body piercing E) acceptance; more closely; others who reconsidered getting such a piercing
A) rejection; more closely; others who have a body piercing
Whenever Mike enters his family's den where the sports trophies that he has won. are on the mantle, his self-esteem is temporarily boosted. This is best described as caused by the fact that ________. A) self-esteem is responsive to life events B) self-esteem is the result of family members' opinions C) athletic skill is highly prized by males D) people generally feel better about themselves in their own homes E) while self-esteem is temporarily boosted, it is very short-lived
A) self-esteem is responsive to life events
We tend to make ________ attributions for our own behaviors, but ________ attributions for others' behaviors. A) situational; dispositional B) dispositional; situational C) positive; negative D) negative; positive E) realistic; unrealistic
A) situational; dispositional
Recent research (Simon, 2004) has noted that linguistic cues can activate certain types of selfconcepts. When other people describe us, nouns tend to activate ________ while adjectives and verbs tend to activate ________. A) social identities; personal identities B) self-centered identities; other-centered identities C) individualistic identities; collectivist identities D) gender-based identities; cultural-based identities E) personal identities; social identities
A) social identities; personal identities
Zoë, an attractive blond, is concerned that she might say something foolish in her college algebra class, thereby confirming the stereotype of the 'dumb blond'. As a result, Zoë rarely volunteers to solve problems on the board during class. This behavior can best be explained by ________. A) stereotype threat B) performance deficit C) hindsight bias D) stereotype anxiety E) negativity bias
A) stereotype threat
According to social comparison theory, we are most likely to compare our abilities to those of another person when ________. A) there is no objective measure to judge ourselves by B) the other that we are comparing ourselves to belongs to a different group C) available objective measures may result in decreased self-esteem D) available subjective measures may result in increased self-esteem E) the other that we are comparing ourselves to is of a higher status
A) there is no objective measure to judge ourselves by
Suppose that we might expect to receive prejudice or disapproval for some aspect of ourselves. We may "play down" or subvert that aspect to the extent that ________. A) we can hide it, and we are willing to hide it B) we are willing to assert its importance to our identity C) acceptance from close others makes it unnecessary to hide it D) we cannot change that aspect E) over time, others around us adopt that aspect for themselves
A) we can hide it, and we are willing to hide it
While self-efficacy is generally a good thing, some people may feel ________ over events, even when it is objectively impossible.
magical control; or just "control"
A ________ generally refers to an individual whose behavior and achievements we wish to emulate.
role model
George has spent his entire life on the Hopi reservation where he was born. He has won a full scholarship to a large Eastern university. If George goes to the university, he will need to either emphasize his identity as a Native American or distance himself from that identity. If he chooses to emphasize his identity, his self-esteem will probably ________. A) be better during the transition to college life B) decline during the transition to college life C) remain unaffected by the transition to college life D) be unaffected initially, then decline after the transition is complete E) be determined by his scholastic success as he makes the transition to college life
A) be better during the transition to college life
Having been given "acting lessons" to either 1) "try to feel as if you are 14 years old at dinner with family," or 2) "put on a performance so you will seem to others as if you're 14 years old at dinner with family," participants in acting condition ________ were more likely to see themselves as having ________. A) 2; more consistent traits B) 1; more consistent traits C) 2; few consistent traits D) 1; greater emotional range E) 2; emotionally stilted interactions
A) 2; more consistent traits
________, more than ________, forms of computer-based communications may lead to misunderstandings regarding ________. A) Asynchronous; synchronous; humor and/or sarcasm. B) Synchronous; asynchronous; empathy and/or affection C) Synchronous; asynchronous; seductive messages D) Asynchronous; synchronous; dictionary meanings of some words E) Synchronous; asynchronous; talking at the same time
A) Asynchronous; synchronous; humor and/or sarcasm.
As one of a number of ________, people are quite willing to avoid responsibility for their failures, but all too willing to accept credit for their successes. A) self-serving biases B) downward social comparisons C) ingroup comparison heuristics D) above-average effects E) narcissistic tendencies
A) self-serving biases
In meeting a new roommate, David stresses his studious qualities, an aspect of himself he wishes others to agree with, while being willing to underplay other potentially important aspects of himself. David is practicing a ________ approach in presenting himself to others. A) self-verification B) ingratiation C) self-enhancement D) self-denial E) neurotic
A) self-verification
2) A readiness to see negative outcomes as due to discrimination is called ________. A) stigma consciousness B) differential treatment C) prejudice targeting D) stereotype threat E) gender-based exclusion
A) stigma consciousness
Recent research has demonstrated that women will frequently perform worse on a math test when men are present than when the same test is administered to a female-only group. This finding illustrates ________. A) hindsight bias B) gender differences in math abilities C) stereotype threat D) stereotype anxiety E) performance uplift
C) stereotype threat
Raza performed very poorly on an essay test in her Social Psychology class. Later, Raza learned that the professor had been particularly harsh in his grading that day because he had just received some upsetting news. Raza's sense of well-being is likely to ________. A) be slightly damaged by the negative news, but Raza should recover fairly quickly B) be protected from the news of the poor grade because she can make an external attribution as to the cause C) be significantly improved because she can make an internal and stable attribution as to the cause of her poor grade D) be greatly improved, but only if she can get the professor to reconsider her grade - a grade which she feels is undeserved E) be seriously damaged by the negative news
B) be protected from the news of the poor grade because she can make an external attribution as to the cause
When Jeremy was recently asked to describe himself to his classmates, he spoke about being a member of the football team and how this helped to make his experiences different from those of other students in the class. Jeremy was primarily making ________ comparisons. A) extragroup B) intergroup C) individual D) intragroup E) instrumental group
B) intergroup
When Karen was recently asked to describe herself to her classmates, she spoke about being a student and a member of her class. She pointed out similarities and differences between herself and her fellow students Karen was primarily making ________ comparisons. A) individual B) intragroup C) intergroup D) extragroup E) instrumental group
B) intragroup
Jackson is a former member of a street gang. He has recently started attending classes at a local community college, has made new friends who don't know about his former gang membership, and is spending time with a girl from an upper-middle-class background. Jackson heard his new friends and his girlfriend make several snide comments about gang members shortly before he took a test in one of the classes he shares with his new friends. In the light of the stereotype threat idea, this situation may cause Jackson to ________. A) perform better on the test than he otherwise might have B) perform worse on the test than he otherwise might have C) drop out of college and return to his old street life D) become prejudiced against his new friends and his girlfriend E) regret that he's never mentioned his former gang membership to his new friends
B) perform worse on the test than he otherwise might have
Katherine and Amy are members of the same sorority at college and are members of the school's swim team. They have been trying to master a difficult dive from the high board at the college's swimming pool. Amy is showing faster improvement in the dive than Katherine is. If they compare their performance as individuals, the self-evaluation maintenance model suggests that ________. A) neither Katherine's nor Amy's liking for each other should change B) Amy should like Katherine more C) Katherine should dislike Amy more D) Katherine should like Amy more E) Amy should dislike Katherine more
C) Katherine should dislike Amy more
________ can make one aspect of the self more salient than other aspects of the self.
Context; Situation
Kim is an American but spent much of her childhood in Japan. She is fluent in both English and Japanese. We might reasonably expect her response to the question "Who am I?" to differ depending on the language (Japanese or English) of the question because ________. A) Japan has become increasingly Westernized over the past 50 years B) her experiences may have led to identity confusion C) the English language places a strong emphasis on individual self-identification D) a particular language might activate different self-concepts for bilingual people E) Japanese has no pronoun for "I"
D) a particular language might activate different self-concepts for bilingual people
Social identity theory suggests that we will ________ others who outperform us on an important task, when our group identity is salient. A) remain neutral to the ingroup and the outgroup B) move closer to out-group C) distance ourselves from in-group D) move closer to in-group E) distance ourselves from out-group
D) move closer to in-group
Research suggests that insecurity regarding their presentational skills may differentially lead some people to chronic dependency on online social interactions. This would suggest that online social interaction ________. A) is somewhat dangerous for the average person B) is especially dangerous for younger people C) is very likely to lead most people to some loss of essential real-world social skills D) requires people to exercise a common sense balance with face-to-face interactions E) is not a truly satisfying form of social interaction
D) requires people to exercise a common sense balance with face-to-face interactions
A person's overall attitude towards him- or herself is known as ________. A) self-efficacy B) self monitoring C) self-reference effect D) self-esteem E) self adjudication
D) self-esteem
William plays softball on the weekends with a group of friends from work. He believes he is a better pitcher than George because batters have fewer hits when he pitches than when George pitches. This type of comparison can best be explained by ________. A) social existential theory B) social identity theory C) social skills theory D) social comparison theory E) social attribution theory
D) social comparison theory
The above average effect is ________. A) the tendency for above average people to feel positively about themselves B) thinking that negative social feedback about ourselves is incorrect C) the tendency to inflate our estimate of others' standing on most social traits D) thinking that we are above average on most social traits E) the tendency to think that significant others are above average on most social traits
D) thinking that we are above average on most social traits E) the tendency to think that significant others are above average on most social traits
When we compare ourselves to others who are more capable, we are engaged in a(n) ________. A) downward social comparison B) lateral social attribution C) downward attribution D) upward social comparison E) upward attribution
D) upward social comparison
James, Wendy, Evan, Ethan, and Janet are all college seniors who are planning their senior thesis - a requirement for graduation at their school. Given the following situations, who is most likely to complete the thesis first? A) Janet, who sees herself as a "rebel" because she doesn't always complete work her professors expect of her, but does always learn the materials needed for exams. B) James, who is the first person in his family to have attended college. C) Evan, who is unrealistically optimistic about the outcomes he expects and his own abilities. D) Ethan, who has a relatively low sense of self-efficacy where writing papers is concerned. E) Wendy, whose older brother finished college last year and serves as a role model for her.
E) Wendy, whose older brother finished college last year and serves as a role model for her.
The self-evaluation maintenance model suggests that we will ________ others who outperform us in an important area. A) move closer to B) strongly dislike C) modify our social identity with D) share an identity with E) distance ourselves from
E) distance ourselves from
When we think of ourselves as members of specific social groups, we are thinking of our ________. A) sexual self-schema B) social-personal self C) personal self D) cultural self identity E) social identity
E) social identity
________ is the process of encouraging others to like us by praising them.
Ingratiation
________ descriptions of the self involve emphasizing the differences between groups.
Intergroup
When using asynchronous forms of online communications, research shows that people feel more ________.
in control; comfortable
Lower self-esteem among women across cultures is largely due to the ________ women receive from others.
treatment (or "negative status" or "devalued status")
________ involves using praise of important others as a way to encourage them to like us and approve of us. A) Ingratiation B) In-group effect C) Self-promotion D) Self-monitoring E) Out-group removal
A) Ingratiation
The belief that we can achieve a particular goal through our own actions is known as ________. A) self-esteem B) self-efficacy C) delusional thinking D) hubris E) self-concept
B) self-efficacy
Stereotype threat causes decrements in performance, possibly because ________. A) stereotype threat enhances performance B) stereotype threat decreases stress C) stereotype threat increases rater bias D) stereotype threat decreases performance motivation E) stereotype threat increases anxiety
E) stereotype threat increases anxiety
Henry feels helpless at his job, feels that he cannot control his workday, and feels that he is useless, worthless, and inept. These characteristics would probably mean that Henry has ________. A) low self-esteem B) high locus of control C) high self-insight D) low locus of control E) negative possible selves
A) low self-esteem
High self-efficacy seems to lead people to employ (select) ________, which ultimately results in their obtaining better deals than people low in self-efficacy. A) more effective negotiation tactics B) more powerful associates C) a willingness to ask for a higher price D) higher levels of sycophancy (ingratiation) E) greater levels of confidence, even if it is
A) more effective negotiation tactics
Studies investigating the cultural influences on the self have found that Americans tended to explain their failures as being ________, while Chinese students tended to explain their failures as being ________. A) someone else's fault; caused by their own flaws B) caused by their own flaws; someone else's fault C) due to internal causes; due to external causes D) unimportant; unfortunate results of bad luck E) due to their group's (insufficient) effort; actually not failures, but really successes
A) someone else's fault; caused by their own flaws
The author, while speculating about why she got called a "troll" in a chat room, thought it was because she didn't "know the ropes," but she also displayed some ________. A) stigma consciousness B) self-abasement C) self-enhancement D) self-verification E) unclear feelings
A) stigma consciousness
The rejection of in-group members who threaten the positive image of the group is known as ________. A) the black sheep effect B) ingratiation C) the rejective-disjunctive effect D) group monitoring E) social comparison theory
A) the black sheep effect
1) In joining, or spending time with, and getting to know, a new group of people, it is initially most important to ________. A) understand the nuances of speech and "tone" of the group members' interactions B) be friends with a high-status member of the group C) be viewed as having something to offer the group D) have an unclear idea of why you wish to spend time with the group E) be willing to undergo any initiation exercise you might be asked to undergo
A) understand the nuances of speech and "tone" of the group members' interactions
George was listening as a friend described him to someone else on the telephone. His friend's description included "Tall man, a psychologist, bicyclist" and similar terms. As a result, George is now probably thinking of himself in terms of ________. A) indeterminant relationships B) intergroup comparisons C) intragroup comparisons D) individualistic relationships E) interpersonal relationships
B) intergroup comparisons
As players on a social "stage," we may wish to emphasize some personal aspect to others, as well as to ourselves. This is called ________. A) ingratiation B) self-promotion C) self-aggrandizement D) self-delusion E) self-efficacy
B) self-promotion
Individuals who are the object of prejudice and discrimination ________. A) should be encouraged to realize that some possible selves are more positive than others B) should be encouraged to place an increased emphasis on their racial or ethnic identity C) should be encouraged to reflect upon negative interracial experiences in order to prevent them in the future D) should be encouraged to avoid thinking about their racial or ethnic identity E) should not be encouraged to engage in collectivism
B) should be encouraged to place an increased emphasis on their racial or ethnic identity
In an interaction between two "Pats," Pat, when reminded of ________ gender, is likely to show ________ responses toward a person in need than the other Pat will when reminded of ________ gender. A) his; less care-oriented; her B) her; more aggressive; her C) her; less care-oriented; his D) his; more macho; his E) her; about the same level of gender confusion; his
A) his; less care-oriented; her
Self-esteem refers to the ________. A) positive or negative evaluation of the self by oneself B) amount of positive emotion that one is experiencing at the moment C) positive or negative evaluation of one's self by others D) evaluations of others about the self E) desire to be liked by others
A) positive or negative evaluation of the self by oneself
People tend to describe themselves in different ways under different circumstances. According to Mendoza-Denton's (2001) research, people who are given prompts that implied a particular social setting tend to describe themselves using ________ terms. A) relationship-based B) situationally contingent C) state-like and specific D) state specific E) trait-like and global
B) situationally contingent
The personal-social identity continuum recognizes that ________. A) we see ourselves as being more consistent across situations than we really are B) we can see ourselves differently, depending on circumstances C) we are part of a number of different social groups D) we see ourselves primarily as individuals E) we present many different "selves," depending on the social grouping
B) we can see ourselves differently, depending on circumstances
The self-evaluation maintenance model suggests that we will ________ others who perform more poorly than we do in an important area. A) distance ourselves from B) share an identity with C) modify our social identity with D) strongly dislike E) move closer to
E) move closer to
Recent research on prejudice suggests that attributing a negative personal outcome to prejudice may be protective of one's self-esteem if ________, while it may be harmful to one's overall sense of psychological well-being if ________. A) the prejudice is limited in duration; the prejudice is seen as being a fundamental part of the individual B) the prejudice is seen as pervasive; the prejudice is seen as being limited C) the prejudice is seen as being limited; the prejudice is seen as pervasive D) the prejudice is seen as being a fundamental part of the individual; the prejudice is limited in duration E) the prejudice is seen as being fundamental to the society at large; the prejudice is limited in duration
C) the prejudice is seen as being limited; the prejudice is seen as pervasive
Recent research (Dijksterhuis, 2004) has shown that subliminal presentations of "I" or "me" with positive trait terms such as "nice" or "smart" will ________ implicit self-esteem and prevent ________ when negative false feedback is given later. A) reduce; increases to self-esteem B) reduce; reductions to self-esteem C) increase; increases to self-esteem D) increase; reductions to self-esteem E) first increase, then reduce; all changes to self-esteem
D) increase; reductions to self-esteem
Self-esteem is likely to be LOWEST in ________. A) home-makers in India B) career women in England C) career men in the United States of America D) politicians in any country E) unemployed men in Finland
A) home-makers in India
________ occurs when an individual thinks that she or he may be judged in light of a negative stereotype about his or her social identity. A) Performance deficit B) Negativity bias C) Hindsight bias D) Stereotype anxiety E) Stereotype threat
E) Stereotype threat
Social identity theory suggests that we will ________ others who perform more poorly than we do on an important task, when our group identity is salient. A) move closer to out-group B) move closer to ingroup C) remain neutral to the ingroup and the out-group D) distance ourselves from out-group E) distance ourselves from ingroup
E) distance ourselves from ingroup
People's personal identities, and their various social identities, require them to be different people in different contexts. This results ________. A) in people having false selves depending on the context B) in people often having a distorted view of who they "really are" C) in people often operating from a less-than-principled position D) in others defining too much of who we are E) in a potentially variable but coherent self-definition
E) in a potentially variable but coherent self-definition
Karen admires and respects her psychology professor. She is considering becoming a psychologist herself. Should her professor become a role model for her, Karen may become a psychologist herself if ________. A) she overcomes her fear of failure B) she sees this as an unachievable potential self C) she distracts herself from this state of self-awareness D) she sees this as an undesirable potential self E) she sees this as a desirable and achievable potential self
E) she sees this as a desirable and achievable potential self
Introspection is an effective means of understanding ourselves when ________. A) the individual is attempting to understand the reasons for his or her feelings about something important B) the focus is on unconscious affective factors C) the individual displays an introverted personality configuration D) the individual is attempting to predict future feelings about something E) the focus is on a conscious decision-making process
E) the focus is on a conscious decision-making process
People tend to describe themselves in different ways under different circumstances. According to Mendoza-Denton's (2001) research, people who are given open-ended prompts tend to describe themselves using ________ terms. A) state-like and specific B) state specific C) situationally contingent D) relationship-based E) trait-like and global
E) trait-like and global
Some studies ask people to compare their "past self" with their "present self." These studies are examining ________ memory.
autobiographical