PSYCH-231 Multiple Choice

14. The statement that "genes that influence the development of LDs are generalists" indicates the concept that:

c. learning disorders are caused by a multitude of environmental and genetic factors.

10. Dr. Schwiesow, a school psychologist, is trained to evaluate young children who may have intellectual developmental disorders. Her standard assessments most likely include all EXCEPT which of the following?

c. measures of neurobiological functioning

18. Rene and Michele's young son has just been diagnosed with ASD. What would be the best source of intervention information for them to consider?

c. mental health professional who specialize in ASD

7. Fifteen-year-old Ashley is experiencing panic attacks on a daily basis, sometimes in response to attempting to go to school and sometimes while she is at home in her room. Ashley may meet the criteria for which disorder?

c. panic disorder

4. According to Siegler, poverty has a negative impact on intellectual development through all EXCEPT which of the following mechanisms?

c. parental preoccupation with other issues

15. Alex was diagnosed in 2nd grade with a learning disorder in reading and math for which he is not receiving effective instruction. According to research Alex is more likely to experience which of the following?

c. peer conflicts

1. The authors of this text would most likely agree that brain development in children and adolescents follows a pattern of development that is similar to a:

c. rolling hill.

1. The authors of the text would most likely agree with which of the following statements regarding the development of body image?

a. Concerns with body image develop over time and are influenced by multiple factors.

5. According to research, who of the following is more at risk to be a victim of bullying?

a. Eric, a 15-year-old male who is gay and has a learning disorder

10. Which of the following factors related to the etiology of ADHD and child factors are INCORRECTLY matched?

a. Genes: Steve, a 6-year-old with ADHD, also has a sibling with ADHD

7. Joshua is a 14-year-old child with Down syndrome. If he is like other children with this syndrome, he is likely to follow which course of development?

a. He will meet the same developmental milestones as his peers but at a much slower rate.

14. Dr. Jensen is consulting research on ADHD that would help her decide the best course of action for her young patients. One example of longitudinal research that investigated various types of interventions is the:

a. Russell Barkley's ADHD Protocol.

2. Six-year-old Hayley is afraid of being alone at night, doesn't like to be separated from her parents for long periods of time, hates thunder storms, and is afraid of witches who are "out to get her." What should Hayley's parents know about Hayley's fears?

a. These fears are developmentally appropriate and should get better over time.

12. Which of the following statement is most accurate regarding the relationship between ADHD and family and environmental factors?

a. While family and environmental factors have not been shown to have a causal factor in the development of ADHD there is evidence that they may play a role in the maintenance of this disorder.

13. Children whose parents address their escalating oppositional behaviors with increasingly punitive responses are more likely over time to engage in problem behaviors in school and other settings. This is one of the tenets of which model?

a. coercion

4. According to Sherwood and Neumark-Sztainer (2001), the media's influence on body image is:

a. correlational, not causal.

6. One of the positives that may come out of behaviors associated with ADHD is ____.

a. creativity

8. Dr. Vance is lecturing on substance use in adolescents and proposes that nicotine use in young adolescents leads to marijuana use. He is most likely describing which hypothesis of drug use?

a. gateway

16. One of the main goals of cognitive behavioral therapy for eating disorders (CBT-E) is to _____.

a. help the individual identify factors that are maintaining their eating disorder b. medically stabilize the individual with proper hydration and medication c. engage parents and the individual in a therapeutic alliance d. identify cultural factors related to the development of an individual's eating disorder

5. A child who experiences hypervigilance with a tendency to associate normal body sensations to something dangerous might be described as exhibiting which of the following?

a. hypersensitivity anxiety

5. The two-factor model of ADHD assumes which of the following core deficits?

a. inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity

16. The plans that are developed for students who qualify for special education services are known as:

a. individualized education plans.

9. Many school shooters have spent months developing their violent plans. Which type of aggression does this best represent?

a. instrumental

10. One of the reasons it is difficult to study the developmental course of maltreatment is that:

a. maltreatment may be only one of several risk factors in a child's life.

5. Andrea is a 13-year-old who requires some supervision and assistance with bathing and dressing; however, she is learning to prepare her own snacks and fold her own laundry. It is most likely that Andrea's level of intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior is in the _________ level.

a. mild to moderate

14. Children who encourage each other to act in socially deviant ways have likely been encouraged to do so by which of the following processes?

a. peer contagion

4. Greg started smoking when he was 17 years old and now at 40 finds that he can't get through a day without a cigarette without feeling shaky. Greg is most likely _________ to cigarettes.

a. physically dependent

2. Which of the following statements best summarizes the Gottfredson's (1997) premise related to intelligence? Intelligence is primarily reflected in an individuals' ability to

a. reason, plan, solve problems, and learn from new experiences.

2. John enjoys skiing black diamond and rock climbing, while his brother Jack enjoys driving his car well over the speed limit and experimenting with different types of drugs. Both boys are engaging in _________ behaviors, but John's activities would not be considered ________.

a. risky; impulsive

16. The DSM-5 includes all of the following as a personality disorder with the exception of which of the following?

a. schizophrenia

3. Although Angel plans on going to college when he graduates next year he has difficulty attending classes on a regular basis, choosing instead to hang out with his friends at the mall. Angel may be having difficulty with _____.

a. self-regulation

3. Five-year-old Bethany enters to the room and promptly sits on the school psychologist's lap without acknowledging her. This is an example of Bethany's ability to differentiate what is social and nonsocial and is known as _____.

a. social cognition

6. A child who is afraid of dogs, goes out of their way to avoid dogs in the neighborhood, and avoids looking at pictures of dogs in books may be developing which of the following?

a. specific phobia

3. Which of the following type of stress responses is the result of prolonged exposure to stress resulting in permanent changes in brain structure and brain?

a. toxic stress

17. The most effective intervention for victims of mass trauma includes all of the following EXCEPT promotion of:

d. forgiveness.

2. Who of the following is most likely to experience body dissatisfaction?

b. 12-year-old Penelope who is overweight

14. Which of the following parents would most at risk for maltreating their child?

b. 16-year-old Anna who has dropped out of high school and has been diagnosed with depression.

10. Proponents of the coercion model would agree with which of the following statements regarding how and why maladaptive behaviors continue over time in children with oppositional defiant disorder?

b. A child who is rejected by their peers is more likely to associate with peers who have similar maladaptive behaviors, therefore reinforcing these behaviors.

5. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding marijuana use in adolescents?

b. Adolescents who smoke marijuana show decreases in executive functioning.

12. The developmental cascade model would support all except which of the following statements?

b. One single event, such as the death of a parent, can and does put a child at risk for developing conduct disorder.

1. The authors of this text would likely agree with which of the following statements regarding the role of stress in an individual's life?

b. Stress is an evolutionary-based brain response system that still functions to protect an individual in potentially dangerous situations.

7. Characteristics of avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder include all of the following EXCEPT:

b. a lack of interest in eating

3. Vanessa is a 15-year-old whose mother enjoys shopping with her as well as sharing in the latest gossip about Vanessa's friends. She allows Vanessa to come home when she wishes and has little expectations in terms of chores or homework. Their relationship could be an example of which type of the following?

b. a parentified relationship

11. One of the concerns associated with treating a child with frequent somatic symptoms that are psychologically based is that over time the child may ______.

b. actually become physically ill from unnecessary medical procedures

6. An intellectual developmental disorder is a deficit in intellectual functioning and _____.

b. adaptive behavior

14. Children with ASD often show deficits in planning, memory, impulse control, and an ability to control their attention. This is related to which of the following?

b. central coherence

8. It is not unusual for a child to be first diagnosed with anorexia nervosa at age 12 and then bulimia nervosa at age 18. This is known as:

b. crossover.

9. When Tanika first injected herself with heroin, she experienced a rush of euphoria. This was likely related to an increase in which neurotransmitter?

b. dopamine

5. Children growing up in third world countries are less likely to develop eating disorders. One of the factors related to this decreased risk is a result of which of the following?

b. exposure to Western media

10. The theory that explains addiction as a process that first alters brain organization and function and then leads to behaviors related to motivation and reward is known as which of the following?

b. incentive-sensitization

15. The most successful intervention programs for adolescents with eating disorders:

b. involve a comprehensive treatment plan that includes medical, family, and individual treatment.

6. Pedro has been diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). Based on this diagnosis, he is likely to display all of the following behavioral difficulties EXCEPT:

b. lack of empathy.

15. Dr. Smith is investigating the link between a specific neuron and a child with ASD's deficits in imitating others. What is the name of this neuron?

b. mirror

13. Alex is undergoing therapy with a specialist in adolescent addiction in which he is being exposed to a variety of techniques related to motivation psychology, client-centered therapy and stages-of-change theory. Alex's therapist is likely using which therapy?

b. motivational interviewing

8. Researchers have found that toddlers diagnosed with ASD show a "striking imbalance" in their lack of engagement with people and enhanced engagement with _______.

b. objects

8. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is more likely to occur if a child experiences all of the following EXCEPT:

b. overhearing another child talking about a traumatic experience.

13. Brooke has been involved in ballet since she was 4 years old, has always earned straight As at school, plays two musical instruments in a competitive youth orchestra, and recently graduated 1st in her class at Harvard. Despite these accomplishments Brooke continues to push herself to set higher goals for herself and fears possible failure in these goals. Brooke's pattern of behaviors may put her at risk for the development of an eating disorder related to which of the following?

b. perfectionism

14. Angela, a 15-year-old, is being seen by a clinical psychologist to determine if her eating patterns and preoccupation with having the perfect body meet the criteria for an eating disorder. Following best practice in assessment and diagnosis the psychologist should also have Angela evaluated by a ______.

b. physician

15. Dr. Vance is lecturing to his medical students about the evidence that children with conduct disorders are more likely to have low levels of physiological arousal, are hyperactive to threats associated with anger and have blunted sensitivity to negative consequences. Dr. Vance's lecture is addressing which factors associated with etiology of CD?

b. physiological

11. A thorough medical examination should be conducted before, after, and during withdrawal from a substance because of:

b. possible medical complications related to past and current drug use as well as medical complications related to detoxing.

15. All of the following are considered psychosocial interventions for the treatment of ADHD EXCEPT:

b. psychopharmacological interventions

4. Alejandra is dreading her psychology final but is preparing for it by studying sections well ahead of finals week. This is known as _____ regulation.

b. response-focused

5. Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the role of maltreatment in childhood psychopathology? Maltreatment is a:

b. risk factor that may lead to a variety of maladaptive behaviors which may meet the criteria for a mental health disorder.

8. Symptom dimensions associated with OCD include all of the following EXCEPT:

b. sexual and aggressive obsessions.

5. According to the DSM-5 criteria, a child with autism spectrum disorder must display deficits in which areas?

b. social and communication skills; behaviors and interests

4. A child with autism is less likely to be able to distinguish between what is socially important and what is not when compared to typically developing peers. This is known as a child's:

b. social cognition.

1. The authors of the text would most likely endorse which of the following statements regarding the validity of the diagnosis of ADHD in children?

c. A diagnosis of ADHD should be considered in light of what is developmentally appropriate for children.

13. The authors of the text would assert that differential diagnoses are important for which of the following reasons?

c. An accurate diagnosis can lead to more effective interventions.

7. Paul began drinking when he was 13-years-old and now as at age 60 continues to drink heavily on a daily basis. Paul would be classified as which type of drinker?

c. Chronic heavy

11. Researchers have found that children may be most vulnerable to the affects of trauma at times when their brains are undergoing critical periods of formation and development. This finding is most consistent with which domain of development?

c. Cognitive/behavioral

16. One of the goals of early assessment and identification of children with oppositional behaviors is based on which assumption?

c. Early intervention is effective as it may prevent certain behaviors from becoming ingrained in a child's behavior.

1. The authors of the text would most likely agree with which of the following statements regarding the development of emotion regulation?

c. Emotion regulation is an on-going process that may be linked to the development of an anxiety disorder.

16. Children with ADHD may be eligible for specialized educational services under which of these acts?

c. Individuals with Disabilities Education

11. Which of the following statements best captures the current view on the role of families in the development of eating disorders?

c. It is unlikely that one single factor, including families, causes eating disorders.

7. Katherine was attending school five blocks away from the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001. Since that time, she continues to have disturbing nightmares about planes, avoids going close to tall buildings, and talks a lot about the scary things happening in her life. Katherine may be suffering from:

c. PTSD.

1. Which of the following statements would the authors of your text most likely endorse as it relates to the identification of childhood disorders?

c. The identification of childhood disorders is important as it aids in research, communication, and continued understanding of how to better treat childhood disorders.

12. Which of the following statements is true regarding the developmental trajectory of autism spectrum disorder?

c. The most likely improvement in the developmental trajectory of ASD is in of social and communication domains.

3. The authors of the text would most likely agree with which statement related to risk-taking in adolescents?

c. While adolescents are at risk for engaging in risk-taking behaviors, the majority do not engage in potentially harmful behaviors.

9. Which of the following intellectual developmental disorders is caused by a microdeletion?

c. William's Syndrome

2. Dr. Nielsen is describing his research regarding social status of young children measured by peer nomination. His research is likely to involve all of the following categories EXCEPT:

c. antisocial children.

17. The type of intervention used with ASD that focuses on discrete trials and intensive interactions between the child and an adult is known as

c. applied behavior analysis.

8. Angelina, began showing signs of defiance, property destruction, and aggression towards her sibling and family pets at 4 years of age. As an adolescent she is continuing to display these behaviors. Which subtype of conduct disorder would most apply to Angelina?

c. child-onset

16. Pedro is being taught to think about his panic attacks as temporary and events over which he has control. This is an example of which therapeutic technique?

c. cognitive restructuring

13. Temple is a 15-year-old high school student who is in advanced placement classes and has been diagnosed with ASD. If she is like other high-functioning adolescents with ASD she is most likely to also be diagnosed with which of the following disorders?

c. communication

4. When parents set limits on a young child's television viewing they are shaping a child's executive functioning through which of these?

c. control

12. The most commonly diagnosed disorder associated with maltreatment is:

c. depressive disorders.

10. According to the authors of this text, children with ASD are often most impaired by which aspect of this disorder?

c. difficulty with social communication, interactions, and relationships

15. Dr. Schwiesow, a clinical psychologist, is utilizing cognitive-behavioral therapy with a young client diagnosed with OCD. As a part of this therapy, she is encouraging her patient to spend time in a bathroom without washing her hands. This is most likely which part of CBT?

c. exposure and response prevention

3. Angela is particularly good at learning new mathematical concepts while her mother excels at applying organizational skills to her career as a CEO. Angela is demonstrating the concept of _______ intelligence while her mother is demonstrating the concept of _____.

c. fluid; crystallized

8. Another name used to describe individuals with mild forms of intellectual disability is _____ intellectual developmental disorder.

c. functional

10. As Sean prepares to present to his psychopathology class he finds himself feeling nauseous, sweating profusely, and becoming light headed. What best explains Sean's symptoms?

c. somatic symptom disorder

15. Adrian is a 35-year-old who was diagnosed with a psychotic disorder at age 18. Despite periodic hallucinations and inconsistent compliance with medication he has been able to hold a job and an apartment. Which trajectory would best describe Adrian?

c. stable, long-term

9. Lyle was diagnosed with ADHD when he was four years old and received consistent and effective treatment including medication. According to longitudinal studies Lyle is less likely to experience which of these outcomes as an adolescent?

c. substance use

1. Dr. Jordan's research focuses on how social communication changes from early childhood to adolescence in children diagnosed with Down syndrome. Her research addresses which of the key issues related to intelligence.

c. the roles of genes, brain structure and function, heredity and environment impact intelligence

3. Isabella thinks a lot about what would happen to her if her parents were to die in a car accident. This is an example of what type of anxiety?

c. worries

1. Which of the following factors related to prosocial behavior and definitions are INCORRECTLY matched?

d. Age: impact of parental age on parent-child relationship

14. An adolescent who is in the prodrome period of a psychotic disorder could be experiencing impairment in which of the following domains?

d. All of these

9. Which of the following is an element of trauma that affects the potential impact on a child's adjustment to trauma?

d. All of these

13. Which of the following factors has been shown to be the most important in recovery from exposure to trauma?

d. All of these factors are important.

13. Alex is a 9-year-old who has recently been diagnosed with a specific learning disorder in reading. Which of the following statements is most likely true about Alex?

d. All of these statements are likely true about Alex.

12. Which of the following would be considered exclusionary factors for the identification of a specific learning disorder?

d. All of these.

4. Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding physical and nonphysical aggression in boys and girls?

d. Boys and girls both engage in physical and nonphysical aggression but at different rates and intensity.

16. Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding parental input regarding a possible diagnosis of ASD?

d. Parents' perceptions of their child's difficulties are often accurate and should be addressed in a timely manner.

17. Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding the use of medication to treat anxiety disorders?

d. While medication has been shown to be effective in treating symptoms associated with anxiety, cognitive-behavioral psychotherapies continue to be the most effective form of treatment.

11. It can be inferred from the discussion on intervention in the text that the most effective protocol for treating children with intellectual developmental disorders is:

d. a comprehensive protocol that focuses on early intervention, is multi-dimensional, and is multi-method.

10. Renee has been restricting her food consumption for over 10 years and was recently hospitalized for the third time in 6 months for severe dehydration and related heart conditions. Given this pattern Renee is at higher than average risk for which of the following?

d. all of the above

12. Child factors associated with the development of eating disorders include which of the following?

d. all of the above

13. One of the important tasks of assessment and diagnosis of an anxiety disorder is to determine whether symptoms reflect which type of adjustment?

d. all of the above

16. An adolescent is often unlikely to report maltreatment because of:

d. all of the above

17. It can be assumed from the discussion on interventions for children with ODD or CD that in order to be effective, interventions should include which of the following?

d. all of the above

4. In order to better understand the prevalence of anxiety disorders, researchers should consider which of the following factors?

d. all of the above

9. Insa was diagnosed with anorexia nervosa when she was 13 years old. Based on this diagnosis, Insa is at higher risk for which of the following as an older adolescent?

d. all of the above

11. Which of the following have been identified as early precursors of autism spectrum disorder?

d. all of these

7. Researchers who study oppositionality in children have found that three salient dimensions differ in terms of _____.

d. all of these

9. Young Angela frequently thinks about her baby brother's well being and believes she see him falling down the basement stairs which causes her to feel very anxious. Angela's anxiety could be described as which of the following?

d. an obsession

14. Dr. Kelly is conducting an assessment on 6-year-old Stephanie to determine if her level of anxiety meets the criteria for obsessive

d. bipolar disorder

11. Children diagnosed with ADHD are more likely to show dysfunctions in which neurotransmitter/s?

d. both dopamine and serotonin

11. Dr. Nelson tells his psychology class that parents who are discipline inconsistently, engage in explosive discipline, provide little supervision, and are inflexible in rules and consequences. Dr. Nelson is likely lecturing on which of these models of ODD?

d. coercion

12. Which of the following Intervention for Substance-Related Disorders has been shown to be most effective in treating adolescents with substance abuse disorders?

d. cognitive-behavioral therapy

7. According to researchers the highest risk for the development of associated disorders occurs during which period of childhood?

d. early childhood

2. When confronted with her abusive stepfather's angry words, young Annabelle retreats to her fantasy world where she is happy and safe. This behavior would be in which family of coping strategies?

d. escape

9. The observation that children diagnosed with ASD appear obsessed with how things work rather than how people work is an example of what two concepts?

d. folk physics; folk psychology

12. The tripartite model of anxiety and depression includes all of the following concepts EXCEPT: a. common casual factors of negative affectivity.

d. low levels of coping strategies.

2. Autism spectrum disorder used to include all of the following EXCEPT:

d. low-functioning autism

15. Ten-year-old Oliver and his family lost their home and possessions in a flood that also affected the majority of the families in their community. This is known as the _____ effect.

d. mass trauma

2. Dr. Samuelson specializes in research related to ADHD. Based on the most common deficits found in ADHD, his research might focus on all of the following EXCEPT:

d. motor inhibition.

3. According to recent studies the strongest predictor for body dissatisfaction for 4th - 6th grade children is _____.

d. perfectionism

6. Nine-month-old Andrew looks intently as his older brother as he talks to him. In response he coos and babbles, as if having a conversation with his brother. Andrew is demonstrating an important social learning task that exemplifies _____.

d. reciprocal social skills

7. Tyler, a 5-year-old with ASD, has a fascination with anything to do with trains and if allowed to would spend hours lining up his trains in his room. This is an example of what characteristic of ASD?

d. restricted and repetitive behaviors

6. The most accurate definition of sexual abuse is which of the following?

d. sexual contact or attempted sexual contact between a teacher and a high school student

6. The progression from experimentation to addiction to a particular substance is influenced by all of the following factors EXCEPT:

d. sexual orientation of the individual.

8. ADHD that emerges early in child often results in which of the following impairments? a. intellectual disability

d. social skills

6. One of the primary differences between anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa is:

d. the amount of weight loss.