psych 273 ch. 9

Two physiological responses to hypovolemia are _______ of blood vessels and the secretion of _______ by the posterior pituitary.

constriction; vasopressin

The body fluid compartments change with _______ upon severe water loss.

decreased blood pressure and decreased plasma volume

It is thought that each individual's _______ is in two-way communication with the brain via chemical signals and the _______.

enterotype; vagus nerve

Amino acids that are not manufactured by our bodies are classified as

essential

In mammals, the saltiness of the _______ environment _______.

extracellular; is similar across species

Endotherms may show a significant departure from their average body temperatures as a consequence of

fever

One of the reasons we know that insulin is not the only cue for satiety is that

high doses of insulin initiate eating.

Research using fMRI shows that drinking glucose after fasting induces activity in the

hypothalamus

One of the selective advantages of endothermy appears to be

increased capacity to sustain a high level of muscular activity.

A(n) _______ solution is a solution with the same concentration as physiological saline.

isotonic

Physiological saline is also sometimes described as

isotonic.

Under conditions of prolonged food deprivation, fat can be converted into glucose and a secondary form of fuel, called

ketones.

The population of beneficial bacteria, fungi, and viruses that inhabit the large intestine of human beings is referred to as a

microbiome.

Research shows that mutations that result in defective leptin receptors (LepRa through LepRf) cause _______ both in lab animals and in humans.

morbid obesity

The response to increase in the salt concentration of the extracellular solution is called _______ thirst.

osmotic

The two main kinds of thirst are _______ thirst and _______ thirst.

osmotic; hypovolemic

People with a BMI of 25-30 are in the body weight level of

overweight

A general feature of homeostatic mechanisms is

redundancy

The brain responds to hypovolemia by triggering both thirst and hunger for

salt.

The type of diabetes called _______ is characterized by a cessation of insulin production early in life.

type I diabetes

One of the reasons we know that glucose cannot be the only cue for satiety is that

untreated diabetics are hungry.

The receptors that detect drops in extracellular volume are located in the

vascular system.

In rats with LH lesions, which outcome does not occur?

An initial increase in food intake

Which hormone causes blood vessels to constrict?

Angiotensin II

Anticipation of glucose in the blood facilitates which phase of insulin release?

Cephalic

Which therapeutic intervention would be most appropriate for someone suffering from treatment-resistant bulimia?

Cognitive behavioral therapy

Which method is not a current strategy for treating obesity?

Drugs that increase digestive acid levels in the stomach

Which pair of hormones have opposing effects on NPY neurons?

Ghrelin and PYY3-36

_______ refers to the active process of maintaining a relatively stable internal environment.

Homeostasis

Which pancreatic hormone promotes the conversion of glucose to glycogen?

Insulin

Which statement about leptin is false?

It is believed to exert short-term control over appetite.

Suppose that your car battery dies, and you find yourself stranded in a winter storm. Which response would not be considered a behavioral mechanism for regulating body temperature while you are waiting for help to arrive?

Lowering your breathing rate

Which response is not a physiological response of the mammalian thermoregulatory system?

Lying in the shade

Leptin inhibits the secretion of _______ neurons, which work(s) in opposition to POMC neurons.

NPY

Which circumventricular organ contains osmosensory neurons?

Organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT)

High circulating levels of leptin activate the _______ satiety neurons and simultaneously inhibit the _______ hunger neurons.

POMC; NPY

Lesions to which brain region would impair physiological responses to temperature in endotherms?

Preoptic area

What is the significance of a set zone, as opposed to a precise set point, in terms of thermoregulation?

The wide variety of conditions that animals face makes a tolerance, or set zone, instead of a precise set point, more adaptable.

Which molecule is known as antidiuretic hormone?

Vasopressin

One of the primary causes of eating disorders is believed to be

a cultural that emphasizes thinness as being attractive.

Long-term energy storage is accomplished by storage of fat in _______ tissue.

adipose

The hormone _______ acts to conserve sodium by acting on the _______.

aldosterone; kidneys

About 10-20% of the energy we ingest is used for _______ processes.

behavioral