Psych 221 Final

Which of the following statements is true about the Vaillant Longitudinal Studies of adulthood and aging?

Factors such as having good coping skills and being thankful were linked with the "happy-well" category

In the Berkeley Longitudinal Studies, which of the following characteristics generally changed the most across time for an adult?

Nurturance or hostility

Which of the following is a probable reason why older adults tend to report being less lonely than younger adults?

Older adults have more selective social networks and a greater acceptance of solitude.

Which of the following statements about language skills of older adults is NOT true?

Older adults seldom report difficulty in retrieving words to use in conversation.

Kelly has just given birth to her first baby at age 37; her best friend, Olivia, age 26, just gave birth to her first child. Which of the following is likely to be TRUE for these new mothers?

Olivia will have fewer medical problems with pregnancy and childbirth

Mr. Dalton has been complaining of irregular and involuntary movement in the right part of his body. The doctors noticed that Mr. Dalton has been showing signs of slow movement and partial facial paralysis. The chronic and progressive nature of the illness was revealed in the pathological findings. Which of the following conditions does Mr. Dalton most likely suffer from?

Parkinson's disease

Which of the following scenarios will most likely aid an inhibited child to be outgoing, sociable, and emotionally stable as an adult?

Peer groups with other inhibited children with common interests, so the child feels accepted

Holly is a quiet and introverted person. She feels stressed whenever she has to interact with a lot of people. Which of the following BEST describes this aspect of Holly's identity?

Personality

The _____________ is the brain area that shrinks more than other with aging.

Prefrontal cortex

In a longitudinal study of individuals from their early 30s through their late 60-70s showed that:

a significant increase in spirituality occurred between late middle and late adulthood

According to the socioemotional selectivity theory, the trajectory of motivation for knowledge-related goals peaks in:

adolescence and early adulthood

Studies show that, following six months of ______________, older adults showed improvement on reaction time tasks.

aerobic exercise

Questions such as, "To which age group do you belong?" and "How old do you feel?" reflect the concept of:

age identity

Older adults not being hired for new jobs, being eased out of old ones because they are perceived as too rigid or feeble-minded, and being eased out because they are not considered cost effective are examples of:

ageism

Which of the following is a benefit of everyday conflicts that characterize the parent-adolescent relationship?

They help adolescents become more autonomous.

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding the death scenario in the U.S. today?

Today, death occurs most often among adolescents.

Which of the following strategies would be most helpful in improving memory in middle age?

Use an organization strategy to categorize information to be remembered.

Which of the following statements is true about the relationship between exercise and screen time?

Viewing 6 hours of TV in a day is most likely to reduce life expectancy by almost 5 years.

Research on adolescent sleep patterns suggests that:

When given the opportunity, adolescents will sleep an average of 9 hours and 25 minutes per night.

Identify a possible reason for the changes in fluid and crystallized intelligence of different age groups in John Horn's cross-sectional study.

cohort effects

Becky is careless, impulsive, and disorganized. According to the Big Five personality factors, Becky is most likely to score low on:

conscientiousness

Remembering the name of a person's favorite toy from years ago from when he or she was a child is an example of ______________ memory.

episodic

Reggie, 16, gets into a lot of arguments with his parents. Going by what is generally observed about parent-adolescent conflict, it is likely that most of the arguments center around:

everyday events of family life

If passion and commitment are present but intimacy is not, Sternberg calls the relationship _____ love, as when one person worships another from a distance.

fatuous

When men face stress, they are more likely to respond in a:

fight-or-flight manner

Ramon's parents have decided that he will enroll in a liberal arts course in the state college near their hometown. Ramon has not really thought about the issue much himself, and he will most likely follow their advice. James Marcia would classify Ramon's identity status as identity:

foreclosure.

Cathy and Miguel have been dating for six months. Which of the following is likely to be LEAST important in their relationship considering that both are in early adulthood?

loyalty

Silas is a man who is in his late seventies. He has a condition characterized by hypertension, obesity, and insulin resistance. This is otherwise known as:

metabolic syndrome

When he was interviewed at 80 years of age, Arthur Rubinstein said that he spent more time at practice than earlier in his life. This helped to maintain his status as an admired concert pianist. This reflects which aspect of Baltes' theory?

optimization

The type of care that is designed to reduce pain and suffering and help individuals die with dignity is known as ________ care.

palliative

In 2013, in the United States, the average age of retirement was _____ for men and _____ for women.

64; 62

What are the leading causes of death at 65 years and at 75+ years?

75+ cancer, cardiovascular disease 60 = falls

Which of the following describes the federal government's exercise recommendations for adolescents?

A minimum of 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous exercise per day

________________ percent of women 75 years and older live alone

50

An estimated ____ percent of individuals who become alcoholics are believed to have a genetic predisposition to it.

50 to 60

The peak rate of pubertal change occurs at _____ years for girls and _____ years for boys.

11 1/2; 13 1/2

In a Canadian study of 40-to 64-year-olds conducted by Wright (2006) ______ percent reported that their sexual life was less satisfying than it had been when they were in their 20s.

30

Which of the following changes in the brain has NOT been associated with Alzheimer disease?

A series of mini-strokes

Regina's friend has been diagnosed with a sexually transmitted infection. His symptoms include fevers, night sweats, weight loss, chronic fatigue, and swollen lymph nodes. The doctor denotes that a virus has infected his immune system. Regina's friend has most likely been diagnosed with which of the following sexually transmitted infections?

AIDS

Penelope is describing her marriage of 15 years: "My husband and I were eating breakfast the other day. Neither of us was talking, both of us just reading and thinking our own thoughts. But it was a very comfortable, companionable silence, and I love it!" What aspect of their relationship does this illustrate?

Affectionate love

Brain death occurs when:

All electrical activity of the brain has ceased for a specified period of time.

Rose's ex-boyfriend, Peter, describes her as clingy and dependent. During their relationship, she always told him that he was loved and wanted to rush into marriage. She also kept tabs on Peter and was jealous of all his female friends and colleagues. Rose seems to have a ______ attachment style.

Anxious

Josue has incurable cancer. However, he promises to lead a reformed life dedicated to God if God spares his life. In this scenario, Josue is in which of the following Kübler-Ross' stages of dying?

Bargaining

Most of us reach our peak physical performance:

Before the age of 30, often between the ages of 18-26

According to a study using the Complex Postformal Thought Questionnaire, which of the following statements about the postformal stage of cognitive development is TRUE?

College students who have cross-category friends scored higher on the postformal thought measure.

Which of the following is one of the ten most frequent daily hassles for adults in middle age?

Concerns about weight

Which of the following statements about dating in gay male and lesbian youth is TRUE

Disclosure of their sexual orientation to parents is the most stressful problem for gay and lesbian youth.

According to the evidence presented in the text, which of the following is most likely to be rated as the LEAST important characteristic that women look for in a man?

Good looks

_____ is the emotional numbness, disbelief, separation anxiety, despair, sadness, and loneliness that accompany the loss of someone we love.

Grief

An adult in middle age will be most likely to do POORLY on which of the following tasks?

Hitting the brakes on a car when the light suddenly turns red.

Fifteen-year-old Juanita wants to skip school today because she is having a bad hair day and is convinced that everybody will notice and think badly of her. Which aspect of adolescent egocentrism is Juanita experiencing?

Imaginary Audience

Why are older adults more likely to forget what items they wanted to buy at a grocery store than they are to forget how to drive a car?

Implicit memory is less likely to be adversely affected by aging than implicit memory.

Which of the following is linked to more rapid onset of hearing difficulties in older adults?

Inadequate nutrition and a lifetime of smoking

Which of the following statements is true about better care for dying individuals?

Many health care professionals have received little training to provide adequate end-of-life care or to understand its importance

Jamie lost his wife many years ago. He is still experiencing enduring despair a year after her death. According to Prigerson & Maciejewski, this type of grief reaction would be labelled as _____ grief.

Prolonged

George wants to ensure that his sons become competent decision makers. Which of the following is a strategy you would suggest for improving their decision making?

Provide more opportunities for them to engage in role playing and peer group problem solving.

Which of the following statements is supported by Crystal Park's research on chronic stress and religious experiences?

Religion can serve as a meaning system through which the bereaved are able to reframe their loss.

Which of the following is true about antioxidants?

Research is mixed, there are still many uncertainties about the role of antioxidant vitamins in health.

Sarah and Kent have always had a very traditional family structure. Kent worked outside the home and Sarah was a homemaker. When Kent retires, which of the following situations is most likely to arise?

Sarah will become uneasy having Kent around the house all day.

In the Berkeley Longitudinal Studies, which of the following characteristics was generally stable across time for an adult?

Self-confidence

Which of the following statements about intergenerational relationships is true?

Similarity between parents and an adult child is most noticeable in religion and politics.

Which of the following is NOT one of John Gottman's seven main principles that determine whether a marriage will work?

Solving perpetual conflicts

If born today in the United States, which of the following persons would have the highest life expectancy?

Susanna who is a latino female

Seven-year-old Matthew's mother passed away recently. He has started asking his father about his mother's whereabouts. Which of the following is the BEST strategy of dealing with Matthew's questions?

The father should be honest about his mother's death.

Just as the transition from elementary school to middle or junior high school involves change and possible stress, so does the transition from high school to college. The two transitions have many parallels. Which of the following is one of them?

The top-dog phenomenon

The most effective way to treat adolescent depression is:

a combination of drug therapy and cognitive behavior therapy

The event that comes closest to being a culture-wide rite of passage in the United States is

a school graduation ceremony

Katie weighs less than 85 percent of what is considered normal for her age and height. Yet, she sees herself as too fat and starves to become thinner. Katie most likely suffers from:

anorexia nervosa.

A number of leading experts on adolescent sexuality conclude that abstinence-only programs:

are less effective at reducing the risk of adolescent pregnancy than sex-education programs

Mini wants to know what activities would be most conducive to creative thinking. Based on what people reported in Csikszentmihalyi's research, you would suggest that Mini would be at her creative best during activities that:

are semiautomatic

Mrs. Hernandez has considerable pain and inflammation in her wrists, fingers, and knees. It is becoming very difficult for her to maintain her usual routines as her stiffness increases. Mrs. Hernandez has:

arthritis

In her meeting with a counselor, Dalton revealed that he was uncomfortable being close to others. He finds it difficult to trust people completely and doesn't allow himself to depend completely on them. He gets nervous if someone tries to get too intimate with him. It seems likely that Dalton has a(n) _____ attachment style.

avoidant

Stella has involved, responsive parents who support her in her choices as long as she adheres to certain basic rules they have set for her. Research indicates Stella would:

be likely to share information about her whereabouts, friends, and activities with her parents

Recent research suggests that cohabiting:

before marriage increases the likelihood of divorce

Factors at age 50 that were linked with being in the "happy-well" group at age 75 to 80 years of age included all of the following EXCEPT:

being wealthy

Abdiel has had three children, according to Erikson, he has achieved:

biological generativity

Which of the following is a reason for the height decreases that occur with age advancement?

bone loss in the vertebrae

Gisela is suffering from a condition that involves thickening of the lenses of her eyes. This causes her vision to become cloudy or distorted. Identify the condition that Gisela is suffering from.

cataracts

Marie is reluctant to marry because she is worried that her husband might cheat on her. You would tell her that adultery is:

clearly the exception rather than the rule

The majority of sibling relationships in adulthood are:

close

___________ intelligence includes the ability to recall and accumulate information and verbal skills.

crystallized

Most research studies indicate that the greatest change in personality traits occurs in:

early adulthood

Gina is doing what she can to help her older aunt take care of herself and stay in her own home. Gina often takes meals to her aunt and helps her clean, go shopping, and make visits to the doctor. Gina is providing _____ for her aunt.

eldercare

The concept of "use it or lose it" is a significant component of the _____ model of cognitive optimization that addresses strategies to buffer age-related declines in intellectual development.

engagement

The human genome has not changed markedly in the last century, yet obesity has noticeably increased. This indicates that:

environmental factors play an important role in obesity.

Juanita, a Latino girl, is entering adolescence and her mother wants to keep her from risky sexual behavior. According to research, her mother should:

foster a close and supportive relationship with Juanita.

James, an American, will be most likely considered as an adult by his peers and community when he _____, whereas Nirmal, who lives in Bangladesh, will be most likely considered as an adult by his community when he _____.

gets a full-time job; gets married

Cohorts refer to:

groups of individuals born in the same year or time period

Your elderly aunt Marie was recently admitted to a nursing home where there is a "residents' advisory board," consisting of the people who live in the home. They consult with the staff on changes that affect their lives and help plan the monthly activities. Based on a research by Judith Rodin and Ellen Langer, you would expect her to be:

happier than she was when she did not have any input into decisions affecting her life.

Manfred is worried about his 16-year-old son hanging around much older people in the neighborhood. Research suggests that Manfred:

has reason to worry, since his son is more likely to engage in delinquency and early sexual behavior.

Adult development experts are virtually unanimous in their belief that midlife crises:

have been exaggerated

Bill wants to know how he can prevent drug abuse by his adolescent son. You would suggest that Bill:

have family dinners most nights of the week.

Sensitivity to _______ sounds usually declines first among ______________.

high-pitched, men

The ______ describes a common adolescent belief that others are as interested in them as they are in themselves, and involves attention-getting behaviors, included attempts to be noticed, visible, and "on stage".

imaginary audience

If a community wants to develop programs to help at-risk youths, an important component to include in the program would be:

intensive individualized attention

A man in his mid-forties is most likely to notice:

joint stiffness

Erikson believed that elderly adults use their impending death as a motivation to look back and evaluate their life. This form of retrospection is what many theorists call:

life review

A _______ refers to a legal document that reflects that patient's advance care planning.

living will

Basilio sustained severe and irreversible brain damage due to an accidental overdose of insulin. His wife and children decided to remove the life-support system, and Basilio subsequently died. This is an example of ________ euthanasia.

passive

Damon has been terminally ill with multiple fractures to his skull. He has been in a vegetative state for over three years. Finally, his family agrees to end his suffering by removing him from the life-support system. This is an example of _________ euthanasia.

passive

"I know I can handle the car at high speeds much better than others can", says 18 year old Jake. This reflects the adolescent tendency of engaging in:

personal fable

Cognitive ______ are the culture-based "software programs" of the mind

pragmatics

Kendra has a few shots of vodka before going out to attend her annual college party. Kendra has engaged in:

pregaming

Deaths that are sudden, violent, or traumatic are likely to:

produce more intense feelings in survivors than if the person died of a long illness.

Service learning is often more effective when two conditions are met: (1) giving students some degree of choice in the service activities in which they participate, and (2) _____.

providing students opportunities to reflect about their participation

Stacy is a director of a senior center. Every week she leads a group where the elders discuss past activities and experiences. The members of the group are encouraged to share anecdotes, old pictures, and other family memorabilia that remind them of significant events in their past. Stacy's group is a form of ________ therapy.

reminiscence

The rectangularization of the population pyramid is linked to all of the following EXCEPT:

rising male-to-female sex ratio

Zack is having a conversation with his friend Ben in a crowded room. Despite the presence of many voices around him, Zack focuses on what Ben is saying. This is an example of _____ attention.

selective

The ______________ theory describes how people can produce new resources and allocate them effectively to the tasks they want to master.

selective optimization with compensation

Although Alicia has a great memory for trivia, she has difficulty remembering important events in her life. Alicia has good _____ memory but poor _____ memory.

semantic; episodic

Lillian is 50 years old. Her doctor has noticed a sharp decrease in her estrogen levels, and Lillian is complaining of nausea and fatigue. Based on these symptoms, what could be her initial diagnosis?

she is going through menopause

Joaquin believes that older adults deliberately withdraw from social contact with individuals who are peripheral to their lives while maintaining or increasing contact with close friends and family members with whom they have had enjoyable relationships. He is a proponent of:

socioemotional selectivity

When explaining death to younger children (around preschool age), the most important point is for parents to stress is that:

the child is loved and will not be abandoned

Alice, Jane, Lois, and Sandra have been friends since grade school. Over the years, they have given each other support and shared in each other's joys and sadness. Which model of social relations does this scenario represent?

the convoy model

After Mildred's divorce, she went back to college, renewed old acquaintanceships, and took up ballroom dancing. After completing college, she got the job she'd always wanted and entered into a long-term relationship. Mildred chose the pathway of:

the enhancer

Identical human twins have similar weights, even when they are reared apart. This indicates:

the genetic component of a person's weight

Most rites of passage focus on:

the transition into adult status

Which of the following is a similarity among the cellular clock, free-radical, and mitochondrial theories?

they attempt to explain aging at a cellular level

According to the cross-sectional study by Ursula Staudinger, _____ showed up for the first time on the most important list for those who were 85 to 105 years old

thinking about life

"Amelia's all excited about this new guy she met," says Julie. "I guess it makes sense because he's really a geek." Based on the concept of consensual validation, we can expect that Julie:

thinks that Amelia is also a geek

Exercise can reduce the risk of all of the following conditions EXCEPT:

type I diabetes

Which of the following is an example of implicit memory?

typing on a computer while talking to a friend

Ishmael is experiencing a lot of stress at the workplace. Trends indicated in a recent national survey of U.S. adults suggest that Ishmael:

will be less productive because of stress

Maria is 80 years old. She is considered _____.

young-old