PSYCH 210 - Smartbook 3 + 4
In 1992, the European Union mandated a
14-week paid maternity leave.
In the United States, separation protest typically peaks at about the age of ______ months.
15
At what age do children begin using two-word utterances?
18 to 24 months
The average North American newborn is ______ inches long.
20
An fMRI study confirmed capacity of the fetus to hear at Blank______ into the prenatal period by assessing brain response to auditory stimuli.
33 to 34 weeks
The average North American newborn weighs ______ pounds.
7.5
While Piaget believed that deferred imitation doesn't occur until about a year-and-a-half of age, Meltzoff showed that ______ infants could imitate actions they had seen performed 24 hours before.
9-month-old
The Strange Situation, which was an observational means to identify individual differences in infant attachment, was developed by
Ainsworth.
-- occurs when children use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences. (Watch your spelling!)
Assimilation
Which theorists developed a temperament classification system in which most children are considered to be easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm-up?
Chess and Thomas
Order the sequence of babies' sounds and gestures during the first year of life, beginning with the earliest form at the top.
Crying Cooing Babbling Gestures
When can sound first be perceived?
During the last two months of pregnancy
Accommodation occurs when children use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences.
False
Because child-directed speech is like "baby talk," it is linked to stunted language development in children.
False
Infants do not show interest in human faces until they reach 12 months of age.
False
Intermodal perception involves receiving information from a single sensory modality.
False
The United States has led the way in providing paid parental leave to care for a newborn.
False
Baby Marlow uses mom as a base from which to explore the environment. When mom leaves, he protests mildly, and when mom returns, he reestablishes positive interactions with her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Marlow?
He is a securely attached baby.
Baby Jordan engages in little interaction with his mother and isn't distressed when she leaves the room. When she returns, Jordan does not reestablish contact with her and even turns his back on her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Jordan?
He is an insecure avoidant baby.
Baby Mathias cries loudly when his mother leaves the room and then fights against her when she tries to comfort him on her return. Which of the following statements is true?
He is an insecure resistant baby.
Which of the following statements represents the interactionist view of language acquisition?
How much of language acquisition is biologically determined and how much depends on social interaction is a matter of debate.
-- is a form of communication that is based on a system of symbols.
Language
Which of the following are characteristics of child-directed speech?
Language spoken in a higher pitch than normal with simple words and sentences
Which theorist believed that humans are biologically programmed to learn language at a certain time and in a certain way?
Noam Chomsky
--involves parents who take the time to interact with a child in such a way that the child experiences turn-taking and the parents support the child's efforts at any age.
Scaffolding
Which of the following have been linked to infant sleep problems?
Screen time Maternal depression
-- occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors.
Sensation
Ainsworth created the -- Situation, an observational way to identify differences in infant attachment.
Strange
What are the purposes of reflexes?
They are survival mechanisms, which are genetically carried. They allow infants to respond adaptively to their environment.
Marital relationships, parenting, and infant behavior and development have both direct and indirect effects on one another.
True
Personality in infants is thought to involve a sense of self, trust, self-recognition, and independence.
True
Match the language sounds or words with the approximate ages at which children begin using the sounds or words.
Two-word utterances + 18 to 24 months of age Cooing + 2 to 4 months of age Crying + at birth Babbling + 6 months of age First word spoken + 13 months of age
A child calls all winged creatures birds, including bats and butterflies. Her mother teaches her the correct terms for the different animals, and the child does not make the mistake again in the future. What Piagetian concept does this example describe?
accommodation
Chomsky believed that children are born into the world with a language
acquisition device.
What type of infant cry is a variation of the basic cry in which excess air is forced through the vocal cords?
anger cry
The term stranger ______ describes a situation in which infants demonstrate a wariness of people they do not know.
anxiety
What is the close emotional bond between two people called?
attachment
Michelle, an infant, is looking intently at her mother as she sings her a song. Which of the following best describes what Michelle is demonstrating?
attention
The focusing of mental resources is known as
attention
The maturation of the frontal regions of the cerebral cortex allows infants to
begin to regulate their emotions.
At what age do children markedly increase their imitative and reciprocal play behaviors?
between 18 and 24 months
An interactionist view emphasizes that both ______ contribute to language acquisition.
biology and experience
Reading and performing music are generally believed to involve ______ of the brain.
both hemispheres
Research has shown that ______ has multiple benefits for infants, such as a lower risk of respiratory tract infections and gastrointestinal infections.
breast feeding
The rapid development of the brain in infancy can be attributed to the
cephalocaudal principle.
Coordinated actions of 1-year-olds in a cooperative task is most likely
coincidental rather than cooperative.
In infancy, emotions play important roles in which of the following?
communication with others behavioral organization
Andrew is an 18-month-old boy. His mother has been cleaning the house. Andrew watches her vacuum, wash the windows, and sweep the kitchen floor. The next day his mother watches as Andrew takes his toy vacuum and pretends to vacuum the floor. What cognitive technique is Andrew demonstrating?
deferred imitation
Six-month-old John often reacts negatively and cries frequently. He also is not very adaptive. According to Chess and Thomas' classification system, he is most likely a(n) -- child
difficult
The social system of the family has ______ and ______ effects on the members.
direct; indirect
The perspective on motor development that seeks to explain how motor behaviors are assembled for perceiving and acting is referred to as the -- theory
dynamic systems
Eight-month-old Roger is usually in a positive mood, is adaptive, and conforms readily to household routines. According to Chess & Thomas' classification system, he is a(n) -- child
easy
Chess and Thomas' classification system placed children into which categories of temperament?
easy difficult slow-to-warm-up
A feeling or affect that occurs when individuals are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being, is called an
emotion
A feeling or affect that occurs when people are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being is known as a/an
emotion
--are influenced by both biological foundations and by an individual's experiences.
emotions
Those who emphasize learning and experience in perceptual development are called
empiricists.
Insecure avoidant babies
engage in little interaction with the caregiver.
Which of the following is LEAST likely to influence an individual's emotions?
environmental quality
Research has found that the MOST important visual stimuli in children's social environment are quite possibly
faces
The cephalocaudal pattern is the sequence in which the earliest growth occurs in the middle trunk and progresses outward to the head and feet.
false
Which of the following are outcomes of breast feeding for children?
fewer gastrointestinal infections less chance of becoming overweight or obese increased maturation of the immune system
Any activity that requires finger dexterity would be referred to as a
fine motor skill.
Research has found that decreases in infants' negative emotionality are linked to which of the following?
higher parental involvement higher levels of parental sensitivity higher levels of parental responsiveness
In which of the following situations is an infant LEAST likely to experience stranger anxiety?
if the stranger is another child
The action of a child crawling across the room to grab a colorful toy would be an example of intermodal perception because it
integrates information from multiple sensory modalities.
The integration of information from two or more sensory modalities is called
intermodal perception.
Gross motor skills
involve large-muscle activities.
-- attention occurs when two individuals focus on the same object or event.
joint
Reciprocal interaction is one component of
joint attention
Which of the following concepts refers to the specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex?
lateralization
Patty has been classified as a slow-to-warm-up child, according to Chess and Thomas' classification system. Which of the following characteristics is she likely to display?
low intensity of mood low activity level somewhat negative affect
Which of the following are biological influences relating to emotion?
maturation of the cerebral cortex development of the brain stem development of the hippocampus
The most common infant sleep-related problem is
nighttime waking.
A baby learns how to use a spoon. He later learns how to use a fork and knife. He relates these behaviors together into a higher-order system. What Piagetian concept does this example describe
organization
In Piaget's theory, -- is the grouping of isolated behaviors and thoughts into a higher-order system. (Watch your spelling!)
organization
One day, a child takes a drumstick and hits a toy drum. Several days later, she is presented with a drumstick and toy xylophone. Then, she is given a smaller stick and a triangle. Based on his previous experiences with the other instruments, she hits the triangle with the stick. What Piagetian concept does this example describe?
organization
The main theme of the ecological approach of Eleanor and James J. Gibson is that ______ and action are coupled.
perception
The enduring personal characteristics of the individual are known as
personality
Feelings such as joy, enthusiasm, and love are classified as -- emotions
positive
Behaviors that are built-in reactions to stimuli that allow infants to respond to their environment before they have learned the behavior are called
reflexes.
Which type of infant smile does NOT depend on external stimuli?
reflexive
A -- (reflexive/social) smile in an infant does not occur in response to external stimuli, but a -- (reflexive/social) smile does.
reflexive, social
According to Ainsworth's model, an insecure --baby often clings to the caregiver and then may fight against closeness perhaps by kicking or pushing away.
resistant
One of the key debates in developmental psychology as it relates to perceptual development is the longstanding issue of
riding a tricycle
Which of the following are components of language? (Choose every correct answer.
rules for combining words words used by a community rules for varying words
An important form of reciprocal socialization is --, in which parents adjust the level of guidance to fit the child's performance, thus allowing them to be more skillful.
scaffolding
Grasping, strategies for problem solving, driving a car, and balancing a budget are all examples of ______, according to Piaget.
schemes
In Piaget's theory, actions or mental representations that organize knowledge are called
schemes.
What term describes an infant who sees the caregiver as a base from which to explore the environment?
securely attached
The term -- protest is used to describe the behavior of infants who cry when their caregiver leaves them.
separation
Baby Julio isn't very active and shows a low intensity of mood. According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, Julio is a(n) ______ child.
slow-to-warm-up
One-year-old Bryan sees a man with a beard approaching him and his mother. Brian looks at his mother's face to get a cue as to whether or not he should be alarmed. His reliance on his mother to "show" him how to react is an example of
social referencing
Which of the following refers to an infant's ability to "read" the emotions of other people?
social referencing
Gaia is a happy and cheerful baby. Luis is cranky and cries a lot. The difference between the two babies is best described as a difference in
temperament.
--refers to an individual's behavioral style and characteristic ways of responding.
temperarant
Jeremy is a very active toddler whose parents try to avoid putting him in situations where he must sit still for long periods of time. This illustrates
the concept of goodness of fit.
The current view of perceptual-motor coupling in infants is
the dynamic systems view.
Which view of language acquisition emphasizes both the biological and the experiential contribution to language development?
the interactionist view
Which of the following are the three recognized types of infant cries?
the pain cry the basic cry the anger cry
Which of the following activities is NOT a gross motor skill?
tying shoes
The current U.S. policy on parental leave is to allow
up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave.
The sensation of -- occurs as rays of light contact the eyes, become focused on the retina, and are transmitted by the optic nerve to the visual centers of the brain.
vision