PSYCH 253 Final Exam
According to developmental psychologists, if a young child is able to experience genuine shame or guilt, what else must he be able to do? Select one: a. Recognize himself in the mirror. b. Be able to problem solve - get a chair, then use it in order to rob the cookie jar. c. Be able to say the complete sentence, "I've been a bad boy."
A
Caroline is an active infant and recently started exploring her family's farmyard. She met a furry, four-legged thing that went "woof," and he mom told her that was a dog. Later, she ambled over to the goat pen and met another fuzzy, four-legged animal that said, "Mah! Mah!" She laughed and said, "Silly doggy!" Which sentence best describes Caroline's cognitive experience? a. Caroline was assimilating the goat into her newly-created dog schema. b. Caroline is destined to confuse dogs and goats her whole life - once schemas form, they are permanent. c. Caroline was accommodating the goat into her newly-created dog schema.
A
Do contextual factors (like those related to how one's racial or ethnic group is viewed and treated within society, access to resources and healthcare, and culture) matter within the Lifespan Developmental perspective? a. Yes - the lifespan developmental perspective comprises all of these variables. b. No - the lifespan developmental perspective is more focused on the how the individual develops, and focuses primarily on genes and internal factors like self-esteem, optimism, coping skills, etc.
A
Fill in the serial blanks: Although both twin and adoption studies look at the relative influences of genes v. experience (also called "nature v. nurture" or "genes v. the environment"), · Twin studies rely on _____ environments, and so place a bit more emphasis on how ____ contribute/s to observed behavior, or phenotype. · Adoption studies rely on _____ environments, and so place a bit more emphasis on how ____ contribute/s to observed behavior, or phenotype. a. shared; genes; different; the environment b. different; the environment; shared; genes c. shared; genes; shared; the environment d. different; the environment; different; genes
A
Fill in the serial blanks: When a child is in equilibrium with respect to cognitive development, they are mainly ___ new information; when in disequilibrium, they are mainly ___ new information. a. assimilating; accommodating. b. accommodating; assimilating. c. There is no way to hazard a guess unless you are doing an EEG at the time they are encountering new information.
A
Gerald is a developmental psychologist and a father. He believes that his child's destiny was set from the moment of conception: whether shes intelligent or not* will influence her ability to get a good job (not technically true, by the way, if you are thinking of intelligence as IQ!) which will influence her options for mates, etc. To which worldview in lifespan developmental psychology is Gerald subscribing? * Bonus info: Gerald is incorrect, by the way. Genetic factors do influence scores on intelligence tests, but so do many environmental factors :-). a. Organicism. b. Contextualism. c. Mechanism.
A
Jamie is a creative child. When she was very young (two-and-a-half), she'd have tea-parties for her dolls... she'd set her table (she has a child-sized table and chairs set) with cups, saucers, and plates; put a doll or a teddy bear on each seat; and "serves" each toy some M&M's on its plate . Now, she's four-and-a-half, and was playing at her bachelor uncle's house (who doesn't have many toys around). In the back yard, she spies a large box, which she turns over to use as a table. Then she collects four large leaves, and "sets" the table with them. She places some concoction of grass, sticks, and mud on each plate, then calls her uncle outside. She asks him to have a seat at the table, and sets about pouring pretend tea into pretend saucers. She offers her uncle some "cookies" from the "plate" (leaf) in front of him. If her uncle is a (good) developmental psychologist, he is likely to: Select one: a. Marvel at the gains in mental representation his little niece has made in two years. b. None of these c. Not this choice! d. Consider taking Jamie in for psychiatric evaluation - she is clearly a disturbed child.
A
Jamie is a creative child. When she was very young (two-and-a-half), she'd have tea-parties for her dolls... she'd set her table (she has a child-sized table and chairs set) with cups, saucers, and plates; put a doll or a teddy bear on each seat; and "serves" each toy some M&M's on its plate . Now, she's four-and-a-half, and was playing at her bachelor uncle's house (who doesn't have many toys around). In the back yard, she spies a large box, which she turns over to use as a table. Then she collects four large leaves, and "sets" the table with them. She places some concoction of grass, sticks, and mud on each plate, then calls her uncle outside. She asks him to have a seat at the table, and sets about pouring pretend tea into pretend saucers. She offers her uncle some "cookies" from the "plate" (leaf) in front of him. If her uncle is a (good) developmental psychologist, he is likely to: Select one: a. Neither of the other two choices is correct. b. Realize that they are engaging in parallel play. c. Realize that he is engaging in associative play with her.
A
Jimmy, Jessie, and Jackson are learning how to crawl. Jackson has been crawling the longest and can move around pretty well; Jimmy just started to crawl; and Jessie is somewhere between them both - he can crawl well for a couple of lurches forward then falls flat on his face. Put these infants in order according to their likely willingness to cross The Visual Cliff, most willing to least. a. Jimmy, Jessie, Jackson. b. There is no way to predict this. c. Jackson, Jessie, Jimmy.
A
Maizi and Mitzi are identical twins and shared an upstairs bedroom at home until they were 8... one day, Mitzi took a horrific tumble out of their bedroom window when they were using it as a stage for a puppet show. Even though she was not physically injured, Mitzi has been petrified of stairs, heights, and any situation above ground-level ever since. Eventually, Maizi and Mitzi go to college when they are 18. Both want to major in Accounting, but the Accounting Department is located on the second floor of the Business School at their university; Mitzi decides to major in Art, which is housed in a one-story building, instead. Both graduate from college on time, and get jobs doing the things they majored in. Maizi gets hired on with a local accounting firm and enjoys her quiet, 9-5 job and the steady companionship of her husband, Mark. Mitzi's art happens to get noticed by a fine art dealer from New York, and that woman's sponsorship propels her to international fame. While Mitzi has all the money should could ever want, she's currently sad that she has no one special with whom to share her fame and exciting lifestyle. Which of the following would be considered a normative age-graded influence? a. Maizi and Mitzi going to college at 18. b. Mitzi taking a horrific fall out of an upstairs bedroom window when she was 8. c. Neither of the other two answers reflect a normative age-graded influence on development.
A
My husband and I both really enjoy math and analytical reasoning - he is an electrical engineer and I am an academic psychologist (with an active research program involving fitting models derived from Physics to human emotion data). We both enjoy working with other people, but we both like to try to define problems and start to identify solutions on our own prior to participating in group discussions of those problems. Although we are both pretty outgoing in our own ways, Chuck is a little quieter when he first meets people, whereas I am pretty excitable and will "talk your ear off." I notice that people tend to mirror Chuck's calm when they talk to him, even if they've been pretty loud and use animated gestures when talking to me. The fact that people often interact differently with Chuck than they do with me even though they've just met us both is probably reflective of what kind of genotype-environment interaction? a. Evocative. b. Passive. c. Active.
A
Of all of Bronfenbrenner's nested layers on context, the mesosystem sticks out as a little unusual compared to the rest. Which of the following sentences accurately describes a way in which the mesosystem is different from the others? a. The meso system doesn't directly describe it's own unique layer of context so much as inter-relationships between other aspects of context (i.e., microsystems). b. Like the macrosystem, the mesosystem is not embedded within another layer of context. c. There is no such system as the mesosystem according to Bronfenbrenner's theory.
A
Put the following components of reaction time in order of the part of reaction time they account for, from the moment a deer jumps in front of a moving car to the elderly driver swerving to avoid it. a. sensory transmission time -> central processing time -> motor execution time b. central processing time -> motor execution time -> sensory transmission time c. sensory transmission time -> motor execution time -> central processing time d. central processing time -> sensory transmission time -> motor execution time
A
Sally is really into goodness-of-fit parenting and decides to practice it at her next family reunion. She takes her shy daughter, Sarah, to the family reunion and pass her around immediately to help her get over her shyness. Is she doing it right? Select one: a. No, but she can still take her to the family reunion; she'd want to hold Sarah until she seemed more comfortable, and then start introducing her to people. b. No! A good parent would never take a shy baby to a crowded family reunion. c. Yes! Family reunions are about getting to know people, so she is helping Sarah develop behavior that is suitable for that context.
A
Think of both cognitive and emotional development. The following self-description was likely given by a child who is __ years old:"My name is Suzy. I have brown hair and blue eyes. I have a dog named Rover, and a blue house." A child who is __ years old is likely to say, "I'm Robert, and I like to draw. I really like using crayons, but sometimes I use finger-paints. I am a nice person, and I share my crayons with my friends." Select one: a. 3; 5 b. 5; 3 c. 5; 7 d. There's really no way to even make an educated guess.
A
True or False? Babies are born with clear preferences for tastes and smells. Select one: A. True B. False
A
True or false: According to Bronfenbrenner's (1977) Ecological System Model, cultural level variables (e.g., federal job protections for pregnant women, the presence of systemic racism and ageism, universal healthcare or healthcare coverage, social safety nets like Medicare and Medicaid*) have little to no impact on individual human lives? * All of these count in cultural-level variables in my read of Bronfenbrenner; I say that just to make sure that you don't hone in on these examples, wondering whether I am throwing something false in there to try to trip you up. a. False. b. True.
A
True or false?: Deaf babies babble out loud, according to the same sequence (but not timing) that hearing babies do? a. True. b. False.
A
What is aerobic capacity? a. Ability to cope with physical exertion. b. The amount of air your lungs can hold. c. How long you can do moderately challenging aerobics without doubling over, sucking in air.
A
What's it called when a child can map a word to it's underlying concept with just a single exposure? Select one: a. Fast mapping. b. Quick learning.
A
Which baby is probably most at risk for long-term problems - John, a baby born at 28 weeks who is as heavy as a fetus would normally be at 28 weeks' gestation, or Jack, a baby born at 32 weeks who is as heavy as a fetus would normally be at 28 weeks' gestation? a. Jack b. John
A
Which of the following drawings was likely done by a five-year-old? Select one: a. A stick family drawing that shows clear articulation of each person's body, head, arms, and legs. b. A scribble. c. A tadpole with protrusions that might, if you stood on your head and jumped backward, MIGHT resemble arms and legs
A
Which of the following is your grandfather likely to remember most easily (without the use of a memory aid)? a. That you'll be over for Sunday dinner, because you always have Sunday dinner with him. b. An appointment with his new doctor on Wednesday at 10 a.m., because he's been looking forward to switching doctors.
A
Which of the following mobiles would be most interesting to a newborn, if you hung it over their crib? a. One that is red, white, and black with big checkerboard patterns. b. Neither of these - infants can't really see anything, so it is not important to provide them with visual stimulation. c. An animal themed mobile in pastel (soft) pink, blue, green, and yellow.
A
Which of the following research designs allows you to start to tease out age effects v. cohort effects or time-of-measurement effects? a. Cohort sequential designs (also called Schaie's Most Efficient Design). b. Longitudinal designs. c. Cross-sectional Designs.
A
Which of the following theorists put out a theory that truly (v. nominally) put forth a theory positing transactional relationships involving genes and the environment? That is, which person's theory identified relationships that were truly bidirectional instead of largely one-way? a. Gottleib. b. Scarr.
A
Your and your grandmother are attending an indoor wedding in August in Central Illinois. You are in short sleeves and perfectly comfortable, but she is chilly as asks you to get her sweater from the car. What is the underlying reason that she is likely chillier than you in an air conditioned room, even though the temperature is moderate? a. The difference between skin temperature and core body temperature declines with age. b. Older people are always chilly -- sitting outside on a 120 degree day would be a way they could finally feel warm enough. c. Grandma's age doesn't impact this scenario - we are just talking about individual preference.
A
A preoperational child who is used to getting one cup of oatmeal in a little bowl receives one cup of oatmeal in a big bowl, and thinks that her mother is feeding her less breakfast than usual. This child is demonstrating: (You may choose more than one) Select one or more: a. the inability to conserve b. centration c. egocentrism
A, B
Amy is homeschooling her two children, Greta (7) and Sam (4). She has Greta gather piles of objects... 1 flower; 2 leaves; 3 Popsicle sticks; ...10 feathers, then asks Greta to count them with Sam, emphasizing the quantity when they get to the last item in each pile. For example, they count Popsicle sticks. "1 stick... 2 sticks... 3 Popsicle sticks! There are 3 Popsicle sticks in this pile!" Amy... Select one or more: a. is supporting Sam in learning cardinality. b. is making use of Sam's zone of proximal development. c. should give up on homeschooling, because that activity is lame and teaches nothing. d. is supporting Sam in learning ordinality.
A, B
Henry is a quiet child, but can be devilish, too. When he took a bath last night, he was very excited and moved his arms wildly, eventually splashing water all over his dad (who made funny faces as he recoiled from the sudden soaking) and on the floor. This prompted Henry to flail his arms again... and again. What was going on with Henry? Select all that apply. a. He was engaging in circular reactions. b. He was developing an early schema about gravity - that what goes up must come down (and might make a fun "splash!" when it does!). c. Nothing really exciting was happening on the developmental front, although he did seem to have fun.
A, B
In terms of infant emotion, the earliest stirrings of anger emerge around 6 months for many children. Which of the following is true about anger during infancy. (You can choose more than one). Select one or more: a. Anger is adaptive - babies can use anger to defend themselves, for example, maybe against a dog who is getting a little too enthusiastic with the kisses (i.e., licking). b. Anger is adaptive - it signals to caregivers that the baby needs help! c. None of the these choices are true. d. It's odd - anger serves no purpose.
A, B
June's husband of 63 passed away last March. He used to take care of all the major home tasks needed to get ready for winter: checking the generator to make sure it would start; disconnecting the garden hose so that it didn't freeze and break the hose bib; checking the furnace; giving the grass one final trim before the snow fell (he loved the look of a manicured lawn); and putting up solar lights to line the walkway at night. June looked at the list of tasks and found them daunting. She decided that giving the grass one last trim didn't matter, since the grass would soon be covered in snow. Likewise, she knew that she wasn't planning to go out in the evening without her husband, and decided not to install the solar lights. She focused her efforts instead on checking the generator, disconnecting the hose, and checking the furnace. She disconnected the hose no problem (although she did ask her granddaughter to coil up the hose and carry it to the shed for her), and (after she looked up in the manual how to start it), the generator fired right up when she switched it on (phew!). She doesn't know anything about furnaces, though, and the stairs to the basement can be a challenge for her. She decided, instead, to call a furnace repairperson to check the furnace for her. Everything was fine. After examining her list a week later, June was proud of her efforts; everything that she deemed essential to prepare for winter was done! When June decided that letting the grass stay shaggy wasn't so important because it would be hidden by the winter snow, she was demonstrating _____? You may choose more than one. a. Secondary control. b. Selection. c. Optimization. d. Compensation.
A, B
I am sitting down with my almost-four-year old, Charlie, and I practice writing his name with him. I write a "C" and he says, "Good job, Mom! You wrote Charlie!" Which of the following is true? (Multiple answers allowed). Select one or more: a. During early childhood, kids do not generally distinguish writing from drawing. b. None of these answers are true. c. Early in early childhood, kids generally associate the first letter of their name with their name.
A, C
You're 38 and just received a call from your doctor's office. The results of the blood test you had earlier this week are in, and your blood sugar is in the pre-Diabetes range. This isn't awesome news - your blood pressure was also in the pre-Hypertension (high blood pressure range). What should you make of this? Feel free to choose more than one. a. Exercise more (like, 30 minutes 5 days/week) and change your diet (lots of fresh produce, more whole grain); there is a good chance that you can slow, and in some cases, reverse, the damage to your body. b. Nothing - you haven't been diagnosed with either Diabetes or Hypertension, so you can continue on as normal. c. Take this as a warning: you could develop Diabetes and Hypertension if you don't change your behavior. d. Fall into despair - you're going to be dealing with Diabetes and Hypertension before you know it.
A, C
Often, older adults are economical with words - giving you the gist instead of all the gory details, etc. Which of the following explanations account for that phenomenon? You may choose more than one answer. a. They may have trouble pulling specific details from long-term memory. b. None of these are correct. c. The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon d. The fact that elders often have shorter working memories than younger folks.
A, C, D
At birth, infants generally experience two global emotional arousal states. These include withdrawal from unpleasant stimulation and... Select one: a. happiness, as evidenced by a wide grin in response to a human face. b. attraction to pleasant stimulation. c. fear, especially stranger anxiety.
B
Dr. Makem E. Famous is back and is now blasting her findings all over social media: TURNING 40 CAUSES ANXIETY!!! Does the fact that she has found a very strong correlations between turning 40 and scores on her anxiety measures justify this conclusion? a. Yes. b. No.
B
Dr. Makem E. Famous is really interested in understanding how adults' general feelings of anxiety are shaped by the transition to middle age; she assumes that as individuals begin to display more outward signs of aging around their 40th birthdays, they will begin to contemplate, in earnest, the reality of aging and display more anxiety in general in life. She planned a study that spanned 10 years, and is midway through it. Starting in mid-April of 2015 with a group of people who were 35, she began collecting a whole range of anxiety measures every April thereafter. Anxiety levels for participants in her study held relatively stable from 2015-2019, but started to skyrocket in April 2020. Hooray! She plans to end the study early because she's found such strong support for her hypothesis, and immediately begins writing a book about her findings. She can't wait to be featured on all the talk shows! Is Dr. Famous justified in her conclusions? a. Yes! Anxiety went up precipitously (went way up) right around the time her participants turned 40! b. No! Her age effects are confounded with time-of-measurement effects! c. No! But, not for any of the reasons listed. d. No! Her age effects are confounded with cohort effects!
B
Fill in the serial blanks: _____ most likely produce continuous change, whereas ____ have the potential to produce discontinuity in development. a. Non-Normative Influences; Normative Influences. b. Normative Influences; Non-Normative Influences
B
Growth Hormone and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) are both important in physical development. The lack of which one has the most devastating effects (if the child is not given it right away)? Select one: a. Growth Hormone b. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
B
Habituation studies rely on _____________ in order to yield information on development. Choose all that apply. a. Both of these. b. The human tendency to stare in the face of novel or confusing information. c. Children's ability to verbalize what they are thinking.
B
If Bronfenbrenner and Gottleib got together and discussed the relative contribution of genes v. experience on development, would their conversation likely be an amicable one? Would they agree on whether genes, experience, or some combination of the two shape development? a. No. b. Yes.
B
If you saw me put your favorite socks into a drawer, you would immediately know to look for them there. If a 6 month old baby saw me put their favorite teddy bear into a drawer, what would their response likely be? a. They'd search for the teddy bear in the drawer I'd just put the toy in, too. b. They'd likely cry, because their favorite teddy is now gone.
B
Imagine that we are in class, and I distract the class by saying that I think I see a bat in the back of the room. While everyone is turned away, I SLAM! a heavy book on the table, creating a really loud sound. Most of the class jumps, startled, and swings their attention around to the front of the room. I've just given you an example of ___________________ which is a part of _________________. Select one: a. self-regulation; temperament. b. reactivity; temperament. c. self-regulation; attachment. d. reactivity; attachment.
B
Is bottle-feeding a uniformly terrible choice for infant nutrition? a. Yes - without a doubt, in all cases. b. No - although breastmilk if the ideal food for an infant, there are many reasons that a mother may have difficulty breastfeeding, and infant formulas are a safe, reasonable alternative.
B
Jake asked me today, "Remember when I hitted the ball yesterday, Mom?" And, I immediately said, "Yeah, you hit that ball really well! Want to go play baseball again?" I was... Select one: a. Only making use of an expansion b. Using both a recast and an expansion to support his language development. c. Only making use of a recast
B
Maizi and Mitzi are identical twins and shared an upstairs bedroom at home until they were 8... one day, Mitzi took a horrific tumble out of their bedroom window when they were using it as a stage for a puppet show. Even though she was not physically injured, Mitzi has been petrified of stairs, heights, and any situation above ground-level ever since. Eventually, Maizi and Mitzi go to college when they are 18. Both want to major in Accounting, but the Accounting Department is located on the second floor of the Business School at their university; Mitzi decides to major in Art, which is housed in a one-story building, instead. Both graduate from college on time, and get jobs doing the things they majored in. Maizi gets hired on with a local accounting firm and enjoys her quiet, 9-5 job and the steady companionship of her husband, Mark. Mitzi's art happens to get noticed by a fine art dealer from New York, and that woman's sponsorship propels her to international fame. While Mitzi has all the money should could ever want, she's currently sad that she has no one special with whom to share her fame and exciting lifestyle. When we compare the happiness trajectories of Maizi and Mitzi, current they tell a tale of ______. a. Equifinality. b. Multifinality.
B
My four year old Charlie does something that astonishes me - he can encounter a new vocabulary word and know it after being taught it once! A computer mouse? You name it for him, and he can label it correctly from that time forward. The ball peen hammer his dad uses in his metal fabrication shop? No problem, he'll tell you the names of the three hammers on the bench after my husband explains what each is called and identifies the unique function each serves. (I am proud of my little guy). Is he unusual among four year olds for his facility with developing vocabulary? a. Yes! Sign him up for Mensa and all the clubs for child prodigies. b. Not really; he's demonstrating a common developmental ability called fast mapping.
B
My husband and I both really enjoy math and analytical reasoning - he is an electrical engineer and I am an academic psychologist (with an active research program involving fitting models derived from Physics to human emotion data). We both enjoy working with other people, but we both like to try to define problems and start to identify solutions on our own prior to participating in group discussions of those problems. Although we are both pretty outgoing in our own ways, Chuck is a little quieter when he first meets people, whereas I am pretty excitable and will "talk your ear off." I notice that people tend to mirror Chuck's calm when they talk to him, even if they've been pretty loud and use animated gestures when talking to me. The fact that Chuck is an engineer is probably reflective of what kind of genotype-environment interaction? a. Passive. b. Active. c. Evocative.
B
On the balance, did Piaget "get it right"? a. Yes - his theory accounts well for both the timing and sequencing of cognitive achievements. b. Sort of - Piaget's theory does account for many aspects of infant cognitive development, but he did underestimate some aspects of it... infants develop object permanence, deferred imitation, and early problem solving abilities earlier than he said they would. c. No - Piaget grossly mis-characterized both the timing and sequencing of cognitive achievements.
B
Pretend that a three-year-old child, Sasha, is watching her only pet rooster, DoodleDoo. If you ask Sasha what DoodleDoo sees, Sasha is most likely to say that DoodleDoo sees: Select one: a. Sasha b. DoodleDoo c. Sasha's pet rabbit
B
Pretend that my friends are identical twins (they're not). If Mikki is involved in the the theft of a priceless piece of cow manure art from the local Museum of Contemporary Art and leaves a set of fingerprints as the only evidence, is Minni in danger of getting mixed up in the whole mess (i.e., arrested and potentially convicted), instead? a. Yes! Identical twins share 100% of their DNA in common. b. No - fingerprints are influenced by genes and the environment. c. No! Identical twins share only 50% of their DNA in common. d. That you cannot really understand development until you see how biological, psychological, and seismological forces come together to influence it.
B
Social support is a fairly complex variable, and it has been categorized/chunked up in many different ways. We identified in class three types of support people exchange with one another. Which of the following is a good example of instrumental support? a. Listening with rapt attention as your grandmother tells you the story of each holiday decoration in her collection. b. Helping your grandmother bring holiday decorations down from the attic? c. Buying your grandmother a new holiday decoration.
B
True or false: When a child says, "I breaked that toy yesterday, Mama," a parent has cause for celebration. Select one: a. This is not the right answer. b. True! The child is overgeneralizing the rules of grammar - it means he's started to internalize those rules. c. This is not the right answer.
B
True or false?: Infants have perceptual abilities at birth (like the ability to recognize differences between all contrasting sounds, called phonemes, in human language) that they may lose over time. a. False. b. True
B
True or false?: The stepping reflex is seen when fetuses are in utero and in infants 2 months and younger. a. True b. False
B
What happens during the Strange Situation? Select one: a. Parents hold babies while they are shown odd stimuli (like carrots dancing behind screens) in order for researchers to gauge a child's understanding of the physical world. b. A caregiver leaves a baby alone with a stranger to see how the baby reacts at Separation and at Reunion. These two things together, but mostly the behavior at Reunion, tell you a lot about the caregiver-infant bond. c. Nothing - this is not a valid study protocol.
B
Which of the following is an example of secondary control? a. Finding the Broadway musical you've been looking forward to seeing live on Netflix and renting it. b. Deciding that seeing big, Broadway musicals in person is over-rated after the one you've been looking forward to is canceled, and deciding that simply seeing it (whether live or recorded) is more important than seeing it live.
B
Which of the following is not a reason that older individuals move more slowly and with less agility? a. Tendons shorten. b. None of these - these are all reasons that older adults move more slowly and with less agility. c. Arthritis. d. Muscles atrophy.
B
Which of the following is not part of the most commonly used method for assessing newborn health immediately following birth? a. muscle movements b. noticeable urination c. presence of reflexes d. strong breathing or crying
B
Which trend in physical development accounts for the fact that an infant can throw you a ball before they can pour you a cup of "tea" from a toy pitcher? a. Cephalocaudal trend. b. Proximodistal trend.
B
Dr. Makem E. Famous is really interested in understanding how adults' general feelings of anxiety are shaped by the transition to middle age; she assumes that as individuals begin to display more outward signs of aging around their 40th birthdays, they will begin to contemplate, in earnest, the reality of aging and display more anxiety in general in life. She planned a study that spanned 10 years, and is midway through it. Starting in mid-April of 2015 with a group of people who were 35, she began collecting a whole range of anxiety measures every April thereafter. Anxiety levels for participants in her study held relatively stable from 2015-2019, but started to skyrocket in April 2020. Hooray! She plans to end the study early because she's found such strong support for her hypothesis, and immediately begins writing a book about her findings. She can't wait to be featured on all the talk shows! What kind of research design did Dr. Famous use for her study? a. Schaie's Most Efficient Design (aka a Cohort Sequential Design) b. A cross-sectional design. c. A longitudinal design.
C
Fill in the serial blanks. During _____________, children's bodies are top-heavy, pot-bellied, and bow-legged; during ______________, they become streamlined, flat-tummied, and longer legged. Select one: a. early childhood; adolescence b. infancy; adolescence c. infancy; early childhood d. It's not this choice!
C
Fill in the serial blanks: When a baby is born, his brain is ___% of its adult weight; by the second birthday, his brain is ___% of its adult weight. This increase in brain weight is largely attributable to the process of myelination. a. 25; 50 b. 75; 100 c. 25; 75 d. 50; 75
C
Gerald's back. His twin sister (Jackie) is *also* a developmental psychologist, but she thinks that her brother is a complete dunce - while he thinks only genetic influences matters, she'd bet the farm that they don't matter at all. She sides with Sam, Gerald's partner, at least on the importance of the environment. She believes that genetic inheritance doesn't matter and, instead, parenting practices and other life experiences with shape the destiny of Gerald and Sam's child. To which worldview does Jackie likely ascribe? a. Contextualism. b. Organicism. c. Mechanism.
C
I am doing a study of how much of the variability in hating the sound of nails on a chalkboard is due to genetic factors v. is learned behavior (so, more influenced by the environment). I take 50 sets of twins, 25 monozygotic twin pairs, and 25 dizygotic twins pairs and calculate the extent to which if one twin in the pair says they cringe at the sound of nails on a chalkboard, the other will likely report the same. I find that monozygotic twin pairs are similar to one another 50% of the time, while dizygotic twins report similar feelings to one another 25% of the time. What kind of behavioral genetic study did I just do, and what should my conclusion be regarding whether disliking the sound of nails on a chalkboard is mostly genetically-based or environmentally-based? a. An adoption study; you have evidence that hating the sound of nails on a chalkboard is more genetically based. b. An adoption study; you have evidence that hating the sound of nails on a chalkboard is more environmentally based. c. A twin study; you have evidence that hating the sound of nails on a chalkboard is more genetically based. d. A twin study; you have evidence that hating the sound of nails on a chalkboard is more environmentally based.
C
If Michelle goes to babysit Susie, a child she doesn't know well, for the first time, Susie's parents will likely greet her with exaggerated excitement and affection (e.g., "Look, Susie! Michelle is here! Look at how nice she is! Doesn't she have the prettiest hair! And, oh! She's got such a NICE smile! She's a really fun person!") Why are they doing this? Select one: a. They are clearly just strange, annoying people. b. They are making use of social referencing, trying to get Michelle to realize that she needs to use bright, exaggerated language with Susie. c. They are using social referencing to let Susie know that she can feel safe with Michelle.
C
Maizi and Mitzi are identical twins and shared an upstairs bedroom at home until they were 8... one day, Mitzi took a horrific tumble out of their bedroom window when they were using it as a stage for a puppet show. Even though she was not physically injured, Mitzi has been petrified of stairs, heights, and any situation above ground-level ever since. Eventually, when they are 18, Maizi and Mitzi go to college. Both want to major in Accounting, but the Accounting Department is located on the second floor of the Business School at their university; Mitzi decides to major in Art, which is housed in a one-story building, instead. Both graduate from college on time, and get jobs doing the things they majored in. Maizi gets hired on with a local accounting firm and enjoys her quiet, 9-5 job and the steady companionship of her husband, Mark. Mitzi's art happens to get noticed by a fine art dealer from New York, and that woman's sponsorship propels her to international fame. While Mitzi has all the money should could ever want, she's currently sad that she has no one special with whom to share her fame and exciting lifestyle. Which of the following would be considered a nonnormative influence? a. Mitzi and Maizi going to college at 18. b. Twin sisters playing together when they are 8. c. Mitzi taking a horrific fall out of an upstairs window when she was 8. d. Maizi majoring in Accounting.
C
My husband and I both really enjoy math and analytical reasoning - he is an electrical engineer and I am an academic psychologist (with an active research program involving fitting models derived from Physics to human emotion data). Our interests are reflected around our home... Chuck is always identifying geometry problems for our 4- and 6-year old to help solve; the boys both love their Snap Circuits (an educational resources that allows children to build and test electrical circuits easily, by using battery-powered, snap-together components); and there is a number chart and abacus front-and-center in our family room (no joke - we're nerds). Both kids really seem to enjoy math, and now that Jake is in Kindergarten, it is clear that he is really good at it, too. The fact that our children enjoy math and are doing well with it in school is likely reflective of what kind of genotype-environment interaction? a. Active. b. Evocative. c. Passive.
C
Which of the following describes the sequence of infant brain myelination as we described it in class? a. frontal lobes -> language -> auditory/visual b. language -> auditory/visual -> frontal lobes c. auditory/visual -> language -> frontal lobes d. language -> frontal lobes -> auditory/visual
C
Which of the following statements is most accurate, according to Dynamic Systems Theory? a. Infant gross motor development is most important, and must be largely completed for fine motor development to start. b. Infant fine motor development is most important, and must be largely completed for gross motor development to start. c. Gross and fine motor skills develop in relation to one another - the combination of both types of motor develop make increasingly complex systems of action possible.
C
Which of the following statements is true? You may choose more than one. Select one or more: a. There are no sex differences in motor development. b. There are vast gender differences between boys and girls in motor development. c. There are some biological differences in motor development, but these biological differences are exacerbated by socialization. d. There are some differences between boys and girls in motor development.
C, D
June's husband of 63 passed away last March. He used to take care of all the major home tasks needed to get ready for winter: checking the generator to make sure it would start; disconnecting the garden hose so that it didn't freeze and break the hose bib; checking the furnace; giving the grass one final trim before the snow fell (he loved the look of a manicured lawn); and putting up solar lights to line the walkway at night. June looked at the list of tasks and found them daunting. She decided that giving the grass one last trim didn't matter, since the grass would soon be covered in snow. Likewise, she knew that she wasn't planning to go out in the evening without her husband, and decided not to install the solar lights. She focused her efforts instead on checking the generator, disconnecting the hose, and checking the furnace. She disconnected the hose no problem (although she did ask her granddaughter to coil up the hose and carry it to the shed for her), and (after she looked up in the manual how to start it), the generator fired right up when she switched it on (phew!). She doesn't know anything about furnaces, though, and the stairs to the basement can be a challenge for her. She decided, instead, to call a furnace repairperson to check the furnace for her. Everything was fine. After examining her list a week later, June was proud of her efforts; everything that she deemed essential to prepare for winter was done! When June decided to call the repairperson to check the furnace, she was demonstrating _____?
Compensation
According to Erik Erikson, what is the first lesson a child needs to learn in life? Select one: a. It's important to temper enthusiasm with self-doubt so that you don't get yourself into situations you can't handle on your own. b. You need to be able to rely on yourself because the world will let you down. c. There are many tasks a child can and should master on their own. d. The world is basically a good place.
D
Elders retain the tastes of _______ and _______ longer than the tastes of ________ and _______. The reason is likely that, in nature, foods that are unsafe to eat generally have these tastes. a. salty; bitter; sweet; sour b. sweet; sour; bitter; salty c. salty; sweet; bitter; sour d. bitter; sour; salty; sweet
D
Remember Gerald from the last question? The one who assumed that his daughter's destiny was set at birth? His partner disagrees wholeheartedly. While Sam agrees that genes do influence development, Sam also believes that the home rearing environment will play an important role in their daughter's academic life and social life. Sam likely ascribes to which worldview within Lifespan Developmental Psychology? a. Mechanism. b. Organicism. c. There is not enough information in the vignette to hazard a guess. d. Contextualism.
D
What would Erik Erikson say is the primary task of early childhood? Select one: a. Learning that the world is basically a good place. b. Learning who they are (developing a sense of identity). c. Learning that they are competent in life. d. Learning that the world is yours to explore, and that you are worthy of adults' help in doing so.
D
Which is more important to development - nature or nurture? a. It depends upon your perspective - an organicist would say nurture. b. It depends upon your perspective - an organicist would say that they are both important. c. It depends upon your perspective - a mechanist would say nature. d. It depends upon your perspective - a contextualist would say that they are both important.
D
Which of the following is not a recommended technique for soothing a crying baby? a. Offering a pacifier. b. Swaddling the infant - wrapping them up like a baby burrito, with the warmth and pressure of a gentle but firm hug. c. Let the baby cry for a short period of time if nothing seems to be working. d. Going for a ride in the car. e. All of these are recommended.
E
In early childhood, children have a lot of ideas about who they are and how competent they are. True or False?: They are generally pretty accurate when it comes to rating their abilities: Select one: a. True -- the best way to know about a child's abilities is to ask them what they are good at. b. False.
False
True or False?: A task that is in a child's zone of proximal development is one that they can accomplish on their own, without help.
False
True or False?: Infants bond with their caregivers solely to ensure survival - i.e., feeding is the crucial element of the attachment process.
False
True or False?: For women, the voice become slightly higher in pitch, weaker, and potentially softer. For men, the voice becomes slightly deeper in pitch, weaker, and potentially softer.
False.
True or False?: There is more variability in development (e.g., abilities, etc.) among children than among adults.
False.
Care and concern for the next generation figures prominently into one of Erikson's latter stages of psychosocial development. Which term below best describes that concern?
Generativity.
Is menopause the same type of experience for men and women?
No - menopause is a profound biological event, complicated by the enormous developmental pressures of midlife, for women; for men, it is more about the latter - the psychological distress that accompanies those developmental pressures at midlife.
Do social relationships have an unambiguously positive impact on development?
No.
If I asked you to describe the typical course of aging for a 50 year old, could you?
Not really - rates of aging vary between people.
Are social skills and flexibility in encountering new situations considered personal protective factors or community/social support factors?
Personal protective factors
Which of the following principles of Lifespan Development, by definition, means that functioning is not predetermined (entirely) by genetic factors and is open to change (within certain limits)?
Plasticity
You are taking a really, really hard science class, and are torn between buckling down and studying for your upcoming exam, or saying, "forget it; I don't really care about that class, anyway" to escape the stress of feeling unprepared. If you choose the studying route, you are utilizing _____.
Primary control.
According to which theory of development do "older adults pare down their social interactions, increasing the number of exchanges with others with whom they have close, affectional ties and limiting less meaningful contact"?
Socioemotional Selectivity Theory.
Why is the current cohort of middle-aged folks often referred to as the "Sandwich Generation"?
They are kindof squeezed between two generations needing their care: their elderly parents and the children they are raising.
True or False? Decisions that you make when you are younger can have a dramatic impact on whether or not you develop respiratory conditions like emphysema and chronic bronchitis?
True
True or False?: Arthritis is a cause of hearing loss in later life?
True
True or False?: By some definitions, 70 is considered part of midlife?
True
True or False?: If we spent a little over a minute talking about cardiovascular disease in class, depending on how you look at it, two or three people in the US alone would have died from the condition while we were discussing it.
True
True or False?: When performing cataract surgery, doctors can insert a plastic lens into the eye to improve visual acuity?
True
True or false?: Socioeconomic factors (like income, education, job prestige) can be protective factors in development?
True
True or False?: One home "remedy" (or at least something to make it better) for hearing loss is to have conversations in rooms with furnishings/decor with lots of rough, nubbly surfaces, as those surfaces catch "stray" noise and make it easier to hear what another person is saying to the elder.
True.