PSYCH 2301 Chapter 5

If you shine a bright light directly into a person's eye, the pupil of the eye will reflexively constrict. Using Pavlov's terminology, the bright light would be termed the _____, and the pupil constricting would be termed the _____.

UCS; UCR

According to Bandura's model of observational learning, which of the following characteristics of television depictions of violent behavior makes the violent behavior more likely to be imitated?

Violent behavior is performed by the hero or another attractive, high-status individual.

Prior to conditioning, a dog does not salivate to the sound of a ringing bell. At this point, the ringing bell is:

a neutral simulus

John B. Watson believed that psychology should study:

observable behavior.

Just a few minutes before 9 a.m. every Monday through Friday, Kelly arrives at her job. Using operant conditioning terms, the time of the day and the days of the week are ________ in this situation.

operants

Classical conditioning involves _____, while operant conditioning involves _____.

reflexive behaviors; voluntary behaviors

Martina is an animal trainer at Sea World. To teach a new dolphin to jump through a hoop high above the water, Martina first reinforces the dolphin for approaching the hoop while it is under the water. Then, she reinforces the dolphin for swimming through the hoop under water. Gradually raising the hoop, Martina progressively reinforces each small step toward the goal behavior. Martina is using the process of _____ to train the dolphin.

shapin

A rat in a Skinner box receives a food pellet every ten times the bar is pressed. The rat is on a _______ schedule of reinforcement.

fixed-ratio

The famous Bobo doll research was conducted by _____ and showed the power of _____.

Albert Bandura; observational learning

What discovery sparked Pavlov's interest in the phenomenon that eventually became known as classical conditioning?

Dogs displayed a reflexive response before the stimulus was presented rather than after it was presented.

The text describes the conditioning of learned helplessness in dogs. According to the text discussion, why did the dogs display learned helplessness?

The dogs had developed the cognitive expectation that there was nothing they could do to escape or change their environment.

Psychologists formally define learning as:

a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that is due to past experience.

A Skinner box is a:

a small cage with a food dispenser, operant chamber

Modern research on advertising and marketing techniques has shown that:

attitudes toward a product or a particular brand can be influenced by the use of classical conditioning techniques in advertising campaigns.

Steven Spielberg's classic movie Jaws was a thriller about a great white shark that terrorized tourists at a local beach. Just before the shark's appearance, eerie music began playing. As the unseen shark came closer, the tempo of the music picked up. After the audience had experienced this a few times, the sound of the music triggered the emotional reaction of fear in the audience even though the shark still had not appeared. At that point, the sound of the eerie music was a(n):

conditioned stimulus (CS).

Behavior that is conditioned with _________reinforcement is ___ resistant to extinction.

continuous; more

Positive reinforcement _____ the likelihood of a behavior's being repeated. Negative reinforcement _____ the likelihood of a behavior's being repeated.

increases; increases

Which of the following would be considered a conditioned reinforcer?

money

Partial reinforcement is to _____ as continuous reinforcement is to _____.

sometimes; always

The evolutionary perspective helps explain why the most common phobias are fears of:

spiders, snakes, and heights

The famous "Little Albert" study conducted by John Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrated:

that it was possible to condition an emotional reaction to a previously neutral stimulus.

Ever since she foolishly drank too much beer at a rock concert and vomited all over her boyfriend, Sharon becomes nauseous at the smell or taste of beer. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is _____ and the conditioned response is _____.

the smell or taste of beer; nausea

In his original studies of digestion, Pavlov placed food on a dog's tongue to make the dog salivate. In this situation, the dog's salivating was a(n):

unconditioned response (UCR).

Studies found that adolescents who watched a great deal of television programs with a high level of sexual content:

were twice as likely to become sexually active in the next year than adolescents who watched the least amount of sexually oriented television programming.