psych 235- psych of women chapter 9, 10 & 11

4. X-chromosome inactivation involves ______. A. the silencing of one X chromosome in each of the cells of human females B. an error in prenatal gender differentiation C. the process by which the X chromosome is turned off in all cells of human males D. a process that occurs in the testes but not the ovaries

ANSWER

3. SRY is ______. A. a hormone produced by the pituitary gland B. a hormone produced by the adrenal gland C. a gene on the Y chromosome that directs the fetus's gonads to form testes D. a gene on the X chromosome that directs the fetus's genitals to form the vagina

ANSWER-

5. Which of the following is a factor in reducing the motherhood penalty? A. gendered roles in the workplace B. fathers taking advantage of paternity leave C. paying women more when they are first hired D. improved access to childcare

ANSWER-

6. Female rat pups born to high-licking mothers are themselves high lickers when they become mothers. If pups born to low-licking mothers are raised by high-licking mothers, they are high lickers in adulthood. This effect is due to ______. A. genetics B. endocrine disrupters C. prenatal differentiation D. epigenetics

ANSWER-

19. In the first stage of childbirth, the cervix must dilate to ______. A. 10 cm B. 4 cm C. 8 cm D. 12 cm

ANSWER- A (10CM)

22. About ______ of known pregnancies end in miscarriage. A. 20% B. 10% C. 5% D. 35%

ANSWER- A (20%)

30. Naomi and Angelo are a dual-earner family and just had their first child. Based on the research on the second shift, we can infer that ______. A. Naomi will likely take on a greater share of childcare B. Angelo will likely take on a greater share of childcare C. Naomi and Angelo will likely split childcare fairly equally D. Naomi and Angelo will likely split childcare fairly equally only if they were splitting household chores equally before having the baby

ANSWER- A (Naomi will likely take on a greater share of childcare).

8. Based on the research, what can you infer about a woman who expresses dominance and agentic behaviors in the workplace? A. a reduction in her hirability and likability B. a reduction in her likability but an increase in her hirability C. an increase in her hirability and likability D. a reduction in hirability but an increase in her likability

ANSWER- A (a reduction in her hirability and likability).

2. A trait controlled by a gene on the X chromosome is ______. A. a sex-linked trait B. a sex-limited trait C. a sex-determined trait D. expressed more in females than males

ANSWER- A (a sex- linked trait).

14. Prenatally, females and males develop differently ______. A. beginning at about the 6th week of pregnancy B. from the moment of conception C. as a result of gender role socialization D. as a result of cultural expectations

ANSWER- A (beginning at about the 6th week of pregnancy).

14. Gendered wording in job ads is an example of ______. A. explicit sexism and discrimination B. old-fashioned sexism C. occupational segregation D. subtle ways modern sexism persists

ANSWER- A (explicit sexism and discrimination).

13. Research on hormones and mood during the menstrual cycle indicates that ______. A. factors such as stress, health, and social support may be more important than mood B. hormone levels drop off sharply, leading to a more depressed mood C. premenstrual tension occurs as a result of hormone increases D. progesterone is high and mood fluctuates considerably

ANSWER- A (factors such as stress, health, and social support may be more important than mood).

2. Childcare workers, dental hygienists, and registered nurses are examples of ______. A. female-dominated occupations B. male-dominated occupations C. occupations least impacted by the motherhood penalty D. occupations most impacted by the motherhood penalty

ANSWER- A (female- dominated occupations)

8. A "trans woman" refers to someone who ______. A. has a birth-assigned male gender and female gender identity B. has a birth-assigned female gender and male gender identity C. has a birth-assigned intersex gender and female gender identity D. has a birth-assigned female gender and is going through genital transition

ANSWER- A (has a birth- assigned male gender and female gender identity).

11. In one study (O'Brien et al., 2012), female and male undergraduates were given a task and then asked to fill out a measure of entitlement, reporting on how much they thought they deserved to be paid for their work. The participants were also given the option of awarding themselves bonuses privately from an envelope containing $5. The researchers found that women completed more work with greater accuracy than men. They also found that ______. A. men reported they deserved higher pay and paid themselves higher in bonuses than women did B. women reported they deserved higher pay and paid themselves higher in bonuses than women did C. men reported they deserved higher pay, but women paid themselves higher in bonuses than men did D. women reported they deserved higher pay, but men paid themselves higher in bonuses than women did

ANSWER- A (mean reported they deserved higher pay and paid themselves higher in bonuses than woman did).

29. A transgender man may decide to use testosterone to get a deeper voice and grow facial hair. This is an example of ______. A. medical transition B. testosterone adjustment C. surgical transition D. hormone blockers

ANSWER- A (medical transition).

24. Research on the corpus callosum in humans indicates that ______. A. men have a slightly larger corpus callosum overall B. women have a larger corpus callosum which accounts for their superior verbal ability C. the size of the corpus callosum is stable by 12 years of age D. when it is damaged by stroke, spatial ability is impaired

ANSWER- A (men have a slightly larger corpus callosum overall).

20. Kala, a woman, is the founder and leader of the local daycare center. Based on the research, we can infer that her leadership skills will be judged as ______. A. more effective than a man in her same position B. less effective than a man in her same position C. similarly effective as a man in her same position D. not important when compared to other factors

ANSWER- A (more effective than a man in her position).

18. During the first trimester of pregnancy, many women feel anxious about ______. A. morning sickness B. ingesting the right amount of nutrients C. miscarriage D. changes in their hormone levels

ANSWER- A (morning sickness).

27. fMRI research is often used to reinforce stereotypes. This is an example of ______. A. neurosexism B. epigenetics C. modern sexism D. stereotype confirmation bias

ANSWER- A (neurosexism).

12. Estrogen and progesterone are manufactured by the ______. A. ovaries B. vagina C. uterus D. hypothalamus

ANSWER- A (ovaries).

2. Worldwide, being born female is dangerous to your health because ______. A. pregnancy and childbirth are still relatively dangerous B. more female fetuses die than male fetuses C. suicide and homicide are more common among women than men D. women are at a higher risk for deadly diseases than men are

ANSWER- A (pregnancy and childbirth are still relatively common).

12. The substance that causes menstrual cramps is ______. A. prostaglandins B. estrogen C. amenorrhea D. cortisol

ANSWER- A (prostaglandins)

16. Research shows that there is typically less gender bias in the evaluation of work and hiring decisions when ______. A. the occupations were segregated B. the applicant meets all qualifications C. raters are given more information about the applicant D. the rater is a woman

ANSWER- A (the occupations were segregated).

17. If pregnant guinea pigs are administered testosterone, their genetic female offspring will show male, not female, patterns of sexual behavior. This is an example of ______. A. the organizing effects of hormones B. the activating effects of hormones C. the harmful effects of drug abuse D. pheromone effects

ANSWER- A (the organizing effects of hormones).

17. One national study (Fidas & Cooper, 2015) surveyed LGBT people and found that more than half reported hiding their sexual orientation or gender identity in the workplace, and more than one third reported feeling compelled to lie about their personal lives at work. This is mainly a reflection of ______. A. the workplace climate B. explicit discrimination from upper management C. the majority of colleagues being accepting of gender identities D. LGBT workers feeling insecure about their identities

ANSWER- A (the workplace climate).

25. Nadya is a supervisor who is known to motivate and mentor her employees. She is working from a ______. A. transformational leader model B. dictator boss model C. democratic leader model D. nurturing boss model

ANSWER- A (transformational leader model).

12. Williams et al. (2010) found that the tendency to overestimate men's salaries was linked to the participants' ______. A. conscious sexism B. implicit stereotypes C. explicit biases D. sense of entitlement

ANSWER- B ( implicit stereotypes).

3. An Afghanistan woman's chances of dying from pregnancy and childbirth are ______. A. 1 in 2 B. 1 in 33 C. 1 in 50 D. 1 in 97

ANSWER- B (1 in 33).

18. Fidas and Cooper (2015) also found the ______ of non-LGBT respondents said it was "unprofessional" to talk about sexual orientation or gender identity at work. A. 55% B. 70% C. 28% D. 45%

ANSWER- B (70%)

6. Men have higher death rates than women from which of the following? A. homicide B. Alzheimer's C. pneumonia D. respiratory diseases

ANSWER- B (Alzheimer's).

15. An increase in hot flashes is an example of ______. A. a common symptom of menstruation B. a common symptom of menopause C. a common symptom of aging among both women and men D. a common symptom of aging among women

ANSWER- B (a common symptom of menopause).

24. The best time for a woman to examine herself for breast lumps is ______. A. during menstruation B. about mid-cycle C. annually when you get a Pap smear D. just before intercourse

ANSWER- B (about mid- cycle).

26. Which woman is more likely to die from breast cancer? A. White women B. Black women C. Asian women D. trans women

ANSWER- B (black women).

23. The most common cancer among women is ______ cancer. A. lung B. breast C. skin D. cervical

ANSWER- B (breast)

16. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) during menopause ______. A. is ineffective in relieving hot flashes B. causes osteoporosis C. increases vaginal dryness D. increases the risk of heart attack and stroke

ANSWER- B (causes osteoporosis).

7. Epigenetics" refers to ______. A. the genetics of RNA B. changes in gene expression caused by factors other than DNA C. the mass of protein surrounding a chromosome D. criticism of the Human Genome Project

ANSWER- B (changes in gene expression caused by factors other than DNA).

18. ______ is the term for a rare genetic condition that causes the fetus's adrenal glands to produce abnormally large amounts of androgens, resulting in genetic females born with masculinized genitals. A. Androgenization syndrome (AS) B. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) C. Guevodoces D. Hermaphroditism

ANSWER- B (congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH).

21. When considering management style, a female leader will likely receive better evaluations if she adopts a ______ style of leadership. A. autocratic or dictatorial B. democratic and nurturing C. assertive and direct D. confrontational or bossy

ANSWER- B (democratic and nurturing).

5. ______ refers to changes in gene expression caused by factors other than DNA. A. Transcription B. Epigenetics C. Genome D. Inactivation

ANSWER- B (epigenetics).

15. The first step on prenatal gender differentiation is ______. A. hormonal differentiation B. gonadal differentiation C. brain differentiation D. differentiation of the external genitals

ANSWER- B (gonadal differentiation).

9. A "trans man" refers to someone who ______. A. has a birth-assigned male gender and female gender identity B. has a birth-assigned female gender and male gender identity C. has a birth-assigned intersex gender and female gender identity D. has a birth-assigned male gender and is going through a genital transition

ANSWER- B (has a birth- assigned female gender and male gender identity).

9. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are ______. A. hormones produced by the ovaries B. hormones secreted by the pituitary gland C. hormones secreted by the adrenal glands D. hormones shared by both women and men

ANSWER- B (hormones secreted by the pituitary gland).

CHAPTER 11 1. The initial field trials for the birth control pill, whose risk was unknown at the time, were conducted among poor women in Puerto Rico. This is an example of ______. A. how needed the birth control pill was by poor women B. how class and ethnicity are factors relating to irresponsible medical research C. the opportunities for poor women of color to participate in research D. how research can be generalizable to the population

ANSWER- B (how class and ethnicity are factors relating to irresponsible medical research).

23. Differences between female and male brains are found in the ______. A. thalamus B. hypothalamus C. cerebellum D. adrenal gland

ANSWER- B (hypothalamus).

4. An intersectional analysis suggests that women in ______ may also experience a more severe motherhood penalty. A. high-wage work B. low-wage work C. the STEM fields D. stereotypical fields of work

ANSWER- B (low- wage work).

19. In the course of biological gender differentiation in prenatal development, ______. A. major gender differences are created in the frontal lobe of the brain B. major differences are created in the hypothalamus C. most gender differentiation occurs postnatally D. gender differences in the external genitals occur before ovaries or testes differentiate

ANSWER- B (major differences are created in the hypothalamus).

13. Mr. Garcia, who is the president of H & I Enterprises, uses more masculine words (e.g., leader, competitive, dominant) in the job ad he puts out into the newspaper and online. Based on the research, what can we infer that ______. A. more men work at H & I Enterprises B. more men than women will apply for that job C. an equal amount of women and men will apply for the job D. women will find the job appealing

ANSWER- B (more men than women will apply for that job).

17. Although the rate of unintended pregnancies in the United States is down overall, it is highest among ______. A. young White poor women B. poor women, women of color, and young women C. young Black poor women D. young Latinx poor women

ANSWER- B (poor women, women of color, and young women)

27. The complexities of work-life issues demonstrate the importance of the ______ of roles. A. quantity B. quality C. diversity D. compensation

ANSWER- B (quality)

23. The perceived gender role incongruity of dominance or assertiveness depends on gender as well as ______. A. socioeconomic status B. race C. culture D. language

ANSWER- B (race).

30. In a study by De Cuypere et al. (2005), transgender women and transgender men overall reported feeling ______ regarding their surgical transition. A. dissatisfied B. satisfied C. ambiguous D. regretful

ANSWER- B (satisfied).

10. The gonads (ovaries and testes), pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands are all ______. A. androgens B. sex hormones C. endocrine glands D. connected to metabolism

ANSWER- B (sex hormones).

21. The traditional model in psychology has maintained that hormones influence behavior. However, research shows that testosterone levels rise in both men and women following an interpersonal competitive victory. This highlights ______. A. the unidirectional influence of hormones on behaviors and experiences B. the bidirectional influence of hormones and behaviors/experiences C. how hormones are a fixed and unchanging biological factor D. the unidirectional influence of behaviors and experiences on hormones

ANSWER- B (the bidirectional influence of hormones and behaviors/ experiences).

6. The idea that women are paid less than men is because they don't negotiate for higher pay as well as men do is an example of ______. A. the compensation negotiation principle B. the female deficit explanation C. gender discrimination D. gendered negotiation skills

ANSWER- B (the female deficit explanation).

29. Research on differences in the brains of people who are transgender is based on the assumption that ______. A. there are more similarities than differences between human male and female brains B. there are clear differences between human male and female brains C. transgender brains are very different from cisgender brains D. transgender brains are mostly similar to cisgender brains

ANSWER- B (there are clear differences between human male and female brains).

8. A baby born in the United States today is expected to live to the age of ______. A. 72 years B. 75 years C. 79 years D. 72 years

ANSWER- C ( 79 years).

29. Hochschild (1989, 2012) concluding that, if "work" is defined as including work for pay outside the home plus work done in the home, then women worked, on average, ______ hr more per week than men did. A. 5 B. 10 C. 15 D. 20

ANSWER- C (15)

27. Cervical cancer is caused by ______. A. human immunodeficiency virus B. herpes virus C. human papillomavirus D. genetic factors

ANSWER- C (HPV)

5. Which of the following is true regarding gender, race, and heart disease? A. There are no race differences in the rate of death from heart disease. B. Heart disease is the leading cause of death for Black women but not for White women. C. Heart disease is the leading cause of death for both men and women. D. Heart disease is the leading cause of death for White and Black men but not women.

ANSWER- C (Heart disease is the leading cause of death for both men and women).

24. Livingston et al. (2012) compared evaluations of leaders at the intersection of race and gender, asking participants to rate leaders who were (a) Black or White (b), female or male, and (c) dominant and assertive or communal and compassionate. The researchers found that ______. A. White women and Black men were rated similarly regardless of their behavior, while Black women and White men were penalized for expressing dominance B. White men and Black men were rated similarly regardless of their behavior, while Black women and White women were penalized for expressing dominance C. White men and Black women were rated similarly regardless of their behavior, while Black men and White women were penalized for expressing dominance D. Black women and Black men were rated similarly regardless of their behavior, while White women and White men were penalized for expressing dominance

ANSWER- C (White men and Black women were rated similarly regardless of their behavior, while Black men and White women were penalized for expressing dominance).

14. According to a social construction point of view, PMS is ______. A. a result of drug companies' efforts to sell their products B. present in all patriarchal societies C. a socially acceptable attribution for women's anger D. present only in societies affected by Western medicine

ANSWER- C (a socially acceptable attribution for women's anger).

11. Androgens other than testosterone are manufactured in females by the ______. A. pituitary B. hypothalamus C. adrenal gland D. fallopian tubes

ANSWER- C (adrenal gland).

16. In animals, the two behaviors that are most affected by prenatal hormone exposure are ______. A. activity level and appetite B. spatial ability and aggression C. aggressive and sexual behaviors D. the structure of the genitals, but there is no evidence that it affects behavior

ANSWER- C (aggressive and sexual behaviors).

30. Longitudinal studies on trans women have found that after 4 months of hormone treatment, ______. A. brain volume increased and was in the top 1% of male brain size B. brain volume stayed the same and remained in the male range C. brain volume decreased and was more in the female range D. brain volume stayed the same, but decreased after 12 months of hormone treatment

ANSWER- C (brain volume decreased and was more in the female range).

20. Which of these occurs during the third stage of labor? A. delivery of the child B. labor and pushing C. delivery of the placenta D. the cervix dilates halfway

ANSWER- C (delivery of the placenta).

15. In a classic experiment done by Goldberg, 1968, participants read and evaluated essays written either by a male author or female author. The essays were identical except for the names of the authors. Results showed that ______. A. essays by female authors were rated more highly than essays by male authors B. there was no significant gender difference in ratings C. essays by male authors were rated more highly than essays by female authors D. essays by female authors were rated more highly than essays by male authors when the topic of the essay was traditionally feminine

ANSWER- C (essays by male authors were rated more highly than essays by female authors).

22. Research on male-female differences in brain size ______. A. shows that women's slightly lower scores on IQ tests are due to their slightly smaller brains B. shows that men have several different advantages because of their larger brain size C. has failed to demonstrate a relationship, in humans, between brain size and intelligence D. shows that although women's brain size is smaller, they outperform males on IQ tests

ANSWER- C (has failed yo demonstrate a relationship, in humans, between brain size and intelligence).

28. In regards to Joel's (2015) concept of the gender brain mosaic, regions that don't show a male-female difference are termed ______. A. intersex B. transitional C. intermediate D. intermediary

ANSWER- C (intermediate).

25. In brain research, ______ refers to the extent to which a particular function is handled by one hemisphere of the brain or both. A. hemispherization B. localization C. lateralization D. subordination

ANSWER- C (lateralization).

25. Currently, the recommended procedure for treating breast cancer that has spread to the muscle and lymph nodes is ______. A. radical mastectomy B. modified radical mastectomy C. lumpectomy D. chemotherapy

ANSWER- C (lumpectomy).

26. As more professional degrees are awarded to women in selected professions in which there have been substantial advances (e.g., dentistry, medicine, law), ______ will surely decrease. A. gender discrimination B. explicit sexism C. occupational segregation D. the motherhood penalty

ANSWER- C (occupational segregation).

3. Bus-drivers, editors and reports, and college and university teachers are examples of ______. A. male-dominated occupations B. female-dominated occupations C. occupations that are close to an equal gender ratio D. occupations that are further from an equal gender ratio

ANSWER- C (occupations that are close to an equal gender ratio).

11. "Dysmenorrhea" refers to ______. A. failure to menstruate B. the first 14 days of menstruation C. painful menstruation D. irregular menstruation

ANSWER- C (painful menstruation).

7. The gender difference in outcomes of wage negotiation is dependent on ______. A. the gender of the supervisor or boss B. the gender of the worker C. the context and how much the worker knows about negotiation D. how negotiable the wage of the occupation is

ANSWER- C (the context and how much the worker knows about negotiation).

19. Women may be promoted and move up in ranks in their company, but there is a point past which they can't seem to rise any further. The term ______ is often used to reflect this phenomenon. A. workplace climate B. gender discrimination C. the glass ceiling D. the upper limit

ANSWER- C (the glass ceiling).

10. Women having less of a sense of entitlement to high pay than men do leads them to ______. A. seek wage increases B. leave the workforce earlier than men C. tolerate wage injustice D. seek promotions in order to increase wages

ANSWER- C (tolerate wage injustice)

28. Before medical treatments for gender transition can occur, ______ is/are required. A. a full body scan and physical B. pubertal suppression C. hormone suppression D. assessment and referral by a mental health professional

ANSWER- D (assessment and referral by a mental health professional).

7. African American students under stereotype threat show increased levels of ______. A. testosterone B. cholesterol C. blood pressure D. estrogen

ANSWER- D (estrogen).

9. Occupational segregation by gender, the chronic underpayment of women and of women's work, and the lack of equal opportunities for women are examples of ______. A. reasons women believe they are more entitled to more pay B. discrimination in the workplace C. reasons many women decide to leave the workforce once they have children D. inequalities in the social structure in the United States

ANSWER- D (inequalities in the social structure in the US).

26. The most reasonable conclusion that can be drawn from research into single-sex schooling is that ______. A. the brains of boys and girls differ in important ways B. boys and girls have different learning styles C. it decreases prejudice and stereotypes D. it does not produce better outcomes

ANSWER- D (it does not produce better outcomes).

4. Heart disease and cancer are ______. A. leading causes of death for women but not men B. leading causes of death for men but not women C. leading causes of death for White women and men but not Black women and men D. leading causes of death for women and men

ANSWER- D (leading causes of death for women and men).

10. During a natural menstrual cycle, estrogen levels ______. A. are fairly constant B. are low except during the luteal phase C. peak during menstruation D. peak twice, once before ovulation and once in the luteal phase

ANSWER- D (peak twice, once before ovulation, and once in the luteal phase).

21. While some degree of emotional ups and downs is common for new mothers, more severe experiences of irritability, anxiety, and sadness may be symptoms of ______. A. motherhood melancholy B. postnatal concern C. stress overload D. postpartum depression

ANSWER- D (postpartum depression).

22. Research shows that people perceive women less favorably than men as potential occupants of leadership positions. Further, when women engage in leadership behavior, the behavior is evaluated less favorably than the same behavior enacted by a man. These findings support which theory? A. the glass ceiling theory B. gender bias theory C. leadership gender gap theory D. role congruity theory

ANSWER- D (role congruity theory).

CHAPTER 10 1. A genetic female has ______. A. sex chromosomes XY B. a vagina C. sex chromosomes YY D. sex chromosomes XX

ANSWER- D (sex chromosomes XX)

28. If Maria has a productive day at work, she might bring feelings of accomplishment and satisfaction home with her, being in a generally positive mood when she interacts with her child and partner. Alternatively, if her child has a tantrum at preschool drop-off, putting Maria in a bad mood just as she starts her workday, it may impact her work. This is an example of ______. A. compensation B. quality roles C. role flooding D. spillover

ANSWER- D (spillover).

20. Men deprived of their main source of testosterone by castration show a dramatic decrease in sexual behavior in some, but not all, cases. Based on this research, we can infer that ______. A. there is not enough evidence to say that testosterone has an impact on sexual desire in men B. testosterone is linked to sexual desire but not the driving factor C. androgens do not play a significant role in sexual desire in men D. testosterone has an activating effect in maintaining sexual desire in men

ANSWER- D (testosterone has an activating effect in maintaining sexual desire in men).

13. Giving replacement doses of testosterone to a male rat castrated in adulthood will cause a return of sex drive. This illustrates ______. A. the organizing effects of hormones B. the importance of estrogen to sex drive C. the importance of prenatal gender differentiation D. the activating effect of hormones

ANSWER- D (the activating effect of hormones).

CHAPTER 9 1. Today, women earn about ______ cents for every dollar men earn. A. 67 B. 76 C. 81 D. 92

ANSWER- c (81)